Costa Rica

Fall 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Legislative Assembly in San José.

“congressional building” by amy_buthod is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
  • As of November 3, 2021, there have been over 561,000 cases and 7,094 deaths. The largest peak of COVID-19 cases has been slowing down and about 56% of the population is vaccinated. Travel restrictions and tourist destinations have opened up following the travel guidelines imposed by the country. This serves to re-open the economy as the largest sector of the economy is tourism. 
  • Due to the improved condition of COVID-19 in Costa Rica, the UK has taken Costa Rica from its red list of countries that are restricted for travel. This helps increment not only the use of the airline industry and in addition, creates more tourism in the vacation season. 
  • Now, when entering Costa Rica, you do not need a negative coronavirus test and you can enter without insurance. This allows and welcomes any tourist from across the world regardless of immunization status.
  • Costa Rica is requiring all state workers to be vaccinated, becoming one of the first countries to require vaccination in order to work. This not only serves as a way to mitigate the transmission of COVID-19 but also, incentivize workers to get vaccinated sooner. This goes in contrast with the lack of vaccination requirements for external tourists entering the country, however, it does protect the citizens of Costa Rica who engage with many people on a daily basis due to their profession. 
  • This decision was taken by the Ministry of Health due to the situation where the mortality of COVID-19 has increased, the Delta variant, and the high occupancy of hospitals. 
  • The National Emergency Commission announced that they will work with private hospitals in order to expand the aid for the fight against COVID-19. The financing for these private hospitals will come from the National Emergency Fund. 
  • In addition, since October 25th, minors between the ages of 12-17 are eligible to be vaccinated. Now, families can take their children to have the Pfizer vaccine and get close to having the entire population fully vaccinated. A contract was signed to purchase 3.5 million doses to vaccinate children and also to apply a third dose to the health care personnel, people over the age of 58 and high-risk people. Not only is this leading to a higher percentage of vaccination in the population, but also mitigating the risk of re-contagion through booster shots.
  • Pedro Sánchez has asked Ortega, the president of Nicaragua, to free the detained opposition figures who have been incarcerated by Ortega’s administration. The president asks for free and transparent elections, and to free the detained presidential candidates. He notes that there has been a clear violation of human rights and freedom of the press in Nicaragua. Recently, a video filmed in Costa Rica was posted on social media in order to tell Nicaraguan citizens to stay at home and not vote.
  • Costa Rica has announced the creation of the “Humanitarian front for Afghan women and children,” in order to open their borders to safeguard them as a humanitarian gesture. Epsy Campbell, the vice president, offered Costa Rica as a humanitarian bridge. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a higher effect of conflict for Afghan women and after the Taliban took control. 

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Growth and Innovation

Ecotourism is a key aspect of the tourist industry in Costa Rica.

“Costa Rica” by DerJoker is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
  • The World Bank estimated that Costa Rica would have a growth less optimistic than what the Central Bank had originally predicted. The Central Bank estimated growth of 3.9%  for 2021 to 2022. However, the World Bank estimated growth of 3.8%. The worry that emerges from this less optimistic growth is due to the new surges of COVID-19 cases and inflationary pressures on the international level. 
  • Unemployment in Costa Rica has dropped slightly from the previous quarter yet women still have higher unemployment rates than men. The difference of 21.0% and 12.8% further indicates the lack of gender equality in the labor force, especially in service jobs that are less paid and have higher turnover rates. Now many have resorted to informal jobs and 45% of employed people are informally classified in the labor market. 
  • The Central Government is currently in debt. In May of 2018, the amount of debt in internal bonds reached a point of 2.7 billion colones, however, now the debt has risen to 5.1 billion colones, a duplication of debt. According to Statista, the projection of national debt for the year 2022 will reach 47.33 million dollars and 50.06 million dollars in 2023. 
  • One of the main reasons for the increase in debt has been due to the fact that tourism being the primary source of income for the country, was restricted worldwide because of the pandemic. However, with the focus on biodiversity and restoration of the ecosystem, Costa Rica aims to reestablish their ecotourism, which is one of the major aspects of their economy.
  • Costa Rica has become one of the few countries to have almost 99% of its electricity come from renewable sources and is able to produce twice the country’s needs. Despite the pandemic, the country still keeps climate change at one of its main focuses and remains a more prominent actor than any great power. 
  • All households in Costa Rica have access to renewable energy and the fact that the focus has been to restore deforestation now has become the base for ecotourism boosting the country’s economy. Both biodiversity and ecotourism emerges from recovering the forest.  
  • Costa Rica is one of the main countries to have a strong intention to participate in the “Ocean Highway” during COP26. Costa Rica is joining other countries in Latin America to launch a marine protected area called the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor. 
  • The country has made it their goal to fight the pandemic along with climate change and continue to keep the 1.5 degree celsius Paris Agreement. The country plans to be leading in the limitation of the production and supply of oil, the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

A mosaic on the streets of San José.

“Mosaic in San Jose” by DavidDennisPhotos.com is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.
  • The Costa Rican government has arrested many people that have been suspected of trafficking migrants across the border. Costa Rican and Panamanian authorities have detained almost 40 people suspected of having an organization that moves migrants to their final destination, the United States. 
  • Nicaraguans try to find asylum in Costa Rica due to the protests against Daniel Ortega’s government. The country has received the highest number of migration applications since 2018, where there were also protests about the detainment of opposition figures in Nicaragua. 
  • More than 81,000 Nicaraguans are looking for refuge in Costa Rica, being one of the top 10 countries that have had the most requests for asylum in the world. Yet, the country struggles with help from other countries on the international stage as it has not escalated to an exodus similar to Venezuela, which makes this a crisis easily forgotten, overlooked, and leaves Nicaragua with little support to sustain such a large influx of migration.
  •  Movement between borders has created great tensions at a national and international level. Now with the large influx of people, the country fears that COVID-19 cases will surge and xenophobic sentiment among the Costa Rican population.
  • Costa Rica is the country in Latin America with the largest influx of immigrants in its population at 9%. Due to the fact that the Nicaraguan population is politically motivated, the influx of people are highly educated university students, professionals, medics, and professors among others. It has changed the demographic of the type of migrant that is crossing the border.
  • While the country is trying to accommodate this surge of migrants, it is very difficult. In 2020, 47% of Nicaraguans lived in poverty, ¾ of them only had one meal a day, 41% has no stable source of income, and ⅕ had no assured shelter. This year, with a larger influx of migrants, Costa Rica attempts to accommodate the needs of the Nicaraguans, but the needs of its own population as well. 
  • Statistics indicate that Costa Rica is considered the happiest country in Central America and over 99.4% of the population from the ages 15-24 is literate. The country still attempts to diminish extreme poverty, as only 3.4% is in absolute poverty versus 11.5% in Central America, and the issue of illiteracy that shadows Latin America.
  • Costa Rica has now made the first digital Open Historical Museum (MHADI) that will be placed in both public and private institutions that aims to allow everyone to visit a museum virtually. The virtual museum is completely free, and QR codes are placed around the city. This service sprouts not only from the pandemic where many of these cultural places are closed, but also to provide a free experience for everyone to be in touch with Costa Rican culture. 
  • Indigenous women want to promote an inclusive system to conserve forests in Costa Rica as crops in the forests they live in are crucial for their family’s food security and income. Hence, there is a push for conservation of biodiversity for the indigenous families that depend on nature for their survival. Many women are property owners and because of the intergenerational line they are secured in not losing the land.

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion

Spring 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

  • As a result of the steady increase of contagions since April, intensive care units are strained, having reported their maximum levels of occupation on May 3, with a 94.95% of capacity covered.
  • The Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), which is the government office in charge of the public health sector, has been working to expand the hospitalizations capacity of the health system but the steady rise in new cases outpaces these efforts.
  • Costa Rica launched its campaign of inoculation on December 23, 2020. After an initial delivery of vaccines purchased from the pharmaceutical duo Pfizer-BioNTech, Costa Rica faced a suspension of doses until mid-February, when the shipment of committed batches resumed.
  • Since then, the pace of the vaccination campaign has maintained its rhythm thanks, in addition, to the reception -in early April- of the first batches of AstraZeneca’s shots. These doses were obtained by Costa Rica through the COVAX mechanism.
  • Nonetheless, civil society’s sectors have manifested their discontent with the inoculation campaign, judged to be slow and non-inclusive of critical or essential workers such as healthcare professionals of the private sector and local government officials.  
  • In the political sphere, national concordance –fostered by the unprecedented crisis– cracked down in 2020 due to President Alvarado’s proposal of an austerity plan amidst a worldwide emergency to gain IMF’s loan approval. The opposition-controlled Congress and civil society strongly rejected the former Minister of Labor’s idea.
  • The outburst of protest and civil unrest forced the president’s dismissal of the idea of entering into a deal with the IMF. Instead, a national dialogue initiated, convening businesses, unions, civil society and political parties’ representatives. The multisectoral initiative delivered an agreement comprising 58-proposals to address Costa Rica’s budget deficit in a less socially conflictive manner, which was presented for congressional approval.
  • Despite these efforts, protests of workers and unions erupted again during May 1, 2021, against the neoliberal plans of the government.
  • The lead-up processes to the 2022 presidential elections are underway and presidential candidates multiplicate within the opposition forces in the country. The Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica is closely following parties’ activities to secure citizens’ political rights and compliance with health protocols worked out with the Health Ministry. The precise moment for the next elections, however, remains uncertain and contingent on sanitary indicators.

Growth and Innovation

  • Practically all economic and public activities have reopened in Costa Rica under sanitary protocols and with limits in the capacity of people reception to avoid crowds that could ease contagions.
  • Tourism, one of the most dynamic sectors of Costa Rica’s economy, has been severely hit by worldwide COVID-19 travel measures. The relevance of the sector explains why many small tourism-related enterprises alongside the Costa Rican Chamber of Hotels were among the first to call for a selective reopening of the country’s borders.
  • With the intention to help the sector cope with the consequences of the pandemic, the national authorities have authorized the reduction of labor hours for the tourism industry workers, alongside others interconnected with the sector, such as transportation services and culture activities.
  • Implemented in 2020, the selective management of borders was oriented to avoid land bordering crossings –especially with neighboring Nicaragua– while encouraging airports arrivals – despite the fact, that was through this way how the virus was imported to Costa Rica.
  • The closing of terrestrial borders remained in place until April 2021, and in May they began a gradual reopening. Permanent residents and tourists that do not need visa would be admitted through these entry points and all visitor will be required to comply with a series of requirements to minimize epidemiological risks (i.e. proof of medical insurance to cover any COVID-19 related treatment and completion of an online health screening 48 hours prior to travel).
  • The economy has suffered an incredible blow by Costa Rica’s standards –registering a fall of 4 percentage points in the GDP and a fiscal deficit that reaches 8% of the country’s product. Unemployment reached record levels in July of 2020 –when it hit 24%–, declining to a still unbearably high 19% during the first months of 2021. These are the topics that concern Costa Ricans the most.
  • Among the hardest-hit sectors is the artistic and cultural service-sector, which had to face an unprecedented adjustment to survive in a virtual environment. Representatives of the area signed a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Youth and Culture to create a fundraising mechanism, Teletón por la Cultura, to support the sector workers’ basic needs.
  • One of the most renowned museums of the country, the National Museum of Costa Rica, entered into a partnership with the other two biggest museums located in the capital of San José –Jade and Pre-Columbian Gold museums– to jointly define a strategy in face of the new normality imposed by the virus.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

  • The schooling year began in February mostly under a hybrid modality that combines virtual and in-person classes after a full year of suspension of in-person activities.
  • Almost one million children and adolescents attend public institutions in Costa Rica, with many of them being assisted by governmental programs such as Crecemos and Avancemos and protocols that secure food distribution in educational centers.
  • Last year suspension of in-person schooling drove the almost 8.000 school-driver workers to full unemployment. The hybrid modality implemented for the 2021 schooling year, while limiting the capacity of schools’ reception, is certainly an improvement in the school and work perspectives of thousands.
  • One of the most important measures to contain growing inequality in Costa Rica, was the creation of a temporary monetary program –the Proteger Bond– to bring essential relief to households affected by labor or income cuts due to the pandemic. The program ran until December 2020 while the socioeconomic effects of the pandemic persist well into these days.
  • More than 200.000 Costa Ricans were cut from this social assistance while the macro and micro economic conditions of the economy in general -and of the labor market in particular- have not improved. Additionally, the administration of the Proteger Bond has currently come to be seriously questioned due to irregularities detected in the transfers of money.
  • Poverty levels rose from 20% to 26.2% during 2020, while one in every four economically active Costa Ricans is unemployed, but the number conceals its disproportionate impact on women. Though the government reported this alarming deterioration of socioeconomic indicators in November 2020, no tailored measure has been crafted to thoroughly protect the most vulnerable until today. 
  • The sanitary crisis has accentuated the discrimination against the Nicaraguan migrant population, that, in addition to suffering the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, face xenophobic attitudes from some Costa Ricans, and a particularly hard treatment while transiting the border with Costa Rica.

Summer 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

  • There has been a significant improvement in transparency and government accountability through online platforms that allow access to budgetary information regarding the COVID-19 crisis.
  • Costa Rica has a robust social security, health, and pension system. The government faces the challenge of maintaining the system under a bleak economic outlook that may force it to seek new sources of income and revenue through taxes.
  • Borders with neighboring Nicaragua present a security challenge due to the lack of bilateral cooperation, allowing the virus to spread and affecting regional commerce.
  • A second wave of infection has led the government to toughen quarantine measures, putting pressure on economic sectors that were prepared to open and reactivate their activities. 
  • The health system has not been adequately tracing the infection rate. This poses a challenge in containing the spread of the virus. 
  • Prior to the pandemic, Costa Rica faced social strikes for health, education, labor rights, and transportation unions. The government now has had to deal with their demands but with fewer resources due to the pandemic.
  • Congress’ approval of virtual legislative sessions due to the lockdown has presented a challenge to the legislative branch in terms of controlling executive decisions and ensuring transparency in the decision-making process.

Growth and Innovation

  • The tourism sector, which in 2019 represented 8.2% of GDP, is in crisis. It relies on governmental support for reactivation in a fiscal-deficit scenario and on international tourists returning to Costa Rica.
  • The Technology Access Pool, an initiative created in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO), could provide an opportunity to exchange knowledge to combat COVID-19, consolidating bilateral and multilateral cooperation.
  • The initiative Pacto para el Empleo could create an opportunity to reinforce a public-private partnership that aims for a steady and rapid economic reactivation and job creation. 
  • State fund disbursement to finance innovation in science and technology could create opportunities for innovation and the consolidation of the export sector of low-cost medical technology devices. 
  • The partnership between the government and the Economías Sociales Solidarias presents an opportunity to rethink the economic model and move forward to a more sustainable model that will help with job creation and economic growth.
  • Due to the border closure with Nicaragua, the agro-industry sector has been affected due to a lack of workers. This presents an opportunity for job creation and a revision of labor regulations for Costa Rican employers.
  • The development of a digital commerce platform for the agro-industry sector, La Finca Agropecuaria, presents an opportunity to shorten the production chain and to increase competitiveness in order to guarantee food security.
  • Through its research center Instituto Clodomiro Picado, the Universidad de Costa Ricahas started to produce equine plasma, which, according to the center, has the capability of inhibiting the infectivity of the virus.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

  • Private initiatives to distribute food to vulnerable populations, in particular women, present an opportunity for private-public partnerships.
  • State partnerships with communal associations at the local and national level create opportunities for broadened perspectives on best practices for efficient resource distribution to vulnerable populations.
  • The border with Nicaragua presents challenges to the inclusion of the immigrant population that faces xenophobia and lack of health services in Costa Rica.
  • Using webinars and platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook, universities across Costa Rica are trying to decrease the rate of school dropouts.
  • Con Vos Podemos is an initiative of the government, in partnership with the Banking Association, to distribute food to vulnerable populations.
  • Through a public-public initiative, Construyendo Oportunidades, incarcerated women are sewing surgical masks for the health system. 
  • Teletón por la Cultura is an initiative from the Ministry of Culture to gather funds to support the cultural sector during the  pandemic. 
  • Online education presents a challenge for around 250,000 students that do not have access to the internet; an educational program through the national radio is trying to close that gap. 
  • Distanciados Pero Unidos is an initiative for the youth population that aims to foster artistic expressions through music in the middle of the pandemic. 
  •  The government has prioritized attention to the Indigenous population, presenting an opportunity for increased inclusion of this vulnerable population.

Select resources for Costa Rica:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Zúñiga, A. (2021, octubre 5). Covid in Costa Rica: Cases drop, but record deaths. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/10/05/covid-in-costa-rica-cases-drop-but-record-deaths 

Bowdern, G. (2021, October 7). UK travel red list cut to just seven countries. BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58833088 

Hymas, C. (2021, October 7) Travel red list slashed to just seven countries. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/10/07/red-list-slashed-just-seven-countries/ 

Tico Times. (2021, March 20) Presidente Alvarado meets with leader of upcoming UN climate talks. Tico Times https://ticotimes.net/2021/03/20/president-alvarado-meets-with-leader-of-upcoming-un-climate-talks-2 

Reuters. (2021, September 28). Costa Rica mandates COVID-19 vaccination for all state workers. Reuters https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/costa-rica-mandates-covid-19-vaccination-all-state-workers-2021-09-28/ 

EFE. (2021, September 28). Costa Rica establece la obligatoriedad de la vacuna contra la covid-19. Agencia EFE. ​​https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/costa-rica-establece-la-obligatoriedad-de-vacuna-contra-covid-19/20000013-4640171 

Swiss Info. (2021, September 28). Costa Rica establece la obligatoriedad de la vacuna contra la covid-19. Swiss Info. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/coronavirus-costa-rica_costa-rica-establece-la-obligatoriedad-de-la-vacuna-contra-la-covid-19/46986362 

Ministerio de Salud. (2021, September 28) Comisión de vacunación aprueba obligatoriedad de inmunización COVID-19 para funcionarios públicos y faculta a patronos privados para establecerla. Ministerio de Salud. https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/centro-de-prensa/noticias/746-noticias-2021/2173-comision-de-vacunacion-aprueba-obligatoriedad-de-inmunizacion-covid-19-para-funcionarios-publicos-y-faculta-a-patronos-privados-para-establecerla 

Zúñiga, A. (2021, September 14). Costa Rica enacts new COVID measures for September 2021. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/09/14/costa-rica-enacts-new-covid-measures-for-september-2021 

Salinas, C. (2021, June 12). Pedro Sánchez exige a Daniel Ortega que “juegue limpio” y libere a los opositores detenidos. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-06-12/pedro-sanchez-exige-a-daniel-ortega-que-juegue-limpio-y-libere-a-los-opositores-detenidos.html 

EFE. (2021, August 11). El presidente de Costa Rica ve “una violaci´øn clarísima” de DDHH en Nicaragua. Agencia EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/el-presidente-de-costa-rica-ve-una-violacion-clarisima-ddhh-en-nicaragua/20000035-4606334 

The Costa Rica News. (2021, August 24) Costa Rica offers shelter and humanitarian bridge for Afghan women and girls. The Costa Rica News. https://thecostaricanews.com/costa-rica-offers-shelter-and-humanitarian-bridge-for-afghan-women-and-girls/ 

BBC News. (2021, August 19) Afganistán: a dónde se dirigen los refugiados afganos y qué países los están acogiendo (también en América Latina), BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-58267855 
The Tico Times. (2021, August 18) Costa Rica offers refuge to Afghan women. The Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/08/18/costa-rica-offers-refuge-to-afghan-women

CNN. (2021, November 3). Travel to Costa Rica during COVID-19: What you need to know before you go. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/costa-rica-travel-covid-19/index.html 

Ministerio de Salud. (2021, October 20). Se abre vacunación COVID-19 para menores entre 12 y 17 años a partir del 25 de octubre. Ministerio de Salud. https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/centro-de-prensa/noticias/746-noticias-2021/2192-se-abre-vacunacion-covid-19-para-menores-entre-12-y-17-anos-a-partir-del-25-de-octubre 

Organización Panamericana de la Salud (2021, October 25). Inicia oficialmente la vacunación contra COVID-19 para jóvenes entre 12 y 17 años en Costa Rica. OPS. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/25-10-2021-inicia-oficialmente-vacunacion-contra-covid-19-para-jovenes-entre-12-17-anos 
Zúñiga, A. (2021, November 1). Costa Rica eases coronavirus measures for November 2021. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/11/01/costa-rica-eases-coronavirus-measures-for-november-2021

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Valverde, L. (2021, October 6). Banco Mundial estima un crecimiento económico menos optimista que el Central. CR Hoy. https://www.crhoy.com/economia/banco-mundial-estima-un-crecimiento-economico-menos-optimista-que-el-central/ 

Valverde, L. (2021, October 6). Empresarios están más pesimistas sobre el tipo de cambio. CR Hoy. https://www.crhoy.com/economia/empresarios-estan-mas-pesimistas-sobre-el-tipo-de-cambio/  

Soto, M. (2021, October 6). Endeudamiento del Gobierno Central con el sector financiero se duplicó en últimos 4 años. CR Hoy. https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/endeudamiento-del-gobierno-central-con-sector-financiero-se-duplico-en-ultimos-4-anos/ 

O’Neill, A. (2021, June 2) Costa Rica: National Debt from 2016 to 2026. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/531455/national-debt-of-costa-rica/ 

Valverde, L. (2021, October 5) Optimismo empresarial en el mejor nivel desde la pandemia: hay más disposición a contratar. CR Hoy. https://www.crhoy.com/economia/optimismo-empresarial-en-el-mejor-nivel-desde-la-pandemia-hay-mas-disposicion-a-contratar/ 

Perú 21. (2021, September 30) Costa Rica: Hospital realiza primer intercambio de esófago por intestino delgado a joven de 23 años. Perú 21. https://peru21.pe/mundo/costa-rica-joven-recibe-primer-cambio-de-esofago-por-intestino-delgado-de-latinoamerica-nndc-noticia/ 

Delfino. (2021, August 27). MEIC aprueba aumento de 58 colones al precio del kilo de arroz. Delfino CR. https://delfino.cr/2021/08/meic-aprueba-aumento-de-58-colones-al-precio-del-kilo-de-arroz 

Valverde, L. (2021, October 7) Alza en el arroz se sintió con fuerza en inflación de septiembre. CR Hoy. https://www.crhoy.com/economia/alza-en-el-arroz-se-sintio-con-fuerza-en-inflacion-de-setiembre/ 

National Geographic (2021, November 2). COP26: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama announce new protections for “Ocean Highway.” National Geographic. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2021/11/02/cop26-colombia-costa-rica-ecuador-and-panama-announce-new-protections-for-ocean-highway/ 

Meredith, S. (2021, November 1) We are not drowning, we are fighting: countries vulnerable to climate disaster issue rallying cry. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/02/cop26-maldives-barbados-and-climate-activists-issue-warrior-cry-to-world.html 

Collyns, D. (2021, November 2). Latin American countries join reserves to create vast marine protected areas. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/02/four-latin-american-countries-join-protected-marine-reserves-to-create-mega-mpa 

AFP (2021, November 1). Costa Rica participates in COP26: Last, best hope, to meet the 1.5C target. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/11/01/costa-rica-participates-in-cop26-last-best-hope-to-meet-1-5c-target 

Zúñiga, A. (2021, October 1).  Costa Rica unemployment drops slightly. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/10/01/costa-rica-unemployment-drops-slightly 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

AFP. (2021, October 7) UN summit to tackle ‘unprecedented’ biodiversity threats. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/10/07/un-summit-to-tackle-unprecedented-biodiversity-threats

Reuters. (2021, September 21) Panama and Costa Rica arrest dozens over migrant smuggling network. Reuters.  ​​https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-costa-rica-arrest-dozens-over-migrant-smuggling-network-2021-09-22/ 

Murillo, A. (2021, August 10) Soaring number of Nicaraguans seek refuge in Costa Rica amid domestic crackdown. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/soaring-number-nicaraguans-seek-refuge-costa-rica-amid-domestic-crackdown-2021-08-11/ 

Dupraz, P. (2020, September 28). Nicaraguan asylum-seekers face hunger in Costa Rica or dangerous returns. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2020/09/28/Nicaragua-Costa-Rica-migration-economy-poverty 

ACAPS. (2021, September 23) Costa Rica: Nicaraguan refugees. ACAPS. https://www.acaps.org/country/costa-rica/crisis/nicaraguan-refugees 

Operational Data Portal. (2020, August 18). Rapid needs assessment: Impact of COVID-19 on Nicaraguan PoC. UNHCR. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/78414#_ga=2.155107128.1216847661.1632163060-1198590384.1628020565 

Méndez, A. Siddharth, V. (2020, July 9). Nicaragüenses en medio de una pandemia en Costa Rica. El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/09/migrados/1594279455_269466.html 

Estrada, K. (2021, September 14). Over 22,000 Nicaraguans request asylum in Costa Rica in 2021. Havana Times. https://havanatimes.org/features/over-22000-nicaraguans-request-asylum-in-costa-rica-in-2021/ 

La Prensa Latina. (2021, September 21). More than 40 arrested in Panama, Costa Rica raids against migrant smuggling. La Prensa Latina. https://www.laprensalatina.com/more-than-40-arrested-in-panama-costa-rica-raids-against-migrant-smuggling/ 

Cuvillier, L. (2021, September 24) Costa Rica’s president says climate change is “biggest challenge of this generation.” France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/the-interview/20210924-costa-rica-s-president-says-climate-change-is-biggest-challenge-of-this-generation 

Tico Times. (2021, March 20) President Alvarado meets with leader of upcoming UN climate talks. Tico Times. https://ticotimes.net/2021/03/20/president-alvarado-meets-with-leader-of-upcoming-un-climate-talks-2 

González, M. (2021, October 13). Puntarenas en Costa Rica: la zona más pobre del país más próspero de Centroamérica (y el contraste con el lujo turístico). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58798999 

González, M. (2021, November 2). Ticaragüenses: el éxodo masivo de nicaragüenses a Costa Rica por la persecución política que viven en su país. (BBC) https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58989252 

TCRN Staff. (2021, November 3). Costa Rica becomes a great virtual open historical museum. The Costa Rica News. https://thecostaricanews.com/costa-rica-becomes-a-great-virtual-open-historical-museum/ 

Aimituma, R. (2021, October 30). Costa Rica se convierte en un gran “Museo Histórico Virtual.” Acontecer Digital. ​​​​https://www.uned.ac.cr/acontecer/a-diario/gestion-universitaria/4555-costa-rica-se-convierte-en-un-gran-museo-historico-virtual 

TCRN Staff. (2021, October 7). Indigenous women propose inclusive system to conserve forests in Costa Rica. The Costa Rica News. https://thecostaricanews.com/indigenous-women-propose-inclusive-system-to-conserve-forests-in-costa-rica-part-3/

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2021

Abarca, F. (2021, April 27). Alcaldes piden que se priorice vacunación de funcionarios municipales. El Mundo. https://www.elmundo.cr/municipales/alcaldes-piden-que-se-priorice-vacunacion-de-funcionarios-municipales/.


Arrieta, E. (2021, January 18). Conozca cuáles serían las opciones presidenciales para las elecciones del 2022. La República. Conozca cuáles serían las opciones presidenciales para las elecciones del 2022 (larepublica.net).


Ávalos, A. (2021, May 3). Solo hay 10 camas libres para enfermos muy críticos de covid-19 en hospitales de CCSS. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/salud/solo-hay-10-camas-libres-para-enfermos-muy/TMNXSOHY55EYNGEMW33SLZRGQA/story/.


Barquero, K. (2021, February 16). Pfizer reanudara esta noche la entrega de vacunas a Costa Rica, las de AstraZeneca llegarán en mayo. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/pfizer-reanudara-esta-noche-la-entrega-de-vacunas-a-costa-rica-las-de-astrazeneca-llegaran-en-mayo.


Barquero, K. (2021, March 16). ¿Piensa Costa Rica dar marcha atrás a la aplicación de la vacuna de AstraZeneca? La República. ¿Piensa Costa Rica dar marcha atrás a la aplicación de la vacuna de AstraZeneca? (larepublica.net).


Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). (n.d.). Estadísticas de vacunación. Seguro Social Costa Rica. https://www.ccss.sa.cr/web/coronavirus/vacunacion.


Cerdas, E. D. (2021, May 2). CCSS sigue habilitando camas en UCI para pacientes covid-19 pero ocupación no baja. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/salud/ccss-sigue-habilitando-camas-en-uci-para-pacientes/M3EATYYTXNDWJIVX7V4HRG3UP4/story/.


Deutsche Welle. (2020, October 5). Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado desiste del FMI y llama a diálogo. https://www.dw.com/es/costa-rica-carlos-alvarado-desiste-del-fmi-y-llama-a-di%C3%A1logo/a-55156874
Ministerio de Salud. (2020, November 12). Costa Rica firma acuerdo con AstraZeneca para suministro de vacuna candidata contra el SARS-CoV-2. https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/centro-de-prensa/noticias/741-noticias-2020/1982-costa-rica-firma-acuerdo-con-astrazeneca-para-suministro-de-vacuna-candidata-contra-el-sars-cov-2
Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social. (2020). Plan Proteger Costa Rica. https://www.proteger.go.cr/general


Murillo, A. (2020, November 25). Mesa de diálogo depara 58 acuerdos: lo bueno, lo malo, lo incierto. Semanario Universidad. https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/mesa-de-dialogo-depara-58-acuerdos-lo-bueno-lo-malo-y-lo-incierto/.
La Nación. (2021, April 30). La covid-19 en Costa Rica. https://www.nacion.com/gnfactory/especiales/2020/Covid19/index.html.
Perez, W. (2020, October 28). Mesa de Diálogo Multisectorial organizada por Carlos Alvarado sesionará tres veces por semana. El Mundo. https://www.elmundo.cr/costa-rica/mesa-de-dialogo-multisectorial-organizada-por-carlos-alvarado-sesionara-tres-veces-por-semana/


Prensa Latina. (2021, April 3). Agilización de vacunación antiCovid-19 destaca en Costa Rica. El País (Costa Rica) https://www.elpais.cr/2021/04/03/agilizacion-de-vacunacion-anticovid-19-destaca-en-costa-rica/.


————. (2021, May 1). Trabajadores costarricenses marcharon contra políticas neoliberales. El País (Costa Rica). https://www.elpais.cr/2021/05/01/trabajadores-costarricenses-marcharon-contra-politicas-neoliberales/.


Ruotolo, N., Frater, J. & Rahim Z. (2021, March 5). Italia bloquea la exportación de vacunas contra covid-19 de AstraZeneca a Australia; invoca los poderes de la UE por primera vez. CNN en español. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/03/05/italia-vacunas-covid-19-australia-trax/.


Shackelford, A. & Pérez-Rosales, M. D. (2020, May 13). ¿Por qué Costa Rica afronta con éxito la pandemia? El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/13/planeta_futuro/1589365272_072204.html.


Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones. (2021, March 19). Definen medidas que deberán cumplir los partidos para celebrar asambleas y convenciones en contexto de pandemia. República de Costa Rica. https://www.tse.go.cr/comunicado694.htm.


UNICEF. Costa Rica. (2021, April 6). Costa Rica recibe las primeras vacunas COVID-19 a través del Mecanismo COVAX. UNICEF. Costa Rica recibe las primeras vacunas COVID-19 a través del Mecanismo COVAX (unicef.org).


Villalobos, T. (n.d.). El verdadero Armagedón costarricense: déficit fiscal. Radio UCR. https://radioemisorasucr.atavist.com/el-verdadero-armagedn-costarricense-dficit-fiscal


Villanueva, D. (2021, February 17). Costa Rica retoma ritmo de vacunación contra el covid-19 este jueves. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/02/17/costa-rica-vacunacion-covid-19-pfizer/.


World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). COVID-19 Technology Access Pool. https://www.who.int/initiatives/covid-19-technology-access-pool.

Growth and Innovation Resources Spring 2021

Abarca, F. (2020, December 31). Costa Rica retrocedió 28 años en índice de pobreza. El Mundo. https://www.elmundo.cr/costa-rica/resumen-2020-costa-rica-retrocedio-28-anos-en-indice-de-pobreza/.


Arrieta, E. (2021, March 16). Reducción de jornada laboral en sector turismo avanza. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/reduccion-de-jornada-laboral-en-sector-turismo-avanza.


Cordero, A., Barahona, M. & Bach, P. S. (2020, October). Protesta y Movilización Social en Tiempos de Pandemia: Algunas Tendencias, Características y Preguntas. FLACSO Costa Rica. https://flacso.or.cr/noticias/protesta-y-movilizacion-social-en-tiempos-de-pandemia/.


Costa Rica Noticias. (2021, March 17). Reconexión a los museos tras un año de pandemia. Entrevista Rocío Fernández, Dir. Museo Nacional. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YurBFNEYCKU.
EP/PL. (2021, February 26). Costa Rica desarrolla segundo estudio de suero equino contra Covid-19. El País. https://www.elpais.cr/2021/02/26/costa-rica-desarrolla-segundo-estudio-de-suero-equino-contra-covid-19/.


Ministerio de Salud. (n.d.). Costa Rica se adhiere a mecanismo para obtener vacuna contra COVID-19 para más de un millón de habitantes. https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/centro-de-prensa/noticias/741-noticias-2020/1900-costa-rica-se-adhiere-a-mecanismo-para-obtener-vacuna-contra-covid-19-para-mas-de-un-millon-de-habitantes


Naciones Unidas. (n.d.). La OMS y Costa Rica lanzan iniciativa para que las vacunas contra el coronavirus estén disponibles para todos. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/05/1475182


Presidencia de La República de Costa Rica. (2020, April 2). Sectores de economía social solidaria se suman a esfuerzos de gobierno para atención del COVID-19. Ministerio de Comunicación. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/04/sectores-de-economia-social-solidaria-se-suman-a-esfuerzos-de-gobierno-para-atencion-del-covid-19/.


————. (2021, April 4). Este 5 de abril empieza la primera fase de la apertura de las fronteras terrestres. Gobierno de Costa Rica. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/04/este-5-de-abril-empieza-la-primera-fase-de-la-apertura-de-las-fronteras-terrestres/.
Reuters. (2020, October 1). Costa Rica compra a Pfizer y BioNTech 3 millones de vacunas contra COVID-19. https://www.reuters.com/article/salud-coronavirus-costarica-idLTAKBN26M7KK


Rodríguez, O. (2020, November 14). Gobierno reserva $84 millones para compra de vacunas contra covid-19. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/economia/finanzas/gobierno-reserva-84-millones-para-compra-de/ETXH4YXIPBGL5ASVHC24667DVE/story/


Rojas, J. (2020, November 15). Sanación a caballo: una ayuda con calor y cadencia. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/revista-dominical/sanacion-a-caballo-una-ayuda-con-calor-y-cadencia/Y624AXL4FFBSXIVEP6TDYM6LD4/story/


Ruiz Guevara, M. (2020, July 20). La Economía Social Solidaria en tiempos de Covid-19. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/la-economia-social-solidaria-en-tiempos-de-covid-19


Sequeira, A. (2021, April 20). Diputados amplían reducción de jornada laboral para sector turismo, cultura y choferes de bus. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/elpais/politica/diputados-amplia-reduccion-de-jornada-laboralen/X7LEINHPUNGMBN6FNIO3QLHCGY/story/.


Ugarte Jiménez, O. (n.d.). Instituto Clodomiro Picado recibirá $500 mil para investigaciones contra COVID-19. Semanario Universidad. https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/instituto-clodomiro-picado-recibira-500-mil-para-investigaciones-contra-covid-19/

Social and Cultural Resources Spring 2021

Abarca, F. (2021, March 18). Datos del Bono Proteger más de 1 millón de costarricenses siguen en manos de una empresa privada. El Mundo. https://www.elmundo.cr/costa-rica/datos-del-bono-proteger-mas-de-1-millon-de-costarricenses-siguen-en-manos-de-una-empresa-privada/.


Arce, S. (2020, March 16). Costa Rica suspende clases por el coronavirus, pero mantiene ayudas de Avancemos y Crecemos. El Observador. https://observador.cr/coronavirus-costa-rica-suspende-clases-y-mantiene-becas-de-fonabe/


Barquero, K. (2021, January 8). El 80% de las vacunas contra Covid-19 que Costa Rica recibirá en febrero serán para mayores de 58 años. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/el-80-de-las-vacunas-contra-covid-19-que-costa-rica-recibira-en-febrero-seran-para-mayores-de-58-anos.


Batista Márquez, M. (2020, April 28). Xenofobia “covística”. La República. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/xenofobia-covistica
Dirección de Prensa y Relaciones Públicas. (2020, August 27). MEP anuncia el no retorno a las clases presenciales durante el 2020. Ministerio de Educación Pública, MEP. https://www.mep.go.cr/noticias/mep-anuncia-no-retorno-clases-presenciales-durante-2020


Espinoza Cerdas, K., & Ramírez Monge, N. (2020, May 28). La xenofobia en Costa Rica se visibiliza mucho más en el contexto social. Delfino. https://delfino.cr/2020/05/existe-la-xenofobia-en-costa-rica

Expediente Público. (2021, April 1). La odisea de los migrantes en la frontera entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua. https://expedientepublico.org/la-odisea-de-los-migrantes-en-la-frontera-entre-costa-rica-y-nicaragua/.


France 24. (2021, February 8) Costa Rica vuelve a clases presenciales tras suspensión por pandemia. France 24. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210208-costa-rica-vuelve-a-clases-presenciales-tras-suspensi%C3%B3n-por-pandemia.

Garza, J. (2021, May 3). Costa Rica es el noveno país con mas miseria en Latinoamérica. La República. Costa Rica es el noveno país con más miseria en Latinoamérica (larepublica.net).

Huaylupo Alcázar, J. (2020, August 14). Las evidencias de la pandemia. El País. https://www.elpais.cr/2020/08/14/las-evidencias-de-la-pandemia/


Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (n.d.). Nivel de pobreza por línea de pobreza. https://www.inec.cr/pobreza-y-desigualdad/pobreza-por-linea-de-ingreso

Méndez Araya, A.L. (2020, July 9). Nicaragüenses en medio de una pandemia en Costa Rica. El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/09/migrados/1594279455_269466.html.

Méndez, J. (2021, January 25). Así avanza la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en Costa Rica. Delfino. https://delfino.cr/2021/01/asi-avanza-la-vacunacion-contra-la-covid-19-en-costa-rica.

Morris Gray, K. (2021, March 3). Colegio de Médicos: Proceso de vacunación discrimina a empleados de Salud del sector privado. El Observador. https://observador.cr/colegio-de-medicos-proceso-de-vacunacion-discrimina-a-empleados-de-salud-del-sector-privado/.

Núñez Chacón, M. (2021, February 3). 240.860 personas se quedaron sin Bono Proteger porque se acabó el dinero. Semanario Universidad. https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/240-860-personas-se-quedaron-sin-bono-proteger-porque-se-acabo-el-dinero/.

Presidencia de La República de Costa Rica. (2020, August 13). Protocolo para atender hogares en pobreza con orden de aislamiento domiciliar por Covid-19. Ministerio de Comunicación. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/08/creado-protocolo-para-atender-hogares-en-pobreza-con-orden-de-aislamiento-domiciliar-por-covid-19/
__. (2020, December 17). Bono Proteger llegara a nuevos beneficiarios a través de un depósito único. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/12/bono-proteger-llegara-a-nuevos-beneficiarios-a-traves-de-un-deposito-unico/.

Programa Estado de la Nación (PEN). (2020, November 17). Informe 2020. Estado de la Nación 2020. https://estadonacion.or.cr/informe/?id=2c63d393-6c6d-4a24-bfa0-a3facd5d0afb.

QC Costa Rica. (2020, October 3). ‘Covidengue’: world begins to register first cases of dengue and covid-19 at the same time. xhttps://qcostarica.com/covidengue-world-begins-to-register-first-cases-of-dengue-and-covid-19-at-the-same-time/

Rodríguez, I. (2020, Nov 13). Tasa de contagio de covid-19 en Costa Rica sigue baja, pero con diferencias entre zonas. La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/ciencia/salud/tasa-de-contagio-de-covid-19-en-costa-rica-sigue/7J4MI7BRQBFCRF7DUZL6UQERRY/story/

Sucre Romero, L. (2020, May 10). Los indígenas se mueven rápidamente para sobrevivir, pero necesitamos ayuda. El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/08/planeta_futuro/1588937386_905494.html

Ugarte Jiménez, O. (2020, July 1). COVID-19 dejaría a 20 millones de centroamericanos en pobreza y 7 millones en pobreza extrema. Semanario Universidad. https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/covid-19-dejaria-a-20-millones-de-centroamericanos-en-pobreza-y-7-millones-en-pobreza-extrema/

Governance and Rule of Law References Summer/Fall 2020

Alvarado, A. (2019, October 15). Expert Voice: Social Protest in Costa Rica During the Third Quarter of 2019). Universidad de Costa Rica. https://www.ucr.ac.cr/noticias/2019/10/15/voz-experta-la-protesta-social-en-costa-rica-durante-el-tercer-trimestre-del-2019.html

Contraloría General de la República. (n.d) Transparencia de la gestión pública ante la emergencia COVID-19. https://sites.google.com/cgr.go.cr/covid-19

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (n.d) Costa Rica Contra el Covid-1: Medidas implementadas por el sector público Costarricense. http://covid19.presidencia.go.cr/medidas-covid19/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, July 11). Instituciones reforzarán acciones de seguimiento en sus sectores para recuperar rastro del virus. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/07/instituciones-reforzaran-acciones-de-seguimiento-en-sus-sectores-para-recuperar-rastro-del-virus/

Latin American Advisor. (2020, February). How serious have Costa Rica’s fiscal problems become? The Dialogue. https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/how-serious-have-costa-ricas-fiscal-problems-become/

ParlAmericas. (2020, April). Covid-19 El Desafío de Adaptar y Fortalecer el Rol de los Congresos. https://www.parlamericas.org/uploads/documents/COVID19_Adaptar_el_rol_de_los_Congresos_ESP.pdf

World Health Organization. (n.d). COVID-19 Technology Access Pool. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/covid-19-technology-access-pool

Growth and Innovation Summer/Fall 2020

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, April 16). MICITT habilita ¢ 791 millones para financiar ideas innovadoras contra el COVID-19. https://covid19.go.cr/micitt-habilita-%c2%a2791-millones-para-financiar-ideas-innovadoras-contra-el-covid-19/
Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, March 31). Iniciativa público privada busca producir equipos e insumos de protección a personal de salud en menor tiempo y costo. https://covid19.go.cr/micitt-realiza-difusion-de-recomendaciones-sanitarias-2/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, July 8). Nuevo Ministro de Turismo Priorizará 3 Ejes de Acción para Enfrentar la Crisis del Sector en el Marco de la Pandemia. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/07/nuevo-ministro-de-turismo-priorizara-3-ejes-de-accion-para-enfrentar-la-crisis-del-sector-en-el-marco-de-la-pandemia/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, July 7). Gobierno Solicita a la Asamblea Legislativa Aprobar en Julio el Crédito con el FMI. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/07/gobierno-solicita-a-la-asamblea-legislativa-aprobar-en-julio-el-credito-con-el-fmi/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, April 2). Sectores de Economía Social Solidaria se Suman Esfuerzos de Gobierno para Atención del COVID-19. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/04/sectores-de-economia-social-solidaria-se-suman-a-esfuerzos-de-gobierno-para-atencion-del-covid-19/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, May 20). Sector Agro Impulsa Plataformas para Comercialización Mayorista Virtual. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/05/sector-agro-impulsa-plataformas-para-comercializacion-mayorista-virtual/

Florez, B. (2020, July 5). ¿Puede Costa Rica Sobrevivir al Déficit Fiscal más Alto de su Historia?. La Republica.net. https://www.larepublica.net/articulo/puede-costa-rica-sobrevivir-al-deficit-fiscal-mas-alto-de-su-historia

Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. (n.d). ICT avanza rápidamente en diseño de plan para reactivar el sector turístico. https://www.ict.go.cr/es/noticias-destacadas-2/1692-ict-avanza-r%C3%A1pidamente-en-dise%C3%B1o-de-plan-para-reactivar-el-sector-tur%C3%ADstico.html

Monterrosa, M.E. (2020, May 26). La pandemia deja ver brechas tecnológicas entre Ticos. Universidad de Costa Rica. http://www.prosic.ucr.ac.cr/noticias/la-pandemia-deja-ver-brechas-tecnologicas-entre-ticos-entrevista-los-investigadores

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de Costa Rica (2020, June 6). Miles de Oportunidades de Empleo para Nacionales en Sector Agro. http://www.mag.go.cr/sala_prensa/comunicados.html#tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1221537483035486915.post-6064030326250832648

Superintendencia de Comunicaciones. (n.d). Propuesta de SUTEL para mejorar la conectividad frente a la crisis de la pandemia COVID-19. https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/propuestas-para-mejorar-la-conectividad-frente-al-covid-19

Unión Costarricense de Cámaras y Asociaciones del Sector Empresarial Privado. (2020, February, 25). Un Pacto Para el Empleo. https://www.uccaep.or.cr/images/comunicados/Pacto-por-el-empleo-UCCAEP.pdf


Universidad de Costa Rica. (2020, July 28). Analysis reveals that anti-coronavirus sera produced by the UCR inhibit the virus. Instituto Clodomiro Picado of the UCR. https://www.ucr.ac.cr/noticias/2020/07/28/analisis-revelan-que-los-sueros-contra-el-coronavirus-producidos-por-la-ucr-inhiben-el-virus.html


World Health Organization (2020, May 29). WHO and Costa Rica Launch Landmark COVID-19 Technology Access Pool. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-05-2020-international-community-rallies-to-support-open-research-and-science-to-fight-covid-19

Social and Cultural Inclusion References Summer/Fall 2020

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, May 18). 3 Mil Asociaciones de Desarrollo fortalecen operativo de asistencia humanitaria ante emergencia. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/05/3-mil-asociaciones-de-desarrollo-fortalecen-operativo-de-asistencia-humanitaria-ante-emergencia/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, May 28). Privadas de libertad fabrican mantillas para instrumental quirúrgico de la CCS. https://covid19.go.cr/privadas-de-libertad-fabrican-mantillas-para-instrumental-quirurgico-de-la-ccss/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, May 30). Ministerio de Cultura, CNE y Grupo Activo 20/30 enlazan esfuerzos en “Teletón por la Cultura”. https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2020/05/ministerio-de-cultura-cne-y-grupo-activo-20-30-enlazan-esfuerzos-en-teleton-por-la-cultura/

Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario. (2020, June 8).Gobierno Implementa Acciones para la Protección de Pueblos Indígenas. https://covid19.go.cr/gobierno-implementa-acciones-para-la-proteccion-de-pueblos-indigenas/

Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica. (n.d). Programa de Radio: Aventura Bikësö. https://www.mep.go.cr/aventura-biketso

Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica. (2020, July 1). Concurso “Canción por la paz” anuncia edición virtual. https://www.mep.go.cr/noticias/concurso-%E2%80%9Ccancion-paz%E2%80%9D-anuncia-edicion-virtual

Ministerio de la Educación Púbica. (n.d). Orientaciones para el apoyo del proceso educativo a distancia https://www.mep.go.cr/sites/default/files/page/adjuntos/orientaciones-sobre-proceso-educativo-distancia.pdf

Mora, M.J. (2020, July14). Costa Rica’s Response Scapegoats Nicaraguan Migrants. NACLA. https://nacla.org/news/2020/07/13/costa-rica-covid-nicaraguan-migrants

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