SUMMER 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

**The Giammattei government’s plan to revive the economy and fight corruption has been interrupted.**

“File:Alejandro Giammattei (2019 a).jpg” by Carlos Sebastián is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

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United States’ deportations of Guatemalan nationals pose an increased risk of COVID-19 infection in Guatemala, threatening the fragile healthcare system and bringing about food, poverty and social security issues. The Guatemalan government announced in March that it will stop accepting repatriated immigrants from the United States and will communicate with the United States government on this matter.

After taking office, President Alejandro Giammattei managed to restore and revitalize certain economic areas and reduce crime, extortion, and corruption in the government. However, COVID-19 shifted authorities’ focus and interrupted the current policy.
Demonstrations abound in Guatemala City demanding the relaxation of the COVID-19 blockades and the reopening of the economy.
Guatemala’s reopening plan will certainly risk the spread of COVID-19 due to widespread issues with poverty and malnutrition.
Before Guatemala stopped accepting immigrants deported from the United States, thousands of people were deported back to Guatemala, including some people who tested positive for COVID-19.
The representative of the Guatemalan Center for Disease Control and Prevention drafted a protocol with the United States, which the United States did not fully comply with.
Overcrowding in state prisons exacerbates the risk of the spread of infection.
The U.S. is allocating $87 million in emergency health and development assistance to Guatemala, which is also aimed at limiting illegal immigration of Guatemalans to the U.S.
Guatemala’s health system is weak, and specialized medical services are concentrated in limited urban centers. Most Guatemalans do not have access to medical care, including COVID-19 testing or treatment services.
Guatemalan medical staff are facing wage arrears and insufficient personal protective equipment.
In Guatemala, 60-70% of the population lives in poverty, and each household has only one or two rooms, posing difficulties for citizens successfully self-isolating at home. At the same time, due to limited medical infrastructure, not all positive patients can be sent to the hospital for isolation either.

Growth and Innovation

**An indigenous Guatemalan woman working in the agricultural sector.**

“Guatemala” by Nicoletta Fabbri is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Guatemala’s macroeconomic model is vulnerable to COVID-19. Guatemala relies heavily on remittances and exports to the US and the sharp decline in remittances has slowed down Guatemala’s economic growth. The Guatemalan government has taken fiscal measures equaling approximately 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) to promote domestic economic stability.

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Guatemala’s heavy reliance on remittances (accounting for nearly 14% of GDP) and a high share of exports to the United States (33% of total exports) have exacerbated its vulnerability to the pandemic.
Guatemala began reopening its economy on July 27.
Guatemala is implementing measures to ensure its exports will pass sanitation and security controls and clear export regulations set by U.S. customs.
Guatemala’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Fitch Ratings due to volatile oil prices, turbulence, tightening financial conditions, and the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Guatemala has expanded the international debt market by issuing large amounts of COVID-19 response funds.
Due to the impact of the pandemic and containment procedures, Guatemala lost approximately 500,000 jobs.
Tourism receipts have shrunk over 50% since the start of 2020.
The authorities are increasing health care spending and transfers to the most vulnerable groups while relaxing monetary policy, expanding liquidity supply, and taking prudent supportive measures.
Guatemala is providing wage subsidies for unemployed workers.
The economic conditions of the United States and other trading partners have continued to deteriorate, worsening the outlook for Guatemalan exports.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

**Unstable housing and sanitation in poor areas.**

“MVW_9367” by vanwormerphoto is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.

COVID-19 is spread most severely among marginalized and vulnerable indigenous communities in Guatemala, where rural indigenous and disabled people face difficulties and inequalities in accessing health services. Guatemala has the lowest share of people working from home in Latin America.

Guatemala’s indigenous communities are socially and economically marginalized, which makes them particularly vulnerable to COVID-19.
Many citizens live in unstable housing and poor sanitation conditions and are unable to access basic services or social protection.
Indigenous peoples and disabled people in rural areas have difficulties and inequalities in accessing health care services.
Indigenous women often work in the sectors of tourism, textiles, agro-industries, and handicrafts, which are the areas most affected by the pandemic. Indigenous women lack economic autonomy, educational opportunities, and face problems such as domestic violence.
The World Bank has models that help Guatemalan officials identify students who may drop out of school so officials can best use resources for students who are at risk.
The restrictive measures under the pandemic have had a direct impact on gang activities. The closure of many economic activities has hindered money laundering activities and reduced the demand for drugs.
Reports of domestic violence in Guatemala have risen due to economic pressures and reduced income.
Due to reduced incomes, 1.2 million people currently need emergency food assistance. The Guatemalan government is distributing food baskets for food aid.
The President of Guatemala has provided food to children at risk of malnutrition by saving administrative expenses in the Presidential Palace and signing agreements with the World Food Program (WFP).
The United Nations Refugee Agency, the International Monetary Fund, and other agencies are monitoring the situation of poor and vulnerable groups in Guatemala. These institutions can help Guatemala improve living standards of poor people.

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FALL 2020

Governance and Rule of Law

The United States’ deportations of Guatemalan nationals creates an increased risk of COVID-19 transmission in Guatemala, threatening the fragile healthcare system and bringing about food, poverty and social security issues. The COVID-19 pandemic and Hurricane Eta have aggravated the humanitarian and human rights crisis in Guatemala.

After taking office, President Alejandro Giammattei managed to restore and revitalize certain economic areas and reduce crime, extortion, and corruption in the government. However, COVID-19 shifted authorities’ focus and interrupted the current policy.
Before Guatemala stopped accepting immigrants deported from the United States in March, thousands of people were deported back to Guatemala, including some people who tested positive for COVID-19.
The representative of the Guatemalan Center for Disease Control and Prevention drafted a deportation protocol with the United States, which the United States has not fully complied with.
Though the Trump administration cut humanitarian aid to Guatemala following illegal immigration conflicts, in October, the U.S. resumed some economic assistance because of the reduction of families arrested illegally crossing the border.
The public has begun to distrust the government, doubting the low numbers of confirmed cases and the relatively high numbers of early recoveries reported.
Overcrowding in state prisons exacerbates the risk of the spread of infection.
The U.S. is allocating $87 million in emergency health and development assistance to Guatemala, which is also aimed at limiting illegal immigration of Guatemalans to the U.S.
Guatemala’s health system is weak, and specialized medical services are concentrated in limited urban centers. Most Guatemalans do not have access to medical care, including COVID-19 testing or treatment services.
In Guatemala, 60-70% of the population lives in poverty, and each household has only one or two rooms, posing difficulties for citizens successfully self-isolating at home. At the same time, due to limited medical infrastructure, not all positive patients can be sent to the hospital for isolation either.
Guatemala’s Congress approved an increase in the allowance budget for representative meals, cutting education and medical expenditures. This move intensifies the situation in Guatemala. On November 21, thousands of protesters demanded the president’s resignation and set fire to the legislative building.
The unemployment exacerbated by COVID-19 has further increased illegal immigration from Central American countries. Illegal immigrants living in Guatemala are now facing a humanitarian crisis.
The Guatemalan government has given the military special powers to round up and deport more than 3,000 illegal immigrants back to neighboring countries such as Honduras.

Growth and Innovation

Guatemala’s macroeconomic model is vulnerable to COVID-19. Guatemala relies heavily on remittances and exports to the US and the sharp decline in remittances has slowed down Guatemala’s economic growth. The Guatemalan government has taken fiscal measures equaling approximately 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) to promote domestic economic stability.

Guatemala’s heavy reliance on remittances (accounting for nearly 14% of GDP) and a high share of exports to the United States (33% of total exports) have exacerbated its vulnerability to the pandemic.
Guatemala’s economy is expected to shrink by 4% in 2020.
Guatemala began reopening its economy on July 27.
Guatemala is implementing measures to ensure its exports will pass sanitation and security controls and clear export regulations set by U.S. customs.
Guatemala’s sovereign credit rating was downgraded by Fitch Ratings due to volatile oil prices, turbulence, tightening financial conditions, and the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Guatemala has expanded the international debt market by issuing large amounts of COVID-19 response funds.
Due to the impact of the pandemic and containment procedures, Guatemala lost approximately 500,000 jobs.
Tourism receipts have shrunk over 50% since the start of 2020. It is estimated that tourism will be the sector most affected by the pandemic in Guatemala.
The authorities are increasing health care spending and transfers to the most vulnerable groups while relaxing monetary policy, expanding liquidity supply, and taking prudent supportive measures.
Guatemala faces severe unemployment. The government is providing wage subsidies for unemployed workers.
The economic conditions of the United States and other trading partners have continued to deteriorate, worsening the outlook for Guatemalan exports.
Given the huge demand for medical care, Guatemala’s pharmaceutical and healthcare expenditure growth has maintained strong. However, due to the country’s poor medical facilities and insufficient staff, responding to COVID-19 has still been challenging.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic poses a serious threat to food security. COVID-19 is spread most severely among marginalized and vulnerable indigenous communities in Guatemala, where indigenous and disabled people face difficulties and inequalities in accessing health services.

The indigenous peoples of Guatemala make up 43.6% of the total population. They are socially and economically marginalized, which makes them particularly vulnerable to COVID-19.
Many citizens live in unstable housing and poor sanitation conditions and are unable to access basic services or social protection.
Indigenous peoples and disabled people in rural areas have difficulties and inequalities in accessing health care services.
Indigenous women often work in the sectors of tourism, textiles, agro-industries, and handicrafts, which are the areas most affected by the pandemic. Indigenous women lack economic autonomy, educational opportunities, and face problems such as domestic violence.
Corruption in the health sector affects the potential of the country’s healthcare system.Guatemalan medical staff are facing challenges such as wage arrears and insufficient personal protective equipment.
The World Bank has models that help Guatemalan officials identify students who may drop out of school so officials can best use resources for students who are at risk.
The restrictive measures under the pandemic have had a direct impact on gang activities. The closure of many economic activities has hindered money laundering activities and reduced the demand for drugs.
Reports of domestic violence in Guatemala have risen due to economic pressures and reduced income, but strict curfew measures make it difficult for human rights defenders to respond.
Due to reduced incomes, 1.2 million people currently need emergency food assistance. The Guatemalan government is distributing food baskets for food aid.
Alejandro Giammattei has provided food to children at risk of malnutrition by saving administrative expenses in the Presidential Palace and signing agreements with the World Food Program (WFP).
As part of the Great National Crusade for Nutrition, the government of Guatemala launched a strategy to benefit children between 6 months and 10 years of age who are vulnerable due to malnutrition.

SPRING 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

On April 15, Guatemala reported 3,818 new coronavirus cases within 48 hours, marking a third COVID wave in the country. The government is formulating new lockdown and vaccine management strategies. The lack of economic and health resources, poor living conditions, and insufficient infrastructure in rural areas are obstacles to the Guatemalan government’s provision of comprehensive medical services. In order to improve its ability to respond to the pandemic, the Guatemalan government is cooperating with the World Health Organization (WHO) and receiving international assistance.

Guatemala purchased 4 million doses of Russian-made Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine in February in response to the second wave of the pandemic.
President Alejandro Giammattei is confirming that he will adopt a new lockdown beginning in May, as a third wave of coronavirus cases hits the country’s health-care system.
Since April 17, the authorities have restricted the entry of travelers who have visited Brazil, the United Kingdom or South Africa within 14 days before arriving in Guatemala to limit the spread of COVID-19 variants circulating in these countries and regions.
In February, the Minister of Health of Guatemala filed a lawsuit requesting an investigation into possible corruption in the purchase of 30,000 COVID tests. Kron Científicae Industrial Sociedad Anónima, a private company, is accused of selling false COVID-19 tests to the Ministry of Health.
The unemployment exacerbated by COVID-19 has further increased illegal immigration from Central American countries. Illegal immigrants living in Guatemala are now facing a humanitarian crisis.
Guatemala is using coronavirus measures as the latest tool to curb immigration. In January, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico issued a joint statement calling for coordinated health measures to deter migrants, including requiring a negative coronavirus test at border checkpoints.
The United States’ deportations of Guatemalan nationals creates an increased risk of COVID-19 transmission in Guatemala, threatening the fragile healthcare system and bringing about food, poverty and social security issues.
The Biden administration announced a 100-day pause on deportations in an attempt to reverse the focus of former President Donald Trump’s work. However, a federal judge blocked the Biden administration’s 100-day moratorium on most deportations.
This April, the Biden administration met with the Guatemalan government to reach an agreement to tighten the border and stop the flow of immigration. The U.S. will help Guatemala to train its border protection force.
U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris and Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei reached a consensus in April to “open Migrant Resource Centers in Guatemala to provide services for people seeking lawful pathways of migration as well as those in need of protection, asylum referrals, and refugee resettlement.”
On March 11, 2021, Guatemala received 81,600 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine through COVAX. The 81,600 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine are the first of the 6.6 million doses that Guatemala hopes to receive through COVAX this year, in order to achieve its goal of immunizing 20% of the population.
The first batch of people to be vaccinated in Guatemala will include frontline health workers, workers exposed to the dead bodies of people infected with COVID-19, people with high-risk diseases, and people over 75. As of April 23, 2021, a total of 162,110 vaccine doses have been administered.
The Guatemalan authorities are providing residents with free COVID testing. Guatemalan citizens can be tested for COVID in both private clinics and public pharmacies.
Guatemala’s Congress approved an increase in the allowance budget for representative meals, cutting education and medical expenditures. This move intensifies the situation in Guatemala. On November 21, 2020, thousands of protesters demanded the president’s resignation and set fire to the legislative building.

Growth and Innovation

By the end of 2020, COVID-19 ended Guatemala’s three decades of uninterrupted economic growth, exacerbating long-standing challenges such as high levels of poverty and stunting, low human capital accumulation, and huge gender gaps. The Guatemalan government has taken fiscal measures equaling approximately 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) to promote domestic economic stability. The outbreak of the third wave of the pandemic is likely to have an impact on the economy, especially the tourism industry.

Guatemala’s heavy reliance on remittances (accounting for nearly 14% of GDP) and a high share of exports to the United States (33% of total exports) have exacerbated its vulnerability to the pandemic.
Guatemala’s economy is expected to shrink by 4% in 2020 and to grow 3.4 % in 2021. The country’s GDP is expected to reach approximately US$84.50 billion in 2021 and US$8.7 billion by 2022.
Holy Week, the longest holiday of the year, is approaching, and the Guatemala Tourism Department is taking various actions to support the tourism value chain to achieve economic recovery.
The Guatemalan Institute of Tourism (INGUAT) is currently promoting #Guaterapia tourism promotion activities to inspire Salvadorans and citizens to come to Guatemala to enjoy the natural scenery and culture.
The third wave of the virus hit Guatemala’s tourism industry. Giammattei said that controlling passengers will be one of the measures to reduce the country’s current third wave of coronavirus.
Guatemala has expanded the international debt market by issuing large amounts of COVID-19 response funds.
From late January 2020 to the end of September 2020, the number of formal private sector jobs decreased by 118,000 (about 11%). Compared with the average annual formal job creation capacity (10,000) in recent years, this contraction is equivalent to losing ten or eleven years of employment creation gains. 2021 data has not been disclosed yet.
U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris met with Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei through Zoom on April 26 and announced that the U.S. will provide $USD 310 million for humanitarian relief and to address food insecurity in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.
The authorities are increasing health care spending and transfers to the most vulnerable groups while relaxing monetary policy, expanding liquidity supply, and taking prudent supportive measures.
The economic conditions of the United States and other trading partners have continued to deteriorate, worsening the outlook for Guatemalan exports.
The Guatemalan government provided temporary liquidity for at least 4,500 small and medium enterprises through working capital financing. 2000 of the entrepreneurs are women.
The Guatemalan government plans to expand the wage replacement program for formal workers on leave in the private sector and extend the coverage of the cash transfer program from 5% to 10% of households (from 166,000 households in 2019 to 330,000 in 2022).

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic poses a serious threat to food security. COVID-19 is spread most severely among marginalized and vulnerable indigenous communities in Guatemala, where indigenous and disabled people face difficulties and inequalities in accessing health services. To this end, in 2021, the Guatemalan government is promoting digital transformation in the field of health services.

In Guatemala, 60-70% of the population lives in poverty, and each household has only one or two rooms, posing difficulties for citizens successfully self-isolating at home. At the same time, due to limited medical infrastructure, not all positive patients can be sent to the hospital for isolation either.
Guatemala’s health system is weak, and specialized medical services are concentrated in limited urban centers.
The third wave of coronavirus put the Guatemalan medical system under pressure again. The increase in COVID-19 infections prompted the Ministry of Health of the country to announce a red alert in the hospital network this April.
Press freedom in Guatemala faces threats. Since COVID-19 began to spread in Guatemala in March 2020, government’s verbal attacks on journalists have become more frequent and prominent, and authorities have restricted access to information about the pandemic.
The authorities also threatened or harassed journalists, sending police and soldiers to monitor, intimidate, detain, rob, and beat journalists who reported corruption. Female journalists faced more violence.
The Guatemala Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MSPAS), with technical support from the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), the Swedish government and the European Union, launched the first real-time telemedicine network. The network helps reduce child malnutrition and maternal deaths in hard-to-reach rural communities.
Corruption in the health sector affects the potential of the country’s healthcare system. Guatemalan medical staff are facing challenges such as wage arrears and insufficient personal protective equipment. The recent corruption scandals that occurred with the COVID-19 tests are considered unacceptable by human rights workers.
Hurricanes Eta and Lota have aggravated the humanitarian and human rights crisis in Guatemala. The landslides and large-scale floods caused by these two hurricanes affected 900,000 children. By mid-December 2020, about 2,000 children were living in shelters.
Reports of domestic violence in Guatemala have risen due to economic pressures and reduced income, but strict curfew measures make it difficult for human rights defenders to respond.
Guatemala, especially the Quiché and San Marcos regions, has a high rate of malnutrition. 1.2 million people currently need emergency food assistance. The Guatemalan government is distributing food baskets for food aid.
The Guatemalan government expanded access to health services for all students in pre-school and elementary schools, providing school meals at home when schools are closed.

FALL 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

Guatemala has overwhelmingly struggled to execute an efficient vaccination program, despite having access to a sufficient supply of vaccines. While the country has sourced vaccine donations from a variety of first-world countries, the logistical challenges seem to be defeating government efforts to coordinate mass-vaccination.

As of October 2021, Guatemala has administered 7.3 million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, totalling only 15.6% of the population.
The country has seen a consistent decrease in the number of new cases throughout recent months. The average number of new infections has fallen by over 620 over the last three weeks.
The Guatemalan government has been sourcing vaccine donations from several countries. Russia has made major contributions, donating over 2 million doses of its Sputnik V vaccine to Guatemala. The United States has donated 4.5 million doses.
The United States has instituted a policy requiring international visitors to have received a vaccine that is approved by the FDA or received an emergency use listing from the World Health Organization. This excludes travelers vaccinated with the Russian Sputnik V vaccine, of which Guatemala has received over 8 million doses.
Furthermore, the COVAX mechanism continues to provide countries with vaccines. Guatemala has received over 2.1 million doses from the program.
The Guatemalan government has been encountering difficulties managing the logistics of a country-wide vaccine rollout. Health officials have not adequately prepared for incoming shipments, and some vaccines are verging on expiration without being used.
The vaccination campaign has tested the flexibility of government on all levels. Antiquated legislation regarding medical equipment sourcing hindered vaccine procurement early in the campaign, requiring legislators to retract laws in order to facilitate contracts.
The Guatemalan Congress continues to pass bills authorizing emergency supplies to manage the pandemic, most recently passing an emergency decree on September 13th. This decree approved the vaccination of children between the ages of 12-17.
The former head of the Special Prosecutor’s office, Juan Fransico Sandoval, fled Guatemala in July after being accused of unspecified abuses by the attorney general. Sandoval was known for his corruption investigations into top administration officials, and is the fifth official to flee the country in five years.
Drug trafficking continues to be a major problem for Guatemalan authorities. 90% of the cocaine consumed in the United States is transported through Guatemala. Although the pandemic largely depressed coca leaf prices in South America, cocaine seizures have continued at a steady rate in the United States, and traffickers continue to use remote areas of Guatemala as landing strips to refuel on the way to the US.

Growth and Innovation

Guatemala exists as a focal point for climate change consequences and mitigation policies. As unpredictable weather patterns make agriculture impossible in some regions, authorities are experimenting with eco-friendly transportation and other policies in major cities.

Due to climate change, repeated droughts and heavy rains have made crops ungrowable in areas of western Guatemala, This has displaced agricultural workers and triggered a migration crisis.
Guatemala City is developing electric-powered public transportation, including a cable car and bus system.
Through a partnership with the United Nations Development Programme, local government adjusted infrastructure development to accommodate pandemic necessities in Guatemala City specifically, as part of a long-term program.
The gradual recovery of the local economy is expected to improve aggregate food insecurity. Projections show a decrease of 1 million people in food insecurity in the coming five months compared to the prior five.
The Guatemalan tax authority recently signed a trade agreement with Peru to facilitate exchange. Trade volume between the two exceeded $350 million for the past two years.
Following the rollout of Bitcoin as a national currency in El Salvador, Guatemalan central bank officials have stated that the bank has been studying digital currencies as a possibility for Guatemala as well.
Algae blooms in Lake Atitlán, caused by fertilizer runoff and sewage, continue to pose health threats to local residents, especially Indigenous Guatemalans.
The Central American Bank for Economic Integration has been promoting projects totalling $510 million in order to improve access to health care for the rural population, especially hospital infrastructure.
Over one-third of Guatemalans work in the agricultural sector. While demand for agricultural products has remained stable in the pandemic, further development to new technology, markets, and economies of scale is key to Guatemala’s economic recovery.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Guatemala has seen pushes and pulls in immigration throughout the pandemic. While migratory outflows continue to be pulled toward the US towards opportunity and to escape from violence and drug trafficking, stringent immigration policies from Mexico and the US catapult migrants back into the Guatemalan jungle.

Indigenous peoples have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, suffering from lack of access to healthcare and insufficient resources for recovery.
The Indigenous resource gap extends to vaccine access, as well. Counties with high Indigenous populations have not received sufficient vaccination, and rural communities face distance barriers to get vaccinated.
The Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, alongside the government’s human rights office, has begun archeological work to investigate a genocide that occured during the Guatemalan Civil war in the 1980s against Indigenous peoples. Efforts have begun at a former military garrison where a massacre took place in 1988.
Indigenous Guatemalans have expressed discontent with the leadership of President Giammattei in conferences and protests.
Under pressure from the Biden Administration, the Mexican government has expelled migrants and asylum seekers, forcing them into the remote Guatemalan jungle.During a trip to Guatemala in June, Vice President Harris was quoted saying, “If you come to our border, you will be turned back” in reference to Guatemalan migrants.
Stringent immigration policies have affected women fleeing gender-based violence by restricting the number of asylum-seekers admitted to the United States. Gender-based violence has worsened throughout the pandemic.
Indigenous people have been increasingly included in summits and conferences regarding climate change and environmental policy.
Disinformation has been a factor in the vaccine campaign’s reception. There have been several instances of anti-vaccine residents preventing dose administration in villages.

Select resources for Guatemala

Governance and the Rule of Law Summer 2020:

Action Against Hunger. (2020, June 15). Number of People Facing Hunger in Guatemala Doubled Due to COVID-19. https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/number-people-facing-hunger-guatemala-doubled-due-covid-19

Alejandro Giammattei of Individual being interviewed. (2020, May 21,) President Alejandro Giammattei: Reactivating Guatemala’s economy post COVID-19. Atlantic Council, Adrienne Arsht Latin America Center. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/president-alejandro-giammattei-reactivating-guatemalas-economy-post-covid-19/

Escobar, M., Toro, J., Campbell, J. (2020, June 9). Let’s talk about disaster risk during COVID-19. The World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/lets-talk-about-disaster-risk-during-covid-19

Garrett, T. M. (2020, April 2). COVID-19, wall building, and the effects on Migrant Protection Protocols by the Trump administration: the spectacle of the worsening human rights disaster on the Mexico-U.S. border, Administrative Theory & Praxis, 10.1080/10841806.2020.1750212, 42, 2, (240-248). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/polp.12348

Giammattei, A. (2020, March). Plan para la prevencion, contencion y repuesta a casos de COVID-19 en Guatemala. Gobierno de Guatemala https://www.mspas.gob.gt/index.php/component/jdownloads/send/486-plan/3074-coronavirus-covid-19

Larsson, N. (2020, June 23). Officials Conceal Conditions at Guatemala Mental Health Hospital During Pandemic. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/23/guatemala-mental-health-hospital-covid

Louidor, W. E. (2020, May 14). Migrantes haitianos en el continente americano durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Haití. CPAL. https://cpalsocial.org/noticia.html?noticia_id=3413

Luxner, L. (2020, May 21). Guatemalan president criticizes US over lack of COVID-19 assistance. Atlantic council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/guatemalan-president-criticizes-us-over-lack-of-covid-19-assistance/

Malacalza, B. and Hirst, M. (2020, June 11). Podrá reinventarse el multilateralismo? El orden internacional y el coronavirus. El Apostolado Social de la Conferencia de Provinciales Jesuitas de América Latina (CPAL). https://cpalsocial.org/noticia.html?noticia_id=3473

Montoya-Galvez, C. (2020, April 27). “Exporting the virus”: Migrants deported by U.S. make up 20% of Guatemala’s coronavirus cases. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deported-migrants-guatemala-coronavirus-cases/

Montes, J. (2020, June 24). U.S. Fails to Prevent Deportation of Migrants Infected With Covid-19, Guatemalan Officials Say. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-fails-to-prevent-deportation-of-migrants-infected-with-covid-19-guatemalan-officials-say-11593023095

Oxford Analytica. (2020, March 30). US deportations pose Central America COVID-19 threat. Emerald Expert Briefings, (oxan-es). https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-ES251677/full/html

Oxford Analytica. (2020, May 12). COVID-19 will hit northern Central America hard. Emerald Expert Briefings, (oxan-db). ISSN: 2633-304X https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB252544/full/html

Sanchez, G. and Achilli, L. (2020). Stranded : the impacts of COVID-19 on irregular migration and migrant smuggling, Policy Briefs, 2020/20, Migration Policy Centre. Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository http://hdl.handle.net/1814/67069

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020, May 4). COVID-19 in Latin Americaand the Caribbean: An overview of government responses to the crisis. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=129_129907-eae84sciov&title=COVID-19-in-Latin-Amercia-and-the-Caribbean_An-overview-of-government-responses-to-the-crisis

U.S. Department of State. (2020, June 11). U.S. Government Support to El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico During the COVID-19 Pandemic. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-government-support-to-el-salvador-guatemala-honduras-and-mexico-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/

Vega, M. (2020, April 27). OIM acompaña al Gobierno de Guatemala en su labor por garantizar la salud de las personas migrantes que retornan. International Organization for Immigration. https://triangulonorteca.iom.int/es/news/oim-acompa%C3%B1a-al-gobierno-de-guatemala-en-su-labor-por-garantizar-la-salud-de-las-personas

Neau, A., Penman, M., Salomón, J. (2020, July 3) . Guatemala’s health workers are endangered by COVID-19, but also by their government. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/trabajadoras-salud-guatemala-corren-peligro-covid19/

Growth and Innovation Summer 2020:

Delaporte, I. and Pena, W. (2020, April 1). Working From Home Under COVID-19: Who Is Affected? Evidence From Latin American and Caribbean Countries . CEPR COVID Economics 14 (2020), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3610885

del Bosque, M., Macdonald, I. (2020, June 26). Exporting the virus: How Trump’s Deportation Flights Are Putting Latin America and the Caribbean at Risk. https://theintercept.com/2020/06/26/coronavirus-ice-detention-deportation-haiti-guatemala/

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2020, May 8). Capital Flows to Latin America and the Caribbean. ECLAC office in Washington, D.C. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45556/4/S2000348_en.pdf

Escobar, M., Toro, J., Campbell, J. (2020, June 9). Let’s talk about disaster risk during COVID-19. The World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/lets-talk-about-disaster-risk-during-covid-19

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2020) Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6089164f-en/1/2/2/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/6089164f-en&_csp_=1ac29f0301b3ca43ec2dd66bb33522eb&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book

International Monetary Fund. (2020). Policy Responses to COVID-19. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#top

Societe Generale. (2020, July). Guatemala: Country Risk. https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/en/country/guatemala/economy-country-risk

International Monetary Fund. (2020, June 10). IMF Executive Board Approves US$594 Million in Emergency Assistance to Guatemala to Help Address the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/10/pr20241-guatemala-imf-executive-board-approves-us-594-million-in-emergency-assistance

International Monetary Fund Western Hemisphere Dept. (2020, June 11). Guatemala: Request for Purchase Under the Rapid Financing Instrument-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Guatemala. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/06/11/Guatemala-Request-for-Purchase-Under-the-Rapid-Financing-Instrument-Press-Release-Staff-49507

Linn, L. and Oliel, S. (2020, June 11). The Government of Canada contributes $5.3 million to PAHO for response to COVID-19. The Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/en/news/11-6-2020-government-canada-contributes-53-million-paho-response-covid-19

World Bank. (2020, April 12). The Economy in the Time of Covid-19. LAC Semiannual Report; April 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33555.

World Bank. (2020, May 4). ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement Plan for Projects in Response to COVID-19 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) (Guatemala). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/695391587328962676/pdf/Stakeholder-Engagement-Plan-SEP-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854.pdf

World Bank. (2020, April 17). Guatemala COVID-19 Response (P173854) Project Information Document (PID). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/474041587162027387/pdf/Project-Information-Document-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854.pdf

USAID from the American People. (2020, June 18). State department: Update: The United States continues to lead the global response to COVID-19. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/coronavirus/fact-sheets/jun-18-2020-update-united-states-continues-lead-global-response-covid-19

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2020:

Abbott, J. (2020, April 16). Fears grip Guatemala’s Indigenous groups as coronavirus sets in. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/fears-grip-guatemala-indigenous-groups-coronavirus-sets-200416165256449.html

Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. (2020, May 29). Central America and COVID-19: The Pandemic’s Impact on Gang Violence. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep24683

Arriaza, A. (2020, March 25). Guatemala case study: Demographic and public health considerations for understanding COVID-19 epidemic in settings with reduced health care capacity. Applied Demography, 385(9980), 3. http://www.populationassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/CAD_SpecialEdition_COVID19_March2020.pdf#page=5

Cavagnero, E. D. V. (2020, April 19). Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) – Guatemala COVID-19 Response – P173854 (English). Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/257691587328950151/Environmental-and-Social-Commitment-Plan-ESCP-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854

de Ferrari Piazza, C., Perego, V., Kennedy Freeman, K. (2020, June 10). Leveraging technology to support Guatemala’s food chain during COVID-19. The World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/leveraging-technology-support-guatemalas-food-chain-during-covid-19

del Valle, A., Briggs, H., Chang, B., Chew, A., Muñoz, G., Ngo, T.,D., Vásquez, E., White, C., & Zamora, R., (2020). COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among decisionmakers of indigenous municipalities in Guatemala. Harvard Dataverse, V3. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/30MVD1

Dupraz-Dobias, P. (2020, May 4). COVID-19 compounds a long list of problems in Guatemala. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2020/05/04/coronavirus-Guatemala-violence-drought-poverty

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020, June 3). Sistemas alimentarios y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: El rol de las medidas de protección social. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45720/1/ca9435_es.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2020, May 7). Food systems and COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Risks threatening international trade. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45578/ca8975_en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., Orton, I., Dale, P. (2020, April 23). Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19 : A Real-Time Review of Country Measures. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33635

Guatemala Human Rights Commission. (2020, April 8). The Covid-19 Crisis in Guatemala and Honduras: As the Pandemic Takes Root, Hunger is Already Growing. http://www.ghrc-usa.org/

Lopez, M. (2020, February 24). Disrupting Latin American education for disruptive technological change. World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/disrupting-latin-american-education-disruptive-technological-change

Los Angeles Times. (2020, July 31). Guatemala burying dozens of unidentified coronavirus dead. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-07-31/guatemala-burying-unidentified-coronavirus-dead

Meneses-Navarro, S., Freyermuth-Enciso, M.G., Pelcastre-Villafuerte, B.E. et al. (2020, May 7). The challenges facing indigenous communities in Latin America as they confront the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal for Equity in Health 19, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01178-4

Neau, A., Penman, M., Salomón, J. (2020, July 3) . Guatemala’s health workers are endangered by COVID-19, but also by their government. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/trabajadoras-salud-guatemala-corren-peligro-covid19/

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2020, April 13). Curso virtual sobre control, preparación y manejo de COVID-19 realizado exitosamente en Guatemala. World Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/13-4-2020-curso-virtual-sobre-control-preparacion-manejo-covid-19-realizado-exitosamente

United Nations. (2020, June 29). In Guatemala, investing in indigenous women’s economic empowerment is key to building back better after COVID-19. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/feature-empowering-indigenous-women-in-guatemala-in-covid-19-response

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2020, June 16). Cómo evitar que la crisis del COVID-19 se transforme en una crisis alimentaria Acciones urgentes contra el hambre en América Latina y el Caribe. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45702/4/S2000393_es.pdf

United Nations Refugee Agency. (2020, June 20). Americas COVID-19 Response Update. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNHCR%20Americas%20COVID-19%20Regional%20Update%20-%2012-22JUN20.pdf

World Bank. (2020 April 19). Guatemala COVID-19 Response (P173854). Appraisal Environmental and Social Review Summary Appraisal Stage (ESRS Appraisal Stage). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/668411587328970978/pdf/Appraisal-Environmental-and-Social-Review-Summary-ESRS-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854.pdf

Governance and Rule of Law Fall 2020:

Alejandro Giammattei. (2020, May 21,) President Alejandro Giammattei: Reactivating Guatemala’s economy post COVID-19. Atlantic Council, Adrienne Arsht Latin America Center. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/president-alejandro-giammattei-reactivating-guatemalas-economy-post-covid-19/

Aljazeera. (2020, October 16). ‘There’s no employment’: Central Americans’ economic pain deepens.

https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/16/theres-no-employment-central-americans-economic-pain-deepenshttps://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/10/16/theres-no-employment-central-americans-economic-pain-deepens

Associated Press. (2020, November 21). Protesters set fire to Guatemala’s Congress building. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/21/protesters-burn-part-of-guatemalas-congress-building.

Caldwell, A. (2020, October 16). The Trump Administration Unfreezes Some Aid to Central American Countries. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-administration-unfreezes-some-aid-to-central-american-countries-11571266076

Giammattei, A. (2020, March). Plan para la prevencion, contencion y repuesta a casos de COVID-19 en Guatemala. Gobierno de Guatemala. https://www.mspas.gob.gt/index.php/component/jdownloads/send/486-plan/3074-coronavirus-covid-19

Guatemala Human Rights Commission. (2020, April 8). The Covid-19 Crisis In Guatemala And Honduras: As The Pandemic Takes Root, Hunger Is Already Growing.

https://www.ghrc-usa.org/

Larsson, N. (2020, June 23). Officials Conceal Conditions at Guatemala Mental Health Hospital During Pandemic. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/23/guatemala-mental-health-hospital-covid

Malacalza, B. & Hirst, M. (2020, June 11). Podrá reinventarse el multilateralismo? El orden internacional y el coronavirus. El Apostolado Social de la Conferencia de Provinciales Jesuitas de América Latina (CPAL). https://cpalsocial.org/noticia.html?noticia_id=3473

Montes, J. (2020, June 24). U.S. Fails to Prevent Deportation of Migrants Infected With Covid-19, Guatemalan Officials Say. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-fails-to-prevent-deportation-of-migrants-infected-with-covid-19-guatemalan-officials-say-11593023095

Ordoñez, A. (2020, July 30). Guatemala frente a la pandemia. Diálogo Derechos Humanos.

https://dialogoderechoshumanos.com/blog/36-ciclo-grupo-constitucional/734-guatemala-frente-a-la-pandemia

————. (2020, May 12). COVID-19 will hit northern Central America hard. Emerald Expert Briefings, (oxan-db). ISSN: 2633-304X https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB252544/full/html

Sanchez, G. & Achilli, L. (2020). Stranded : the impacts of COVID-19 on irregular migration and migrant smuggling, Policy Briefs, 2020/20, Migration Policy Centre. Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/67069

U.S. Department of State. (2020, June 11). U.S. Government Support to El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.state.gov/u-s-government-support-to-el-salvador-guatemala-honduras-and-mexico-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/
Vega, M. (2020, April 27). OIM acompaña al Gobierno de Guatemala en su labor por garantizar la salud de las personas migrantes que retornan. International Organization for Immigration. https://triangulonorteca.iom.int/es/news/oim-acompa%C3%B1a-al-gobierno-de-guatemala-en-su-labor-por-garantizar-la-salud-de-las-personas

Growth and Innovation Fall 2020:

Asociación de Investigación y Estudios Sociales. (2020, July 28). El turismo y el COVID-19.

https://www.asies.org.gt/el-turismo-y-el-covid-19/

Asociación Salvadoreña de Industriales. (2020, July 20). Economía de El Salvador tendrá la peor caída de Centroamérica. https://industriaelsalvador.com/2020/07/20/economia-de-el-salvador-tendra-la-peor-caida-de-centroamerica/

Delaporte, I. and Pena, W. (2020, April 1). Working From Home Under COVID-19: Who Is Affected? Evidence From Latin American and Caribbean Countries. CEPR COVID Economics 14 (2020), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3610885

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2020). Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6089164f-en/1/2/2/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/6089164f-en&_csp_=1ac29f0301b3ca43ec2dd66bb33522eb&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book

————. (2020, May 8). Capital Flows to Latin America and the Caribbean. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45556/4/S2000348_en.pdf

Escobar, M., Toro, J., Campbell, J. (2020, June 9). Let’s talk about disaster risk during COVID-19. The World Bank.

https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/lets-talk-about-disaster-risk-during-covid-19

Gobierno de Guatemala. (2020, September 28). Canciller Pedro Brolo Afirma que Guatemala No Pierde la Fe en el Turismo Pese a Impacto De Pandemia.

https://www.guatemala.gob.gt/canciller-pedro-brolo-afirma-que-guatemala-no-pierde-la-fe-en-el-turismo-pese-a-impacto-de-pandemia/

Guatemala Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report. (2020). https://advance-lexis-com.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/document/?pdmfid=1516831&crid=02b3d2a5-221b-4f58-9716-197dd9ef986e&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fcompany-financial%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A60XD-6FR1-JCH6-W0NN-00000-00&pdcontentcomponentid=373788&pdteaserkey=sr0&pditab=allpods&ecomp=fzx2k&earg=sr0&prid=385ee72e-cb76-455b-aeea-d11cb1e635f8

International Monetary Fund. (2020). Policy Responses to COVID-19. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#top

————. (2020, June 10). IMF Executive Board Approves US$594 Million in Emergency Assistance to Guatemala to Help Address the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/10/pr20241-guatemala-imf-executive-board-approves-us-594-million-in-emergency-assistance

————. (2020, June 11). Guatemala: Request for Purchase Under the Rapid Financing Instrument-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Guatemala. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/06/11/Guatemala-Request-for-Purchase-Under-the-Rapid-Financing-Instrument-Press-Release-Staff-49507

Societe Generale. (2020, July). Guatemala: Country Risk. https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/en/country/guatemala/economy-country-risk

World Bank. (2020, April 12). The Economy in the Time of Covid-19. LAC Semiannual Report; April 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33555.

————. (2020, April 17). Guatemala COVID-19 Response (P173854) Project Information Document (PID). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/474041587162027387/pdf/Project-Information-Document-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854.pdf

————. (2020, May 4). ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement Plan for Projects in Response to COVID-19 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) (Guatemala). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/695391587328962676/pdf/Stakeholder-Engagement-Plan-SEP-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854.pdf

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020:

Cavagnero, E. D. V. (2020, April 19). Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) – Guatemala COVID-19 Response – P173854 (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/257691587328950151/Environmental-and-Social-Commitment-Plan-ESCP-Guatemala-COVID-19-Response-P173854

————. (2020, June 3). Sistemas alimentarios y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: El rol de las medidas de protección social. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45720/1/ca9435_es.pdf

Gobierno de Guatemala. (2020, July 21). Autoridades definen atención de niños hasta 10 años de edad.

https://alejandrogiammattei.presidencia.gob.gt/arranca-en-san-marcos-estrategia-para-apoyar-a-ninos-con-desnutricion/

Guatemala Human Rights Commission. (2020, April 8). The Covid-19 Crisis in Guatemala and Honduras: As the Pandemic Takes Root, Hunger is Already Growing. http://www.ghrc-usa.org/

Los Angeles Times. (2020, July 31). Guatemala burying dozens of unidentified coronavirus dead. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-07-31/guatemala-burying-unidentified-coronavirus-dead

Neau, A., Penman, M., Salomón, J. (2020, July 3) . Guatemala’s health workers are endangered by COVID-19, but also by their government. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/trabajadoras-salud-guatemala-corren-peligro-covid19/

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020, November 4). Hurricane Eta adds to vulnerabilities in northern Central America. https://www.unocha.org/story/hurricane-eta-adds-vulnerabilities-northern-central-america

United Nations Women. (2020, June 29). In Guatemala, investing in indigenous women’s economic empowerment is key to building back better after COVID-19. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/feature-empowering-indigenous-women-in-guatemala-in-covid-19-response

Governance and Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Aljazeera. (2020, October 16). ‘There’s no employment’: Central Americans’ economic pain deepens.

Alvarez, P. (2021, April 12). Biden admin secures agreements with Mexico, Honduras and Guatemala to secure borders, official says. Cable News Network. https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/12/politics/biden-agreement-mexico-honduras-guatemala/index.html.

CBS News. (2021, February 24). Federal judge indefinitely blocks Biden administration’s 100-day moratorium on most deportations. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-deportation-moratorium-judge-bans-enforcement/

Dow, D., Tellez, J., Chaparro, M., and Wibbels, E. (2021, March 3). Biden wants to halt deportations. Here’s what happens when migrants are sent back. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/03/biden-wants-halt-deportations-heres-what-happens-when-migrants-are-sent-back/

Guardworld. (2021, April 18). Guatemala: Authorities tighten COVID-19-related international entry and restrictions and domestic measures until at least April 30 /update 31 Guatemala News Alert. https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/468626/guatemala-authorities-tighten-covid-19-related-international-entry-and-restrictions-and-domestic-measures-until-at-least-april-30-update-31.

Guatemala Human Rights Commission. (2020, April 8). The Covid-19 Crisis In Guatemala And Honduras: As The Pandemic Takes Root, Hunger Is Already Growing. https://www.ghrc-usa.org/

Menchu, S. and Diaz, L. (2021, January 14). COVID-19 tests: Central America’s latest tool to stop migrant caravans. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-caravan-honduras/covid-19-tests-central-americas-latest-tool-to-stop-migrant-caravans-idUSKBN29J23Y.

Ordoñez, A. (2020, July 30). Guatemala frente a la pandemia. Diálogo Derechos Humanos. https://dialogoderechoshumanos.com/blog/36-ciclo-grupo-constitucional/734-guatemala-frente-a-la-pandemia

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2021, January 31). Países de las Américas reciben notificación sobre la asignación de vacunas contra la COVID-19 a través de COVAX. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/31-1-2021-paises-americas-reciben-notificacion-sobre-asignacion-vacunas-contra-covid-19

————. (2021, March 22). Guatemala receives its first vaccines from the COVAX Facility. https://www.paho.org/en/news/11-3-2021-guatemala-receives-its-first-vaccines-covax-facility

Prensa Latina Argencia Informativa Latinoamericana. (2021, April 15). Guatemala to reinforce restrictions due to third Covid-19 wave. https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=66370&SEO=guatemala-to-reinforce-restrictions-due-to-third-covid-19-wave.

Reuters. (2021, January 30). UPDATE 1-Guatemala expects first COVID-19 vaccines in February via COVAX. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-guatemala/update-1-guatemala-expects-first-covid-19-vaccines-in-february-via-covax-idUSL1N2K50E6

————. (2021, April 26). U.S. announces $310 mln in humanitarian, food aid to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-announces-310-mln-humanitarian-food-aid-guatemala-honduras-el-salvador-2021-04-27/.

Telesur. (2021, February 25). Guatemala Buys 4 Million Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccines. https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Guatemala-Buys-4-Million-Sputnik-V-COVID-19-Vaccines-20210225-0003.html.

World Health Organization. (2021). Guatemala. https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/gt.

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Casasola, D. (2020, December 14). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Labor Market in Guatemala. Center for International Private Enterprise. https://www.cipe.org/blog/2020/12/14/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-labor-market-in-guatemala/

————. (2020, May 8). Capital Flows to Latin America and the Caribbean. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45556/4/S2000348_en.pdf

Escobar, M., Toro, J., Campbell, J. (2020, June 9). Let’s talk about disaster risk during COVID-19. The World Bank.

https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/lets-talk-about-disaster-risk-during-covid-19

Instituto Guatemalteco de Turismo. (2021, March 22). Guatemala Preparada para Recibir con Responsabilidad a los Hermanos Salvadoreños en la Semana Mayor. http://www.inguat.gob.gt/index.php/prensa/noticias-recientes/17-noticias-2019/293-guatemala-preparada-para-recibir-con-responsabilidad-a-los-hermanos-salvadorenos-en-la-semama-mayor

Perez, S. (2021, February 22). Guatemala: Indignación por compra de pruebas COVID falsas. The San Diego Union Tribune. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2021-02-22/guatemala-indignacion-por-compra-de-pruebas-covid-falsas

Reuters. (2021, April 26). U.S. announces $310 mln in humanitarian, food aid to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-announces-310-mln-humanitarian-food-aid-guatemala-honduras-el-salvador-2021-04-27/

Trading Economics. (2021). Guatemala GDP. https://tradingeconomics.com/guatemala/gdp.

United Nations. (2021, January 21). Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/db210121.doc.htm

World Bank. (2020, April 12). The Economy in the Time of Covid-19. LAC Semiannual Report; April 2020. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33555.

————. (2020, December 17). Supporting Guatemala’s Response to the Crisis and Laying the Foundations for a Sustainable, Inclusive Recovery. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/12/17/banco-mundial-respuesta-guatemala-pandemia-recuperacion-sostenible

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Escobar, L. (2021, January 20). Normal life washed away in Guatemala. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. https://www.unicef.org/stories/normal-life-washed-away-guatemala

Guatemala Human Rights Commission. (2020, April 8). The Covid-19 Crisis in Guatemala and Honduras: As the Pandemic Takes Root, Hunger is Already Growing. http://www.ghrc-usa.org/

Iesue, L. (2021, April 12). COVID-19 Highlights the Need for Policing Reforms for Domestic Violence Cases in Guatemala. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. https://www.coha.org/covid-19-highlights-the-need-for-policing-reforms-for-domestic-violence-cases-in-guatemala/.

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2020, December 10). Ministerio de Salud Pública con apoyo de OPS/OMS lanza las primeras redes de telemedicina en tiempo real de Guatemala. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/10-12-2020-ministerio-salud-publica-con-apoyo-opsoms-lanza-primeras-redes-telemedicina

The Rio Times. (2021, April 21). Guatemala declares red alert in its hospital network due to Covid-19 increase. https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/miscellaneous/covid-19/guatemala-declares-red-alert-in-its-hospital-network-due-to-covid-19-increase/.

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020, November 4). Hurricane Eta adds to vulnerabilities in northern Central America. https://www.unocha.org/story/hurricane-eta-adds-vulnerabilities-northern-central-america

————. (2021, January 18). World Bank’s Response to COVID-19 (Coronavirus) In Latin America & Caribbean. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/04/02/world-bank-response-to-covid-19-coronavirus-latin-america-and-caribbean

Governance and Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Cuffe, S. (2021, May 13). Anger grows in Guatemala over COVID vaccine rollout, corruption. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/13/guatemala-discontent-grows-over-covid-vaccine-rollout-corruption.

————. (2021, September 22). Tracking U.S. COVID-19 Vaccine Donations. KFF. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/tracking-u-s-covid-19-vaccine-donations/.

————. (2021, September 6). Guatemala recibe dosis de vacunas AstraZeneca donadas por Canadá a través del Mecanismo COVAX. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/6-9-2021-guatemala-recibe-dosis-vacunas-astrazeneca-donadas-por-canada-traves-mecanismo.

Mazariegos, I. (2021, September 13). Congreso Aprueba Ley De Emergencia Nacional Para La Atención De La Pandemia Covid-19. https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/7128/2021/4.

Perez, S. (2021, July 24). Anti-corruption prosecutor praised by US flees Guatemala. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/guatemala-65df7392334755e69796386d26256295.

————. (2021, November 8). Coronavirus: EE. UU. reitera que no aceptará viajeros vacunados con Sputnik V. Prensa Libre. https://www.prensalibre.com/internacional/coronavirus-ee-uu-reitera-que-no-aceptara-viajeros-vacunados-con-sputnik-v/.

————. (2021, November 9). Guatemala COVID-19 Tracker. Reuters. https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/guatemala/.

Sieff, K. (2020, July 5). The Guatemalan rainforest: Lush Jungle, Mayan ruins, and narco jets full of cocaine.The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/07/05/guatemala-cocaine-trafficking-laguna-del-tigre/.

————. (2021, September 27). Guatemala receives another batch of Sputnik V vaccine from Russia. Tass. https://tass.com/society/1342823.

Welsh, T. (2021, May 27). Why Guatemala’s COVID-19 vaccination campaign is so slow. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/why-guatemala-s-covid-19-vaccination-campaign-is-so-slow-100009.

————. (2021, September 30). WHO’s work towards vaccine equity continues in Africa and beyond.World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-s-work-towards-vaccine-equity-continues-in-africa-and-beyond.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

————. (2021, October 5). Snapshot: Guatemala City’s electromobility projects. BNAmericas. https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/snapshot-guatemala-citys-electromobility-projects.

————. (2021, March 26). CABEI promotes US$510.2 million in health, security, justice and MIPYMES reactivation projects in Guatemala. Central American Bank for Economic Integration. https://www.bcie.org/en/news-and-media/news/article/bcie-impulsa-en-guatemala-us5102-millones-en-proyectos-de-salud-seguridad-justicia-y-reactivacion-de-las-mipymes.

Chow, D. and Carlos P. Beltran. (2021, September 22). Hungry and desperate: Climate change fuels a migration crisis in Guatemala. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/hungry-desperate-climate-change-fuels-migration-crisis-guatemala-rcna2135.

Diaz, A. and Ricardo Quinoez. (2021, October 26). A holistic economic and social recovery plan launches in Guatemala City. United Nations Development Programme. https://www.undp.org/blog/holistic-economic-and-social-recovery-plan-launches-guatemala-city.

————. (2021, October 22). GIEWS Country Brief: Guatemala. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GTM_11.pdf.

Mukpo, A. (2021, June 10). The Little-known Nitrogen and Phosphorus Crisis of Industrial Agriculture. Science: The Wire. https://science.thewire.in/environment/nitrogen-phosphorus-crisis-industrial-agriculture-climate-change/.

Polanco, G. (2021, September 22). Opinion: Investing in farmers is key to Guatemala’s pandemic recovery. Devex. https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-investing-in-farmers-is-key-to-guatemala-s-pandemic-recovery-101647.

————. (2021, September 8). Central banks of Honduras, Guatemala eye digital currencies as El Salvador launches bitcoin. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/central-banks-honduras-guatemala-eye-digital-currencies-el-salvador-launches-2021-09-08/.

————. (2021, October 4). Peru and Guatemala promote development of mutual trade. The Rio Times. https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/mercosur/peru/peru-and-guatemala-promote-the-development-of-mutual-trade/.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

————. (2021, October 4). Anti-vaccine villagers in Guatemala hold coronavirus team. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-caribbean-guatemala-city-guatemala-health-a6b6e800fce4c3938f5d7d749fcaa58e.

————. (2021, June 8). Kamala Harris tells Guatemala migrants: ‘Do not come to US’. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57387350.

Hernández, A. (2021, August 24). COVID-19 Vaccine Access in Guatemala: A Crisis within a Crisis. Cultural Survival. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-access-guatemala-crisis-within-crisis.

————. (2021, September 8). Mexico: Mass Expulsion of Asylum Seekers to Guatemala. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/08/mexico-mass-expulsion-asylum-seekers-guatemala#.

Menchu, S. and Enrique Garcia. (2021, September 27). Guatemala to search for bodies of Indigenous children believed killed in civil war massacre. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/guatemala-search-bodies-indigenous-children-believed-killed-civil-war-massacre-2021-09-28/.

Mendoza, M. (2021, August 13). Líderes indígenas de Guatemala dan plazo de cinco días al presidente y a la fiscal general para que renuncien. CNN Español. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/08/13/guatemala-indigenas-plazo-presidente-fiscal-renuncia-orix/.

————. (2021, September 28). Indigenous Peoples Have Been Disproportionately Affected by COVID-19 – Senior United Nations Official Tells Human Rights Council. UN HRC. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/indigenous-peoples-have-been-disproportionately-affected-covid-19-senior-united-nations

Weston, P. (2021, September 8). Campaign launched to protect 80% of Amazon at key environment summit. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/08/marseille-summit-indigenous-people-best-keepers-of-their-lands-aoe.