Latin America and Caribbean COVID-19 Map

Welcome to LACCOM.

LACCOM was a project from the Georgetown University Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) that documented the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean between August of 2020 until April 2022 across three rubrics: Governance and the Rule of Law, Growth and Innovation, and Social and Cultural Inclusion.

Designed and supervised by CLAS’ Director of Academic Affairs, Prof. Angelo Rivero Santos, the content and technical aspects of the project were fully developed, managed and updated by an incredibly talented group of 32 undergraduate and graduate Georgetown University students affiliated with CLAS. As Latin America and Caribbean countries continue to adapt to the realities of living with COVID-19 we hope that the historical analysis and resources produced and collected during the life of the project serve as a useful tool for students, educators and researchers in the years ahead.

Use the map below to search by country; you may need to use the + and – keys to zoom in on smaller island nations. You can also scroll down to search for our sub-regional briefs and our articles on international organizations and extra-regional actors. Alternatively, just use the search bar.

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EUROPEAN TERRITORIES BRIEF

SOUTHERN CONE AND BRAZIL BRIEF

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We also recommend the COVID Analysis and Mapping of Policies (AMP) tool, developed by the Georgetown University Center for Global Health Science and Security.

COVID ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF POLICIES (AMP)

Summary for the ABC Islands

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Aruba

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Bonaire

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Curaçao

Governance and the Rule of Law

The governments of all three Caribbean islands have taken quick measures, including closing borders, to control the spread of COVID-19. Travel restrictions for some islands have lifted, but strict measures remain in place for testing visitors for COVID-19. All three islands are making progress to distribute the vaccine to their populations. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The islands are all dependent on tourism for their national economies. Slow border and economy reopenings have kept COVID-19 infections mostly down while revitalizing the tourism industry. Still, the shutdowns have negatively impacted economic growth, with local governments losing up to 80% of their income. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao are all monitoring and aiding their vulnerable populations through financial support packages or external aid. Additionally, they have taken steps to ensure disadvantaged populations can access treatment and health resources. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the European territories

Summary for Antigua and Barbuda

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Antigua and Barbuda

Governance and the Rule of Law

Antigua and Barbuda’s response to COVID-19 has been characterized by a lockdown and contact tracing, measures which have tightened with a recent increase in cases. Though the country’s borders reopened to tourists in June 2020, there are strict rules in place, including mandatory testing before entering the country. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The tourism industry has been significantly affected during the pandemic, which shrunk gross domestic product (GDP) by 18% in 2020 and has resulted in employment rates around 30%. Looking forward, economists are concerned about Antigua and Barbuda’s debt, which may need to be restructured to avoid a default in the near future. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Pandemic-specific social programs have targeted women, elderly individuals, and those with disabilities. However, residents of the country are feeling ignored in the government’s reopening policies, which they believe prioritize foreign tourists over locals. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Argentina

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Argentina

Governance and the Rule of Law

Argentina had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America. The country began their vaccination campaign in December 2020, and as of December 2021, 65% of the population has been fully vaccinated. Given the success of the vaccination campaign and the decrease in the total number of COVID-19 cases, the country had begun to relax their sanitary restrictions. However, public health officials are closely monitoring the spread of the Omicron variant to respond accordingly. Argentina has strengthened its commitment to vaccination through the production of Sputnik V vaccine doses and its recent selection by the Pan American Health Organization as one of two regional hubs to produce mRNA-based vaccines. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. The government and central bank have implemented several measures to aid the economy, including continued efforts to renegotiate a $44 billion dollar debt deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), implementing price freezes, opening new and amplifying existing lines of credit for SMEs. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Despite the controversies regarding transparency in the administration of COVID-19 vaccines, the reopening of schools and human rights concerns that marked the beginning of 2021, the vaccination campaign has progressed successfully, schools have returned to in person learning, the government continues to provide financial assistance to households, and has been recognized by the UN for their gender-sensitive COVID-19 policies. However, the population demands better social assistance programs and the creation of jobs as they continue to be affected by the economic instability of the country.

See our sub-regional brief for the Southern Cone and Brazil

Summary for the Bahamas

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in the Bahamas

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Bahamian government is faced with the challenge of meeting the needs of its citizens across the diverse archipelago, which has led to differential reopening policies. As vaccinations arrive from abroad, the government is predicting a loosening in restrictions and an increase in travel. However, this is dependent on the availability of vaccine doses and public trust in the vaccine. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Since the Bahamas has not fully recovered from the economic damage caused by Hurricane Dorian last fall, the outbreak of COVID-19 has deepened the Bahamian economic crisis. The reopening of the tourism sector and increase in international financial assistance may help the Bahamas alleviate unemployment and food security issues, but the tourism-reliant economy is likely to continue to struggle until tourism returns to pre-COVID levels. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

COVID-19 exacerbates the issue of poverty in The Bahamas. The most vulnerable populations, including women and those living in poverty, are worse off in social isolation due to reliance on a weak social protection system and unequal access to resources. Bahamian authorities also face challenges ensuring food security, but are receiving assistance from international organizations to combat this problem. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Barbados

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Barbados

Governance and the Rule of Law

The prime minister and outgoing Chair of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Mia Mottley, has led Barbadians through the pandemic with assistance from international organizations and foreign countries. Reopening efforts have been halted as the country enters another lockdown following an outbreak of the virus. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Barbados’ tourism-dependent economy faces contraction due to the lack of employment. The government has taken initiatives to attract tourists and secure international funding to relieve debt repayment and strengthen approaches to combating COVID-19. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Governmental policies have been put in place to safeguard the livelihoods of all Barbadians, especially vulnerable populations like women and students. The government has been particularly involved in helping students access digital learning options during periods of national lockdown. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Belize

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Belize

Governance and the Rule of Law

Even with the vaccination process beginning, the government of Belize is maintaining safety measures like a nightly curfew, limits on gatherings, and a mask mandate. The country has been open to tourism since October, but recommendations for tourist movement and transparency with COVID-19 data have helped to limit outbreaks since December. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Belize’s economy has suffered immensely during the pandemic, with unemployment reaching almost 30% and a 14% reduction in gross domestic product (GDP). Now, concerns are mounting over the possibility that Belize will default on its debt payments. Prospects for Belize’s future growth rest on the revival of the tourism industry. However, with tourism unlikely to return to pre-pandemic levels until 2022, economists warn that the country’s current path is unsustainable. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Community advocacy and collaboration characterize the social and cultural response to the pandemic in Belize today. Government institutions, public officials, and civil society organizations have worked together to provide financial and social assistance to communities through cash transfer programs, outreach, and informational resources. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Bolivia

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Bolivia

Governance and the Rule of Law

With just 2.3% of the population vaccinated since the first batch of vaccines arrived in Bolivia three months ago and more than 11,858 deaths due COVID-19, the Bolivian government maintains questionable measures to contain the spread of the virus and death tolls, putting pressure under a fairly debilitated health system due to a third wave of infections. Governability has been compromised due to constant changes in the health cabinet and a relative defeat of the government party in the regional elections, immersing the country in a political crisis and deep polarizations. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Even though economic growth in Bolivia was amongst the highest in the region in the past years, COVID-19 represented a challenge to Bolivia’s economy. The current government blames the confinement measures from the past interim government as the cause of an 8% contraction of the economy. Thus, Luis Acres’ government lifted containment measures and authorized more stimulus checks for people without fixed income. However, the country faces a challenge to stimulate an economic reactivation that aims for creation of new jobs and income redistribution. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Despite reductions in poverty in the past years, which has benefitted indigenous communities, the pandemic presents challenges to the indigenous women who have been more affected by unemployment and violence. In addition, the country faces a challenge in terms of equitable vaccine distribution. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Andes

Summary for Brazil

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Brazil

Governance and the Rule of Law

In 2021, the Brazilian government is facing the worst scenario since the pandemic started. The country is suffering a third COVID-19 wave caused by a more lethal variant of the virus, which has raised the death toll and has put the ICUs under stress. Consequently, Brazil’s Supreme Court opened an investigation due to the government’s handling of the pandemic that has killed more than 430,000 people. The Bolsonaro government is under pressure to accelerate and prioritize vaccination and to control transmission with the incorporation of stricter measures even though the government has been accused of promoting quack cures, declared against lockdowns, and tried to derail the publication of data. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

With a 4.3% reduction in Brazilian GDP in 2020, the third wave of the pandemic has sent Brazil’s already fragile economy into a sharper recession, costing at least 12 million jobs. The government faces the challenge in 2021 of balancing stimulus and income support packages with its reform program and desire to rein in public expenditure. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

A deadlier third wave is aggravating pre-existing socioeconomic, regional, and racial disparities in Brazilian society. Civil society organizations are stepping in to aid those most affected by the virus including indigenous people, Black Brazilians, women, and refugees. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Southern Cone and Brazil

Summary for Chile

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Chile

Governance and the Rule of Law

Chile’s vaccination campaign has been exemplary since it began in December 2020. This has allowed for a loosening of pandemic restrictions, although COVID-19 cases have begun to rise due to the Delta variant. Chile faces great political uncertainty and instability during its recovery from COVID-19 due to the ongoing constitutional convention to write the new constitution, presidential elections, and an impeachment bid against President Piñera.
Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Chile’s economy has rebounded from the pandemic, as GDP growth is expected to reach between 10.5% and 11.5% in 2021. However, increased consumption due to economic aid and pension withdrawals have created rising inflation in the country. Projections for 2022 predict that this economic growth will slow down drastically and that the country may possibly face a recession. Upcoming presidential elections have the potential to change the economic model but could impact future investment in the country. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

COVID-19 has exacerbated the socioeconomic inequalities in Chile that were the impetus for the 2019 social unrest that rocked the country. Many groups have been particularly impacted by the pandemic including migrants, indigenous communities, youth and women. The country has the opportunity to address the many concerns that led to the 2019 demonstrations as they write their new constitution under the leadership of Elisa Loncón, the first indigenous person in Chile to lead a body wielding political power. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Southern Cone and Brazil

Summary for Colombia

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Colombia

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Colombian government responded strictly to COVID-19 during the early stages of the pandemic, enacting movement restrictions at national and local levels. However, the government continues to stall on the rollout of the vaccine, procuring vaccines and administering them months after neighboring countries. As the nation reopens, the government struggles to rejuvenate the economy and manage social unrest regarding civil society massacres. Armed groups remain in the countryside imposing their own arbitrary COVID-19 restrictions. In 2021, police brutality has sparked international concern while recent executive immigration reforms have brought international praise. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Despite any progress made, inequality is increasing through the pandemic as jobs are lost, restrictions continue, and access to health care is minimal. However, some cities and local governments are finding creative ways to track the virus. The national government is working to reinvigorate the economy through attracting FDI and tourists. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Vulnerable citizens and communities, like Venezuelan migrants, Afro-Colombians, victims of domestic violence, informal workers, and Indigenous people are suffering as the government neglects its commitment to support them and provide social services. Civil society organizations are taking the lead to provide information, resources, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Children and their families are weathering the changing landscapes as the nation rapidly brings students back into the classrooms. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Andes

Summary for Costa Rica

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Costa Rica

Governance and the Rule of Law

The process of vaccination in Costa Rica has improved greatly and now it is a requirement for every worker of the State to be vaccinated. Also, minors between the ages of 2 and 17 are now able to get vaccinated, which will now allow for the majority of the population to be fully vaccinated. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Costa Rica is currently in debt due to the fact that its main source of income was through tourism, an activity limited by the pandemic. COP26 has brought about new forms of innovation and goals in order to combat climate change. The country is working alongside other Latin American countries to protect marine areas. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The country is still one of the main representatives of the fight against climate change even during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the influx of migration from Nicaragua has increased greatly due to the current political situation. This in turn has led to many problems in Costa Rica related to violence and fear of the effects this large-scale migration can cause to the country. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Cuba

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Cuba

Governance and the Rule of Law

Cuba has received international recognition for the success it has had in engaging in global health diplomacy and producing a homegrown vaccine. As the country prepares to open its borders to international tourists, many Cubans are concerned that there will be a rise in COVID-19 cases despite the high percentage of vaccination in the country. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The Cuban economy took a considerable hit since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the past year, Cuba has had to reimagine their tourist sector, renovate and restructure their internal government operations, and battle heavy sanctions amidst a recession. Nonetheless, the country has been venerated for its healthcare sector due to extensive COVID-19 testing as well as vaccine trial and production. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Cuba’s ideology of solidarity and fraternity has been demonstrated through their community-based healthcare system and digitized forms of cultural expression. Cubans have joined forces, relying on individual responsibility and group mobilization to prevent the spread of the virus while lifting up the community during hard times. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Dominica

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Dominica

Governance and the Rule of Law

With the help of regional actors, Dominica worked quickly to stop the spread of the virus. Since mid-February, the government has been administering vaccines and is pleased with the progress of the vaccination campaign, made possible from vaccine donations and distribution programs. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Given that Dominica has been able to keep positive cases down and has begun vaccinations, the country is looking to kick-start its tourism-dependent economy again. However, reopening to travel still raises concerns about a rise in infection brought by foreigners. Additionally, the pandemic has affected the global supply chain and the income of farmers, in particular women, who now are searching for innovative ways to sell their produce on the domestic market. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Dominica has been working with the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) to increase internet access within the country. Caribbean women in Dominica are particularly vulnerable as they are more at risk of being exposed and carry larger social responsibilities. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for the Dominican Republic

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in the Dominican Republic

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Abinader Administration has been working hard not only to stop the spread of COVID-19 but also increase vaccination levels across the country. Earlier this year, the Dominican Republic had enforced some of the most stringent social distancing and curfew policies in the region. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The Dominican Republic’s economy has had one of the most successful recovery rates of the region, as the government has been able to reopen the tourism industry at almost full capacity. Despite this, levels of unemployment continue to rise, especially for marginalized groups on the island. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

With thousands living below the poverty line, many of whom are Afro-descendant or Haitian immigrants, efforts to quell the spread of COVID-19 are struggling to reach the neediest citizens. Still, much effort has been made on behalf of the Dominican program to fund social assistance programs. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Ecuador

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Ecuador

Governance and the Rule of Law

The 2021 presidential elections continued amidst the pandemic and third wave of the virus. As Ecuador held the highest rate of excess mortality as a result of COVID-19 for months in 2020, the country has implemented extensive measures to slow the virus’ spread. Corruption, insufficient resources, and lack of transparency complicate Ecuador’s response during the pandemic. The government struggles to provide the vaccine to its citizens and restart the economy through social programs. Many who elected Guillermo Lasso are hopeful that his presidency will bring respite from pandemic problems. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Ecuador’s gross domestic product (GDP) is projected to recuperate by 3.1-3.5% in 2021, largely due to household expenditures and improved dynamic of the internal economy. Last year, the GDP declined by 8.9% due to decreases in tourism and petroleum exports and prices. Other than Peru and Argentina, Ecuador suffered the worst economic downturn in the region. The country’s limited fiscal space and austerity measures taken to service external debts means that options to stimulate the economy may be increasingly limited. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Initiatives by both the Ecuadorian government and civil society actors have been enacted to help those who have displayed economic need. At the same time, vulnerable populations such as migrants, prisoners, indigenous communities, women, and children have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. International social changes and unrest in the region have carried over into Ecuadorian society. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Andes

Summary for El Salvador

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in El Salvador

Governance and the Rule of Law

President Bukele has continued his aggressive vaccination campaign in an attempt to control the pandemic. The country has become one of the first Latin American countries to offer a booster shot, and the first to offer vaccination to children between the ages of 6 and 11, which the WHO has not formally approved. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The controversial adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender in early September has created considerable uncertainty in the Salvadoran economy, compounding the depressive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Distributional hurdles, technological difficulties, and lack of technical education are impeding the success of the first nationwide test of the cryptocurrency’s potential for day-to-day transactions, provoking protests against President Bukele’s government. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

President Bukele, who has been described as a right populist, has done little to advance social and cultural inclusion since his election in February. Alongside Bitcoin protests, organizers continue to advocate for women’s rights and the prosecution of gender-based crimes. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Grenada

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Grenada

Governance and the Rule of Law

Government action and cooperation from international partners and organizations has led to a successful beginning of the vaccination process, though the government is still enforcing measures like a nightly curfew. Declining government revenue may pose a threat to the feasibility of continued government relief programs. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Grenada’s economy has been impacted due to its reliance on tourism, but projections for 2021 are seemingly positive due to reopening of travel and fundamental alleviators present before the pandemic, such as a solid fiscal positioning and strong macroeconomic performance. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Grenada has undertaken measures such as increasing food security programs and internet penetration to help alleviate the impact of the pandemic on vulnerable communities. The government has also adjusted curfew measures to be more accessible to the country’s workers and made vaccinating workers in the tourism sector a priority. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Guatemala

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Guatemala

Governance and the Rule of Law

Guatemala has overwhelmingly struggled to execute an efficient vaccination program, despite having access to a sufficient supply of vaccines. While the country has sourced vaccine donations from a variety of first-world countries, the logistical challenges seem to be defeating government efforts to coordinate mass-vaccination. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Guatemala exists as a focal point for climate change consequences and mitigation policies. As unpredictable weather patterns make agriculture impossible in some regions, authorities are experimenting with eco-friendly transportation and other policies in major cities. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Guatemala has seen pushes and pulls in immigration throughout the pandemic. While migratory outflows continue to be pulled toward the US towards opportunity and to escape from violence and drug trafficking, stringent immigration policies from Mexico and the US catapult migrants back into the Guatemalan jungle. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for French Guiana

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in French Guiana

Governance and the Rule of Law

French Guiana is beginning to open up borders and remove curfews as COVID-19 cases have been declining since the surge earlier in the year. Tensions are increasing between the territory and France, which many Guianans claim has long neglected aiding the territory. Although the vaccination program is well underway, French Guiana is struggling with encouraging residents to get the vaccine as soon as possible. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The economy of French Guiana has struggled with the pandemic, but is starting to recover in the tourism sector as borders open up. Nevertheless, many in French Guiana work in the informal sector, which has been mostly shut down, causing high levels of unemployment without access to benefits. Despite this, much progress has been made in the technology sector. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Late efforts by the Guianan government have produced COVID-19 informational content for the territory’s diverse linguistic population. Still, the authorities have found it challenging to educate those in rural areas without access to technology. Furthermore, with high levels of poverty and many without access to clean water, it is difficult to ensure the safety of vulnerable populations. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the European territories

Summary for Guadeloupe and Martinique

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Guadeloupe

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Martinique

Governance and the Rule of Law

Both Martinique and Guadeloupe are facing serious COVID-19 restrictions from the French government to stop the spread of the virus, for example with strict lockdowns and mask mandates. As a result, protests have erupted all throughout both islands against France’s COVID-19 policies. Moreover, both territories have made progress with their vaccination program, although they are struggling with encouraging residents to get the vaccine as soon as possible. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Businesses are still recovering from lockdowns and current restrictions, with some receiving aid from the French government and local governments. Many people on the islands are facing unemployment and economic hardship due to the pandemic. Still, both Martinique and Guadeloupe have come up with unique plans for COVID-19 testing and vaccination. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Martinique and Guadeloupe are making efforts to reconcile with the economic inequality compared to the mainland that so many residents on the island have felt with the pandemic. As protests continue on both territories, the French government is looking for ways to provide the islands’ with greater autonomy. Moreover, Martinique and Guadeloupe have made great strides in promoting culture and the arts despite the challenges that the pandemic has caused.Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the European territories

Summary for Guyana

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Guyana

Governance and the Rule of Law

COVID-19 struck Guyana during a time of political turmoil. The country’s March 2 presidential election was riddled with allegations of fraud. After five months of political challenges and international pressure, the outgoing president has acknowledged the results of the elections, bringing an end to a period of political instability. Guyana’s new president Mohamed Irfaan Ali took office in August of 2020. As of March 2021, the country now grapples with a new wave of cases amidst plans for national unification after a tricky transition of power. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The discovery of eight billion barrels of oil off the coast has been the focus of a lot of attention, As of March 2021, President Irfaan Ali says the offshore oil field is now operating at full capacity. The Caribbean Development Bank has released a statement that indicates Guyana was the only Caribbean country to record growth during the COVID-19 period. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

With a population of 750,000 and deep ethnic divisions, Guyana has the challenge of providing its citizens access to health services, protective equipment, and education, especially the indigenous populations that are concentrated in the borders with Venezuela and Brazil. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Haiti

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Haiti

Governance and the Rule of Law

Haiti is in the midst of a constitutional crisis, as President Jovenel Moïse rules by decree and has challenged judicial oversight. Corruption, limitations on the freedom of expression, and impunity for armed groups have presented challenges to Haiti’s management of the COVID-19 crisis. Protests and demonstrations have continued to surge as of March 2021 amid rampant vaccination concerns, calling for the President’s resignation. The conflict does not seem to be going away as the country prepares for the 2021 election year where they will vote on a new constitution in June and hold national elections in September. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Major contributors to Haiti’s gross domestic product (GDP)—remittances and the export of textiles—have declined as a result of the pandemic’s effect on the global economy. The Haitian gourde is continuously devalued against the U.S. dollar, exacerbating already negative effects caused by the domestic economic downturn. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Widespread stigma and public doubt regarding the virus’s existence has presented challenges to testing and treatment. The lack of clean water for many, as well as increased deportations, have presented further complications and opportunities for innovation. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Honduras

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Honduras

Governance and the Rule of Law

Honduras has continued to push the vaccination campaign through ensuring that citizens receive their second doses to be fully vaccinated. However, members of Congress have lost legitimacy from the populace and international imports of the vaccination are slower than desired. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Tropic storms Eta and Iota have caused repercussions that further exacerbate the effects COVID-19 has had on the country with problems such as food insecurity and agricultural land loss. In addition, there is a push for more female inclusion in the economic sector due to high unemployment in the informal sector. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

This year, COVID-19 has led to unemployment, food insecurity, and a lack of education in public schooling due to a lack of government support for education. Many students will not attend school this year because no virtual setting is in place for hybrid/online schooling. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Jamaica

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Jamaica

Governance and the Rule of Law

In order to stop the spread of COVID-19, the Jamaican government has enacted strict policies to protect citizens and speed up economic reopening. Jamaica has experienced a new wave of cases in 2021, resulting in the highest number of cases on the island to date. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Jamaica depends highly on the tourism industry to employ citizens. COVID-19 has stunted economic growth, despite some initially promising signs of a resilient economy. Despite these economic and public health obstacles, the country seeks to continue fighting climate change as it recovers. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The country has embraced the need to address mental health concerns related to COVID-19. Many who have lost their jobs in the tourism and informal sectors have experienced trauma as a result of the pandemic. The Jamaican government has also noted that the elderly are particularly vulnerable to mental and physical stress from the pandemic. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Mexico

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Mexico

Governance and the Rule of Law

Mexico has been a leading figure in the regional fight against COVID-19, exporting millions of vaccines to other Latin American countries. It has succeeded in becoming one of the highest-vaccinated states in the region, with just over one-third of the population. Hurricane Grace, which made landfall in August, has required government officials to reallocate resources towards reconstruction in several states. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Mexico has achieved remarkable success in the economic recovery from the pandemic, seeing a return to high employment levels. The government continues to generate national wealth and reinvest in the oil industry as a key export. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Mexico continues to struggle with issues that, while not related to public health, were augmented by the pandemic. It continues to take the brunt of stricter immigration policy as migrants from the Northern Triangle and Haiti pass through on their way to the US’s southern border. While some women’s rights victories have been won recently, gender-based violence and femicide remains at high levels. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Montserrat

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Montserrat

Governance and the Rule of Law

Since the onset of COVID-19, the government has responded proactively and managed the spread of the virus while undergoing preparations for a full reopening. In order to maintain containment of COVID-19, Montserrat has strict travel restrictions and is not allowing tourist travel. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Though the economy is stressed due to a lack of tourism, efforts to improve the capacity of island communications and local small businesses have continued to move forward. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic has severely impacted the social well-being of citizens, but, overall, the island’s response has worked to provide concise information and suggestions around managing the pandemic within familial and social units. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Nicaragua

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Nicaragua

Governance and the Rule of Law

Over the past few months, many presidential candidates and opposition figures have been incarcerated and detained by Ortega’s administration. Any opposition has been charged with treason, fraud, or money laundering; as of October 7, 2021, 33 opposition figures have been detained. EU economic sanctions have been prolonged towards Nicaraguan officials in attempt to punish the Ortega’s administration’s lack of democracy and respect for human rights by not releasing his political opponents. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Nicaragua has now adopted and imported the three vaccines that have been locally produced in Cuba, despite the fact that they have not yet received approval from the WHO. With the upcoming elections, Facebook just found one of the largest government-run troll farms, where fake accounts have been created to promote anti-opposition and pro-government information to secure Ortega’s victory on November 7, 2021. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Attempts for the aid of the UN to liberate the politically detained in Nicaragua have shown the lack of political freedom and freedom of speech that is currently shadowing Nicaragua, catalyzed by Ortega. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Panama

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Panama

Governance and the Rule of Law

The vaccination campaign is moving forward as Panamanians are getting vaccinated on a daily basis. However, public unrest over the change of reforms without the consultations of the populace has led to protests in fear of the lack of democracy that Panamanians are currently feeling. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

With the recent release of the Pandora Papers, Panama is moving towards mitigating the collateral damage that could harm its reputation and image. On the other hand, the move towards fighting climate change has been placed as a priority. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Mass migration through Panama, in the Darien Gap region, has led Panamanian officials to deal with the deaths of those who died in the lawless jungle. Many people are on the border attempting to enter Panama in order to reach their final destination of the United States. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for Central America and Mexico

Summary for Paraguay

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Paraguay

Governance and the Rule of Law

Paraguay’s vaccination campaign, which lagged in early 2021, has expanded thanks to donations from other countries. The presence of the highly contagious Delta variant is of concern due to the high number of unvaccinated Paraguayans and the slowdown in the country’s vaccination rates. Anti-government protests throughout the pandemic and an uptick in political violence did not damage the ruling Colorado party’s standing in recent municipal elections.
Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Paraguay’s economy showed resilience throughout the pandemic and is on track to grow 4.5% in 2021 due to strength in key sectors. The Paraguayan economy has a number of structural challenges, rising inflation and a fiscal deficit that could threaten its post-pandemic recovery. However, this situation also provides an opportunity to invest in more sustainable and inclusive development. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Paraguay’s historical levels of inequality have been exacerbated by the pandemic, especially among women, children and indigenous communities. The pandemic has highlighted the need to reform the country’s fragmented and insufficient social protection system. The government has been critiqued for overlooking vulnerable groups and enacting legislation that deepens societal inequities. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Southern Cone and Brazil

Summary for Peru

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Peru

Governance and the Rule of Law

Peru is in the midst of a second wave that has caused the country to surpass 62,000 deaths with the second highest per capita mortality rate in Latin America. In addition, it lags behind its neighbors in its vaccination campaign and the Vacunagate scandal, in which senior political officials clandestinely received vaccinations ahead of their official rollout, has further eroded public trust in government. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The Peruvian economy experienced an 11.1% contraction in 2020 despite significant stimulus spending to aid vulnerable sectors of the economy. The Minister of Economy and Finance expects the economy to rebound in 2021 and has prioritized innovation projects that will be sustainable in the future. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic has exacerbated existing inequities for vulnerable sectors of Peru’s population, particularly indigenous communities, women, and migrants. Additionally, the pandemic has highlighted inequalities between Peru’s rural and urban areas. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Andes

Summary for Puerto Rico

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Puerto Rico

Governance and the Rule of Law

Puerto Rico is currently facing a new wave of COVID-19 cases even though the vaccination process has made great strides with new laws by the government mandating vaccination in different sectors. As a result of the island’s efficient COVID-19 vaccination policies, Puerto Rico now has the highest vaccination rate in the United States. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

In 2020, the pandemic had a serious impact on the Puerto Rican economy with the loss of jobs and the permanent closure of thousands of businesses. Still, the government has committed to remedy this economic blow by reopening the country and promoting the tourism industry. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Puerto Rico is in the process of reopening the island, instituting vaccine mandates at schools, restaurants, and many places of employment. Nevertheless, other threats related to issues like natural disaster, the ongoing threat of earthquakes, and violence against women continue to persist on the island. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Saint Kitts and Nevis

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Saint Kitts and Nevis

Governance and the Rule of Law

The country’s deft management of the pandemic secured the re-election of Prime Minister Timothy Harris’s government, but now it faces the challenge of keeping the Western Hemisphere’s smallest sovereign state afloat.
Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

In a country dependent on tourism, the shutdown of travel around the world has created severe economic challenges for Saint Kitts and Nevis. Expanding the country’s Citizenship by Investment program (CBI) may hold the answer to economic difficulties, while an innovative geo-tracking app for tourists may help the country safely reopen in the near future. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The government’s XCD$120 million stimulus package is designed to shield those taking the largest economic hit. Until the tourism industry recovers to pre-pandemic levels, however, the government will need to think creatively about how to fund its poverty alleviation efforts. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Saint Lucia

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Saint Lucia

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Government of Saint Lucia faces the dilemma of mobilizing resources to meet increased spending on health and fiscal stimulus packages as revenue collection is severely hampered by the spread of COVID-19. The island’s vulnerability to natural hazards will also continue to intensify due to climate change.
Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

A significant decrease in tourism, which accounts for 40% of Saint Lucia’s economy, will contribute to the country’s projected 8.5% gross domestic product (GDP) contraction. However, The Economic Recovery and Resilience Plan aims to generate employment and provide income to affected residents through a range of capital investment projects. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Saint Lucian artists and public figures have come together in order to bring awareness to COVID-19 and provide public relief to struggling citizens. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Governance and the Rule of Law

After the eruption of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines’ La Soufrière volcano, the government faces an ensuing humanitarian crisis that is likely to compound the effects of the COVID-19 crisis. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

Tourism, offshore banking, exports of oil and gas, and foreign remittances dominate the economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Because of its dependence on external markets and foreign investment, the country is extremely vulnerable to external shocks. Together, COVID-19 and the destruction of the La Soufrière volcano have caused the most destructive shock the country has encountered in a century. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The economic shock from the pandemic has caused unemployment and a decline in people’s living standards. The government and international organizations are providing assistance to vulnerable citizens, including the elderly, the unemployed, and disadvantaged children. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and other international organizations in the Caribbean are closely monitoring opportunities for educational continuity in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Suriname

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Suriname

Governance and the Rule of Law

Newly-elected President Chan Santokhi wrestles with the dual challenges of implementing long-overdue economic reforms and preventing the community spread of COVID-19. The government now must confront a potential third wave of cases and an already strained healthcare system. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The arrival of COVID-19 has compounded Suriname’s existing economic turmoil. Nevertheless, Suriname’s commodity-export based economy has experienced one of the smallest contractions across the region. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The escalating outbreak in neighboring French Guiana has inflamed existing tensions on the eastern border surrounding immigration from Suriname’s neighbors. To the south, the country’s joint effort with Brazil to protect isolated indigenous peoples has encountered various logistical challenges. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Trinidad and Tobago

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Trinidad and Tobago

Governance and the Rule of Law

Though Trinidad and Tobago’s coordinated response to COVID-19 was initially successful, a spike in cases after Easter 2021 has resubmerged the country into a public health crisis. Meanwhile, the government finds itself faced with addressing a worsening economic crisis. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

The closure of tourism has proved to be devastating for Trinidad & Tobago. The island-nation takes another blow from decreased oil prices and production, hence deepening an economic decline that began in 2016. Despite the economic challenges it has faced during the pandemic, the International Monetary Fund projects that Trinidad and Tobago will experience a 2.1% growth in GDP in 2021. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Previously neglected societal issues have taken center stage as the COVID-19 crisis has forced the government to address and assist the nation’s most vulnerable communities. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Caribbean

Summary for Uruguay

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Uruguay

Governance and the Rule of Law

Uruguay has been praised for having one of the best responses to the pandemic in Latin America. Despite a strong public health system and a communal sense of responsibility, cases began to increase exponentially during the last trimester of 2020. Since then, Uruguay’s vaccination plan has been recognized as one of the most effective within the region. Currently, approximately 74.2% of the population has been vaccinated with two doses and more than 1.27 million people have received a third booster dose.Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

To mitigate the negative economic effects of COVID-19, Uruguay is focused on stimulating the economy by providing loans and other forms of funding to small and medium businesses, tourism, the agricultural sector, and other sectors of the economy.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

A variety of programs exist to aid the most vulnerable sectors of the population, including social assistance measures implemented by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MIDES) that promote gender-based policy and the recognition of the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on women. As the total number of COVID-19 cases continue to decrease and the vaccination campaign successfully progresses, social activities have begun to resume gradually shifting towards a glimpse of post COVID-19 conditions.

See our sub-regional brief for the Southern Cone and Brazil

Summary for Venezuela

See the WHO’s latest COVID-19 case count in Venezuela

Governance and the Rule of Law

The impact of the sanctions on Venezuela has affected governance. Moreover, the escalating political crisis has created a power struggle between the government and the opposition. However, the government is open to work on an agenda that will begin a dialogue requested by politician Juan Guaidó. Additionally, the government aims to inoculate 70 percent of the population by June with a mass vaccination campaign. Thus, access to blocked funds presents a challenge to the government to buy more vaccines through COVAX in the middle of increasingly high infection rates. Go to our Governance and the Rule of Law brief.

Growth and Innovation

COVID-19 and the vaccination campaign have represented an economic challenge for Venezuela. The drop in remittances, fall in oil prices, international sanctions that have limited the procurement of vaccines, hyperinflation, lack of external financing, and inexistant internal capital markets have left the country short in funds needed to address the economic and health impact of the pandemic. Go to our Growth and Innovation brief.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Venezuela’s deteriorated health system and collapsed economy is challenging the country’s vaccination campaign. With 64.8% of the population living in poverty, the government is dealing with a population experiencing considerable losses of income and jobs, stressed health services, poor sanitation, and scarce public services. This has left the government facing an aggravated humanitarian crisis that challenges the vaccination rollout. Go to our Social and Cultural Inclusion brief.

See our sub-regional brief for the Andes