FALL 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

With the inauguration of President Castillo, the government has had a tumultuous and controversial time as many in Congress are opposed to his leftist policies. In addition, Peru continues to have more than 1,000 reported cases on a daily basis, with many regarding another lockdown.

• Pedro Castillo has had a tumultuous first week due to the controversy of his leftist tendencies in his decision-making. In the first weeks of his government the Peruvian Sol had crashed and fears about the long-term effect of Castillo’s government on the Peruvian economy and foreign investments in the country that are against left-leaning ideologies. 
• Pedro Castillo, the newly appointed president has had opposition in Congress that has motioned for the impeachment of his presidency. The claims towards his opposition have been based on moral incapacity. In November 2020, President Martin Vizcarra was impeached due to allegations of corruption and money laundering. Peru has had five presidents since 2016. Castillo has been in office for less than four months and already has an opposition leader coming from centrist and right parties to take him out of office.
• There is a linkage of his presidential advisers with corruption. His presidential adviser, Bruno Pacheco, was found with $20,000 in the toilet of a raid and resigned the following week. Peru still struggles with balancing the control of the pandemic with the political turmoil of the country. 
• Peru has the world’s highest COVID-19 death rate being the worst in the world, higher than any other rates seen in other countries. COVID-19 caused nearly 6,000 deaths for 1 million Peruvians. The pandemic continues to persist especially in rural areas with poor infrastructures. 
• Since the beginning of November, COVID-19 cases in Peru have surged with an average of 1,000 reported cases a day and many provinces in the country are in a state of high alert. In Northern Piura, the high number of cases has stayed stagnant for six weeks.
• There continues to be a struggle with the need for economic reactivation that has come through the easing of COVID-19 measures. However, the debate continues whether the rising cases call for restrictive measures to return and a shutdown of the economy. 
• The government has accepted a new cabinet that is moderate-left after accusations and criticisms that many of the ministers in his cabinet were linked and sympathized with the Shining Path, a terrorist rebel group that killed many Peruvians during 1980 and 2000. 
• President Castillo has been replacing members that are not within his Marxist-Leninist political party Free Peru Party. The constant changes that are being made to the cabinet are very concerning to many of those who have changes in government but not changes in the situation of the pandemic. Constant focus on the cabinet has steered away from the focus towards vaccination and reaching out to rural areas that have recently had skyrocketing COVID-19 cases.  

See Select Resources for Governance and the Rule of Law

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Growth and Innovation

Castillo’s change in policies has affected the mining industry in Peru, bringing great fear to the mining industry as a large part of the Peruvian economy. Overall, the relaxation of sanitary measures, despite the COVID-19 cases, and the higher rate of vaccination for a larger percentage of the population has led towards the reactivation of the secondary sector as construction has once again commenced. 

• Shares of Hochschild Mining (HOCM.L) collapsed 27% on Monday after the government decided to not accept operational extensions for silver mining, in essence shutting down the mining industry. It showcased the clash between the private sector focusing on mining industries and left-leaning governments.
• The intervention by the government of Castillo brings great fear to the mining sector as mining in South America is the second-biggest producer of copper. It presents negative prospects for the copper industry and further brings the main sources of the Peruvian economy into turmoil.
• The government says that GDP will grow by 13% in 2021, and have a strong economic rebound from the pandemic. 
• Melting glaciers could lead to a crash in the economy due to climate change. The effects of climate change have been hindered on the Yanapaccha glaciers, located in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca mountains as the climb is one of the main tourist attractions for visitors.
•  Peru’s economy grew 11.4% during Castillo’s first months of the presidency and this is mainly with the domestic demand that is catalyzed and used for the recovery and reactivation of the Peruvian economy. 
• The secondary sector of the economy is driving this growth and this is mainly in the sectors of manufacturing and construction. The relaxation of sanitary measures, despite the COVID-19 cases, and the higher rate of vaccination for a larger percentage of the population has led towards the reactivation of the secondary sector as construction has once again commenced. 
• Peru increased six spots on the Global Innovation Index 2021 and is now in the 70th position out of 132 countries and economies in the world. Peru was able to be more innovative than Argentina, Panama, Paraguay, Ecuador, Bolivia. 
• Peru has excelled in innovation concerning the pillars of market sophistication, business., and human capital, and research. In addition, many businesses have been shown to increase their investments in innovation linked towards research and development of future projects related to different sectors.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

A 7.5 magnitude earthquake has led to the destruction of many homes in rural areas of Peru. The country is now faced with grasping the poor infrastructure that these regions have while still lacking the proper distribution of the vaccine to arrive efficiently in remote areas.

• A 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck Peru on November 28, 2021 and caused many poorly constructed houses in rural areas to collapse. In Bagua Grande, a rural region in Peru, a Catholic Church from the 16th century considered a part of historical patrimony collapsed. Roads and other infrastructures were also deeply destroyed and in some regions, over 60-70% had damage to their homes.
• The destruction of the most rural areas has only heightened the lack of infrastructure and investment that has been given to poor areas in Peru. The pandemic not only increased the necessity for more support to rural areas but the lack of infrastructure indicates the disregard the Peruvian government has taken during these hard times. 
• President Castillo made trips to the rural regions to show support and solidarity for the earthquake that damaged many homes in the Amazonas, showcasing that he has intentions to help rural areas of Peru, a primary way on which he focused his political campaign.
• At COP26, Peru discussed a vision of resilient development and brought the struggle of the construction of the roads in the Amazon that are not only spreading deforestation, mining, and illegal wildlife commerce but also creating the road that facilitates drug trafficking and illegal logging. 
• Castillo in COP26 showed commitment to the fight against climate change and 56% of the natural forests that make up the territory of Peru is where the majority of the indigenous people live, hence, it is crucial to keep the area protected. 
• In addition, Peru committed to becoming a carbon-neutral country by the year 2050 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 30-40% for 2030. The President declared that the country needs to treat the national climate emergency. 
• Many Venezuelan women that chose Peru as a country for asylum continue to feel harassment in the workplace, sexual blackmail, and the constant fear of being departed has led to many cases of gender-based violence. 
• However, Venezuelan women, many of them being illegal immigrants, are powerless when wishing to seek justice for their treatment because of their status as refugees. Many organizations to empower and represent women call for Peruvian state officials to be trained more in treating women’s violence and for the prevention of it. 

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion

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SUMMER 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

Peru is in the midst of a second wave that has caused the country to surpass 180,000 deaths wi th the highest per capita mortality rate in the world. In addition, it lags behind its neighbors in its vaccination campaign and the Vacunagate scandal, in which senior political officials clandestinely received vaccinations ahead of their official rollout, has further eroded public trust in government.

• On May 31st, the government of Peru revised its official death count from 69,342 to over 180,000. Previous numbers were inaccurate partially due to the lack of accurate testing in the early days of the pandemic. The new number includes “probable” cases – those who fit the clinical picture of diagnoses or are connected to a confirmed case. Peru now has the highest per capita death rate in the world. 
• Peru is lagging behind its neighbors in its vaccination campaign. According to a Reuters vaccine tracker, only 14.8% of Peruvian citizens have received at least one dose of the vaccine.
• Three cases of adults in Lima noticing nurses inoculating them with empty vaccine syringes have been reported to the Ministry of Health. This scandal comes after the public is already wary of vaccine corruption due to senior officials receiving doses ahead of schedule.
• Presidential elections occured on June 6. Socialist school teacher Pedro Castillo beat out right wing candidate Keiko Fujimori, daughter of ex-president Alberto Fujimori, by just 44,000 votes. Fujimori initially challenged the results under claims of fraud, although international observers call the election fair and honest. Castillo has been declared the winner and officially sworn into office. 
• Although Castillo won the presidential election, his party failed to gain a majority of seats in Congress, creating a divided government and further emphasizing the division throughout the country.
• Castillo faced backlash from supporters and detractors over his appointment of Guido Bellido as prime minister. Guido has been criticized both for his far-left views and his defense of members of the Shining Path. While Castillo won the election, he faces an uphill battle in gaining the support of the nation. 
• On January 26, interim President Francisco Sagasti announced a state of emergency and regional curfews as deaths in Peru surged. This order has been extended through September 2021.
• Peru began its vaccination campaign with doses from China’s Sinopharm in February, and doses from Pfizer arrived in March 2021. The country has also signed agreements with Pfizer and AstraZeneca and was among the first countries in Latin America to receive vaccines through COVAX. On May 5, 2021, Peru signed a deal to purchase an additional 12 million doses from Pfizer that will arrive by the end of the year. 
• The US donated 2 million Pfizer vaccines to Peru at the end of June. The Peruvian health ministry is continuing to negotiate with vaccine makers to purchase more doses.  
• The vaccination campaign began with health officials, police and military personnel, poll workers ahead of April’s general election, and elderly individuals over 80. Phase 2, which includes those over 60, those with underlying health conditions, indigenous individuals and prisoners, began in March. 
• The country was rocked by the Vacunagate scandal, in which nearly 500 people, including former president Marin Vizcarra and other senior politicians were vaccinated ahead of Peru’s official rollout. The former health and foreign minister resigned over the scandal, and individuals implicated in the scandal have been called to testify before Congress. Due to this scandal, Vizcarra was disqualified by Congress from holding public office for ten years. He will be appealing this decision.
• 39 hospitals were without oxygen in February 2021 as they waited for oxygen donations from Chile. Long lines have formed outside hospitals as individuals try to get oxygen for their sick family members. The country has experienced severe supply shortages. 
• The impeachment of President Martin Vizcarra in November led to protests in several major Peruvian cities and clashes between protestors and police. International human rights organizations were concerned about police abuse of protesters, particularly after two protesters died at the hands of the police. Public health experts were also concerned about the size of these protests and the spread of COVID-19. This political instability has hurt Peru’s ability to demonstrate consistent leadership during the pandemic.
• The Peruvian government instituted stimulus payments of S/760 with the intention of assisting more than 7 million unemployed and vulnerable families. These include families under the programs Bono I Stay at Home, Bono Independent, Bono Rural, and Bono Universal Family. A second round of these payments occurred at the end of October. In February 2021, the government implemented the 600 Soles Bonus to members of the Juntos, Contigo and Pension 65 social programs. 
• Although the Peruvian economy experienced growth over the past two decades, spending on public health remained at approximately 4% at the start of the pandemic.
• The Ministry of Education launched Aprendo en Casa, a platform that provides educational materials through the internet, television, and radio for children to continue learning despite school closures. 

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Growth and Innovation

The Peruvian economy experienced an 11.1% contraction in 2020 despite significant stimulus spending to aid vulnerable sectors of the economy. The Minister of Economy and Finance expects the economy to rebound in 2021 and has prioritized innovation projects that will be sustainable in the future.

• Peru experienced an 11.1% contraction in its economy for 2020, the largest in three decades. As of May 2021, the IMF predicts that the economy will grow by 8.5% in 2021. However, the second wave and resulting lockdowns may complicate this prediction. 
• Public investment in the economy hit record highs in both March and April 2021.
• Despite economic growth, the IMF predicts that the poverty rate, which increased significantly during 2020, will decline only marginally and remain close to the levels of the 2012 headcount. 
• In February 2021, the Ministry of Economy and Finance began a business support program for small and micro enterprises, offering S/2000 million to help support small businesses impacted by the pandemic. 
• The Reactiva Perú initiative has dedicated S/60 billion for guarantees to enterprises of all sizes so that they can continue to employ workers and provide goods and services. This program was renewed in April 2021. 
• The Ministry of Economics and Finance distributed S/3.705 million to 190 municipalities so that contracts to repair roads and infrastructure could be created through the Arranca Perú initiative. 
• The Ministry of Economics and Finance created the Turismo Emprende program which in its first phase designated S/51.4 million for companies in the tourism industry, a sector of the economy hit particularly hard by the pandemic. The government has also designated an additional S/18 million for artisans and official tourist guides. The third phase of this program continued in April 2021. 
• Peru, the third largest producer of cacao in Latin America, has witnessed a decline in the industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmers who are illiterate have faced difficulties obtaining subsidies to aid them through the pandemic.
• The Ministry of Production launched the Innóvate Perú initiative which received more than 400 proposals for solutions that could reactivate the economy. 
• The Innóvate Perú Program sponsored a COVID-19 Hackathon, in which students developed five proposals to be implemented in the short term as innovative solutions to issues related COVID-19. In February 2021, the program sponsored a Vaccinate Peru Hackathon, in which groups developed proposals to address the supply chain and logistics challenges of vaccination. 
• The government has allowed workers to access money from their private pension funds, if necessary.
• The central government enacted a “perfect suspension of work” which allows companies to temporarily suspend work for employees without providing pay. 
• The World Bank loaned Peru $50 million in 2020 to support social and education initiatives with the goal of accumulating human capital during the pandemic. 
• In partnership with several other organizations and the Ministry of Production, the United Nations Development Program launched Guerroro Emprenador, a digital training program that helps entrepreneurs navigate the COVID-19 crisis.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic has exacerbated existing inequities for vulnerable sectors of Peru’s population, particularly indigenous communities, women, and migrants. Additionally, the pandemic has highlighted inequalities between Peru’s rural and urban areas. 

• Indigenous communities were deeply impacted by the second wave in January 2021. In Loreto, a predominantly indigenous community, the incidence of COVID-19 cases rose from 6 to 60 per 100,000 inhabitants in the month of January. 
• Indigenous communities have high rates of pre-existing conditions, such as heart problems and diabetes, that exacerbate the impact of COVID-19. These groups also often lack access to adequate healthcare, with only 32% of indigenous communities having access to medical services and 92% of those medical services being outposts without medical personnel.
• Local initiatives have empowered indigenous community leaders to take charge of their own healthcare. Comando Matico, an indigenous health task force, formed in the Ucayali region of Peru and works to apply indigenous knowledge and traditional remedies in the treatment of COVID-19.
• Indigenous communities have begun to receive vaccines in the second phase of the rollout. Many indigenous communities have been devastated by the pandemic, particularly in the second wave, and several have recorded the presence of the Brazilian COVID-19 variant. This vaccine rollout has been challenging due to the geographic isolation of many communities. It can take up to three days to reach some locations, which is especially difficult given that the vaccines must be kept cold. 
• The Ministry of Transportation and Communication is working to combat the lack of rural connectivity with the Todos Conectados initiative, which installs satellite internet in three regions of the Amazon.
• The government of Peru has partnered with the United Nations Development Program to create Respira Amazonía, a radio initiative about COVID-19 prevention and symptom recognition that consists of 50 radio microprograms in ten different indigenous languages. 
• Indigenous rights groups and federations claim to not have received promised government funds or attention to protect their communities from COVID-19. Several federations formed the Commando COVID Indígena to set up an action plan for the government.
• Partners in Health developed a mental health chatbot app in partnership with the Ministry of Health. The app, which is also translated in Quechua to reach indigenous populations, screens individuals and links them to mental health services. 
• Violence against women in Peru has increased. The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations tracked the amount of women treated by the Itinerant Emergency Team for physical, psychological and sexual abuse during the state of emergency. To address women’s rights and increased violence against women, the National Pact to Fight Violence and Discrimination Against Women and for the Full Exercise of their Rights was signed on March 8, 2021 in Peru.
• The Pico y Género measure—allowing only men or women to go out on certain weekdays—was cancelled after 9 days. The rule was seen to highlight traditional gender roles and instigate discrimination against transgender women. 
• As individuals return to work, women’s economic recovery has been slower than men’s. Increased domestic responsibilities have limited women’s ability to return to work, and the sectors that women typically work in, service and commercial businesses, have been hit especially hard by the pandemic. 
• Venezuelan migrants have been especially vulnerable during the pandemic. 43% of Venezuelans in Peru were unemployed during the pandemic, and 90% of the migrant population work in the informal economy. Additionally, migrants could not access state aid as those benefits required a National Identity Document. Venezuelan women migrants, in particular, face an intersectional crisis with additional discrimination and unemployment due to their gender. 
• The pandemic has emphasized economic and medical inequality across rural-urban lines. 67% of Peruvians living in rural areas reported increased complications in the pandemic due to a lack of income, while only 50% of those living in Lima agreed to the same claim. 
• Rural residents are less likely to have access to hospitals, oxygen, and other necessary supplies to fight COVID-19, resulting in worse health outcomes. While the entire country continues to face economic troubles, rural communities have also maintained higher poverty rates and worse economic outcomes than urban regions.
• The election results have emphasized divides between the rural poor, who generally support Castillo, and the urban elites, who generally support Fujimori. Fujimori seeked to disqualify ballots from a leftist, rural region where the majority of people supported Castillo. 

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SPRING 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

Peru is in the midst of a second wave that has caused the country to surpass 180,000 deaths with the highest per capita mortality rate in the world. In addition, it lags behind its neighbors in its vaccination campaign and the Vacunagate scandal, in which senior political officials clandestinely received vaccinations ahead of their official rollout, has further eroded public trust in government.

• On May 31st, the government of Peru revised its official death count from 69,342 to over 180,000. Previous numbers were inaccurate partially due to the lack of accurate testing in the early days of the pandemic. The new number includes “probable” cases – those who fit the clinical picture of diagnoses or are connected to a confirmed case. Peru now has the highest per capita death rate in the world. 
• Peru is lagging behind its neighbors in its vaccination campaign. According to a Reuters vaccine tracker, only 14.8% of Peruvian citizens have received at least one dose of the vaccine.
• Three cases of adults in Lima noticing nurses inoculating them with empty vaccine syringes have been reported to the Ministry of Health. This scandal comes after the public is already wary of vaccine corruption due to senior officials receiving doses ahead of schedule.
• Presidential elections occured on June 6. Socialist school teacher Pedro Castillo beat out right wing candidate Keiko Fujimori, daughter of ex-president Alberto Fujimori, by just 44,000 votes. Fujimori initially challenged the results under claims of fraud, although international observers call the election fair and honest. Castillo has been declared the winner and officially sworn into office. 
• Although Castillo won the presidential election, his party failed to gain a majority of seats in Congress, creating a divided government and further emphasizing the division throughout the country.
• Castillo faced backlash from supporters and detractors over his appointment of Guido Bellido as prime minister. Guido has been criticized both for his far-left views and his defense of members of the Shining Path. While Castillo won the election, he faces an uphill battle in gaining the support of the nation. 
• On January 26, interim President Francisco Sagasti announced a state of emergency and regional curfews as deaths in Peru surged. This order has been extended through September 2021.
• Peru began its vaccination campaign with doses from China’s Sinopharm in February, and doses from Pfizer arrived in March 2021. The country has also signed agreements with Pfizer and AstraZeneca and was among the first countries in Latin America to receive vaccines through COVAX. On May 5, 2021, Peru signed a deal to purchase an additional 12 million doses from Pfizer that will arrive by the end of the year. 
• The US donated 2 million Pfizer vaccines to Peru at the end of June. The Peruvian health ministry is continuing to negotiate with vaccine makers to purchase more doses.  
• The vaccination campaign began with health officials, police and military personnel, poll workers ahead of April’s general election, and elderly individuals over 80. Phase 2, which includes those over 60, those with underlying health conditions, indigenous individuals and prisoners, began in March. 
• The country was rocked by the Vacunagate scandal, in which nearly 500 people, including former president Marin Vizcarra and other senior politicians were vaccinated ahead of Peru’s official rollout. The former health and foreign minister resigned over the scandal, and individuals implicated in the scandal have been called to testify before Congress. Due to this scandal, Vizcarra was disqualified by Congress from holding public office for ten years. He will be appealing this decision.
• 39 hospitals were without oxygen in February 2021 as they waited for oxygen donations from Chile. Long lines have formed outside hospitals as individuals try to get oxygen for their sick family members. The country has experienced severe supply shortages. 
• The impeachment of President Martin Vizcarra in November led to protests in several major Peruvian cities and clashes between protestors and police. International human rights organizations were concerned about police abuse of protesters, particularly after two protesters died at the hands of the police. Public health experts were also concerned about the size of these protests and the spread of COVID-19. This political instability has hurt Peru’s ability to demonstrate consistent leadership during the pandemic.
• The Peruvian government instituted stimulus payments of S/760 with the intention of assisting more than 7 million unemployed and vulnerable families. These include families under the programs Bono I Stay at Home, Bono Independent, Bono Rural, and Bono Universal Family. A second round of these payments occurred at the end of October. In February 2021, the government implemented the 600 Soles Bonus to members of the Juntos, Contigo and Pension 65 social programs. 
• Although the Peruvian economy experienced growth over the past two decades, spending on public health remained at approximately 4% at the start of the pandemic.
• The Ministry of Education launched Aprendo en Casa, a platform that provides educational materials through the internet, television, and radio for children to continue learning despite school closures. 

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Growth and Innovation

The Peruvian economy experienced an 11.1% contraction in 2020 despite significant stimulus spending to aid vulnerable sectors of the economy. The Minister of Economy and Finance expects the economy to rebound in 2021 and has prioritized innovation projects that will be sustainable in the future.

• Peru experienced an 11.1% contraction in its economy for 2020, the largest in three decades. As of May 2021, the IMF predicts that the economy will grow by 8.5% in 2021. However, the second wave and resulting lockdowns may complicate this prediction. 
• Public investment in the economy hit record highs in both March and April 2021.
• Despite economic growth, the IMF predicts that the poverty rate, which increased significantly during 2020, will decline only marginally and remain close to the levels of the 2012 headcount. 
• In February 2021, the Ministry of Economy and Finance began a business support program for small and micro enterprises, offering S/2000 million to help support small businesses impacted by the pandemic. 
• The Reactiva Perú initiative has dedicated S/60 billion for guarantees to enterprises of all sizes so that they can continue to employ workers and provide goods and services. This program was renewed in April 2021. 
• The Ministry of Economics and Finance distributed S/3.705 million to 190 municipalities so that contracts to repair roads and infrastructure could be created through the Arranca Perú initiative. 
• The Ministry of Economics and Finance created the Turismo Emprende program which in its first phase designated S/51.4 million for companies in the tourism industry, a sector of the economy hit particularly hard by the pandemic. The government has also designated an additional S/18 million for artisans and official tourist guides. The third phase of this program continued in April 2021. 
• Peru, the third largest producer of cacao in Latin America, has witnessed a decline in the industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmers who are illiterate have faced difficulties obtaining subsidies to aid them through the pandemic.
• The Ministry of Production launched the Innóvate Perú initiative which received more than 400 proposals for solutions that could reactivate the economy. 
• The Innóvate Perú Program sponsored a COVID-19 Hackathon, in which students developed five proposals to be implemented in the short term as innovative solutions to issues related COVID-19. In February 2021, the program sponsored a Vaccinate Peru Hackathon, in which groups developed proposals to address the supply chain and logistics challenges of vaccination. 
• The government has allowed workers to access money from their private pension funds, if necessary.
• The central government enacted a “perfect suspension of work” which allows companies to temporarily suspend work for employees without providing pay. 
• The World Bank loaned Peru $50 million in 2020 to support social and education initiatives with the goal of accumulating human capital during the pandemic. 
• In partnership with several other organizations and the Ministry of Production, the United Nations Development Program launched Guerroro Emprenador, a digital training program that helps entrepreneurs navigate the COVID-19 crisis.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The pandemic has exacerbated existing inequities for vulnerable sectors of Peru’s population, particularly indigenous communities, women, and migrants. Additionally, the pandemic has highlighted inequalities between Peru’s rural and urban areas. 

• Indigenous communities were deeply impacted by the second wave in January 2021. In Loreto, a predominantly indigenous community, the incidence of COVID-19 cases rose from 6 to 60 per 100,000 inhabitants in the month of January. 
• Indigenous communities have high rates of pre-existing conditions, such as heart problems and diabetes, that exacerbate the impact of COVID-19. These groups also often lack access to adequate healthcare, with only 32% of indigenous communities having access to medical services and 92% of those medical services being outposts without medical personnel.
• Local initiatives have empowered indigenous community leaders to take charge of their own healthcare. Comando Matico, an indigenous health task force, formed in the Ucayali region of Peru and works to apply indigenous knowledge and traditional remedies in the treatment of COVID-19.
• Indigenous communities have begun to receive vaccines in the second phase of the rollout. Many indigenous communities have been devastated by the pandemic, particularly in the second wave, and several have recorded the presence of the Brazilian COVID-19 variant. This vaccine rollout has been challenging due to the geographic isolation of many communities. It can take up to three days to reach some locations, which is especially difficult given that the vaccines must be kept cold. 
• The Ministry of Transportation and Communication is working to combat the lack of rural connectivity with the Todos Conectados initiative, which installs satellite internet in three regions of the Amazon.
• The government of Peru has partnered with the United Nations Development Program to create Respira Amazonía, a radio initiative about COVID-19 prevention and symptom recognition that consists of 50 radio microprograms in ten different indigenous languages. 
• Indigenous rights groups and federations claim to not have received promised government funds or attention to protect their communities from COVID-19. Several federations formed the Commando COVID Indígena to set up an action plan for the government.
• Partners in Health developed a mental health chatbot app in partnership with the Ministry of Health. The app, which is also translated in Quechua to reach indigenous populations, screens individuals and links them to mental health services. 
• Violence against women in Peru has increased. The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations tracked the amount of women treated by the Itinerant Emergency Team for physical, psychological and sexual abuse during the state of emergency. To address women’s rights and increased violence against women, the National Pact to Fight Violence and Discrimination Against Women and for the Full Exercise of their Rights was signed on March 8, 2021 in Peru.
• The Pico y Género measure—allowing only men or women to go out on certain weekdays—was cancelled after 9 days. The rule was seen to highlight traditional gender roles and instigate discrimination against transgender women. 
• As individuals return to work, women’s economic recovery has been slower than men’s. Increased domestic responsibilities have limited women’s ability to return to work, and the sectors that women typically work in, service and commercial businesses, have been hit especially hard by the pandemic. 
• Venezuelan migrants have been especially vulnerable during the pandemic. 43% of Venezuelans in Peru were unemployed during the pandemic, and 90% of the migrant population work in the informal economy. Additionally, migrants could not access state aid as those benefits required a National Identity Document. Venezuelan women migrants, in particular, face an intersectional crisis with additional discrimination and unemployment due to their gender. 
• The pandemic has emphasized economic and medical inequality across rural-urban lines. 67% of Peruvians living in rural areas reported increased complications in the pandemic due to a lack of income, while only 50% of those living in Lima agreed to the same claim. 
• Rural residents are less likely to have access to hospitals, oxygen, and other necessary supplies to fight COVID-19, resulting in worse health outcomes. While the entire country continues to face economic troubles, rural communities have also maintained higher poverty rates and worse economic outcomes than urban regions.
• The election results have emphasized divides between the rural poor, who generally support Castillo, and the urban elites, who generally support Fujimori. Fujimori seeked to disqualify ballots from a leftist, rural region where the majority of people supported Castillo. 

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Summer/Fall 2020

Governance and Rule of Law

Although Peru implemented social distancing measures early on in the pandemic, a surge of cases in late May presented complications in containing the spread. A lack of adequate infrastructure and an urban-rural divide have shaped challenges in managing COVID-19.  

• The Peruvian government instituted stimulus payments of S/760 with the intention of assisting more than 7 million unemployed and vulnerable families. However, as only 40% of Peruvians held bank accounts, accessing these funds was complicated for many.
• Peruvian citizens were forced to wait in long lines to access their stimulus payments, presenting heightened risks for contracting the virus.
• Inconsistent information have arisen between the central government and regional authorities regarding positive cases and deaths.
• Peru closed retail and wholesale markets temporarily when high rates of contagion—up to 50% of vendors in Lima—were detected.
• The Amazonian city of Iquitos, which is only accessible by plane, experienced shortages of oxygen tanks and protective equipment while hospital beds were filled in late May through early June.
• Reports of stolen oxygen tanks and unauthorized increases in prices for equipment exacerbated the surge of cases in Iquitos.
• The Peruvian government-furnished approximately 5000 soup kitchens in more than 80 municipalities with sanitary kits, allowing them to reopen in May.
• Although the Peruvian economy experienced growth over the past two decades, spending on public health remained at approximately 4% at the start of the pandemic.
• A disconnect between the governmental infrastructure and the needs of the Peruvian society (70% of which work in the informal sector) have been pointed out in terms of inability to access assistance.
• The Ministry of Education launched Aprendo en Casa, a platform that provides educational materials through the internet, television, and radio for children to continue learning despite school closures.
• The region of Arequipa was placed under national decree on July 22 after citizens protested due to the lack of sufficient medical attention.

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Growth and Innovation

The Peruvian government has created initiatives in order to reactivate the economy, which is expected to decline by as much as 15% by the end of 2020. Emphasis has been placed on supporting innovative projects that will be sustainable in the future.

• The Reactiva Perú initiative has dedicated S/60 billion for guarantees to enterprises of all sizes so that they can continue to employ workers and provide goods and services.
• The Ministry of Economics and Finance distributed S/3.705 million to 190 municipalities so that contracts to repair roads and infrastructure could be created through the Arranca Perú initiative.
• As national production experienced less of a decline in May than April, researchers have recommended that the government attract large-scale investments in agriculture and mining to stimulate the economy.
• The cacao industry alone has seen a decline of exports of approximately 20% as of April 2020. Farmers who are illiterate have faced difficulties obtaining subsidies to aid them through the pandemic.
• The Ministry of Production launched the Innóvate Perú initiative which received more than 400 proposals for solutions that could reactivate the economy.
• As a result of Innóvate Perú, the Ministry will put forth S/450 million to support 42 solutions that can be implemented rapidly. Approved ideas include telemedicine and an app that allows users to pay bus fares digitally.
• The government has allowed workers to access money from their private pension funds, if necessary.
• The central government enacted a “perfect suspension of work” which allows companies to temporarily suspend work for employees without providing pay. 
• The World Bank has loaned Peru $50 million to support social and education initiatives with the goal of accumulating human capital during the pandemic.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

Certain populations, such as indigenous groups, women and children, and migrants have experienced excessive vulnerability during the pandemic. Issues of food insecurity, overcrowded prisons, and inconsistent access to education have also come to the fore.  

• 67% of Peruvians living in rural areas reported increased complications in the pandemic due to a lack of income, while only 50% of those living in Lima agreed to the same claim.
• The Pico y Género measure—allowing only men or women to go out on certain weekdays—was cancelled after 9 days. The rule was seen to highlight traditional gender roles and instigate discrimination against transgender women. 
• Increased sexual violence has been reported against girls and teens during the pandemic. Numbers of disappeared women and girls have increased, as well.
• More than 200,000 migrants in Lima returned to their homes in rural Peru so that they could access their stimulus payments. Most were forced to sleep along highways and face potential contagion without official assistance from the government. 
• Approximately 1 million people living in Lima and Callao reported their inability to purchase protein-rich foods during the lockdown. Food insecurity has risen as a result of COVID-19.
• Prisons are estimated to be overcrowded by over 100%, as more than 200 incarcerated people have died during the pandemic.
• A gap in access to education has arisen along urban and rural lines. 60% of children in Lima are reported to have adequate access to education whereas only 30% of children who live in the Amazon rainforest regions can say the same.
• Violence against women has seen an increase during the pandemic, with at least 6 femicides and 14,000 denunciations of violations reported through Peru’s Línea 100 during the first month of the lockdown alone.
• Venezuelan migrants in Peru have experienced increased vulnerability as 95% have inadequate access to healthcare, and approximately 77% of individuals have claimed to have insufficient funds for basic goods. 
• Indigenous rights groups and federations claim to not have received promised government funds or attention to protect their communities from COVID-19. Several federations formed the Comando COVID Indígena to set up an action plan for the government.
• The needs of indigenous communities in circumstances of isolation and initial contact (PIACI) have been emphasized. These populations are at an increased risk of harm, exacerbated by mining and different cultural norms, during the pandemic as a result of external contact.

Select resources for Peru:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Beaubien, J. (2021, November  27). “Peru has the world’s highest COVID death rate. Here’s why.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/11/27/1057387896/peru-has-the-worlds-highest-covid-death-rate-heres-why   

Tegel, S. (2021, August 7). “A tumultuous first week in office for Peru’s new president.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/7/a-tumultuous-first-week-in-office-for-peru-new-president 

Swissinfo. (2021, November 30). “Los nuevos casos de covid-19 se elevan a más de mil diarios en Perú.” https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/coronavirus-per%C3%BA_los-nuevos-casos-de-covid-19-se-elevan-a-m%C3%A1s-de-mil-diarios-en-per%C3%BA/47154030 

El Comercio (2021, November 30). “COVID-19: más de 1,000 casos diarios se reportan en la última semana en el Perú, informa Essalud.” El Comercio. https://elcomercio.pe/peru/covid-19-mas-de-1000-casos-diarios-se-reportaron-en-la-ultima-semana-en-el-peru-informa-essalud-nndc-noticia/?ref=ecr 

Al Jazeera (2021, November 5). “Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/peru-appoints-new-cabinet-in-blow-to-presidents-opponents 

Al Jazeera. (2021, November 26). “Peru opposition moves to impeach President Pedro Castillo.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/26/peru-opposition-moves-to-impeach-president-pedro-castillo 

Aquino, M. (2021, November 25). “Peru lawmakers present motion to impeach President Castillo.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-lawmakers-present-motion-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-25/ 

Cervantes, M. (2021, November 19). “Impeachment Threat Haunts Peru President Four Months into Term.” Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-19/impeachment-threat-haunts-peru-president-four-months-into-term 

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Financial Times. (2021, November 22). “Hochschild shares drop by 27% after Peru seeks to shut mines.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/74521753-c47a-4f1d-900f-8272f10e9305 

Financial Times. (2021, November 22). “Hochschild shares rebound after Peru backtracks on mine closures.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/ec08376e-7425-4e96-9b7e-ef0a4388e4cb 

Reuters. (2021, November 25). “Hoschild says key mines to continue operations as Peru eases stance.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/hochschild-says-key-mines-continue-operations-peru-eases-stance-2021-11-25/ 

Ambrose, J. (2021, November 22). “UK’s Hochschild fights Peru’s plans to close mines over environmental impact.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/22/uks-hochschild-peru-mines-environmental-impact 

Aquino, M. (2021, November 22). “Peru miners, govt. carry out “productive” talks following the Hochschild stock collapse.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/hochschild-shares-slump-after-peru-rules-out-extensions-some-mines-2021-11-22/ 

Reuters. (2021, November 18). “Peru’s Castillo says GDP will grow 13% in 2021.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-castillo-says-gdp-will-grow-13-2021-2021-11-18/ 

MRT (2021, November 23). “Peru’s economy grew by 11.4% in the first months of the Castillo government.” Market Research. https://marketresearchtelecast.com/perus-economy-grew-by-11-4-in-the-first-months-of-the-castillo-government/209084/ 

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. (2021, September 20). “Índice Global de Innovación 2021: el Perú ocupa el puesto 70.” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/523795-ndice-global-de-innovaci-n-2021-el-per-ocupa-el-puesto-70 

Lazenby, H. (2021, November 22). “Hoschild shares a tank after Peru nixes key mine extensions. Mining. https://www.mining.com/hochschild-shares-tank-after-peru-nixes-key-mine-extensions/ 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Fowks, J. (2021, November 28). “Un terremoto de 7.5 grados de magnitud sacude Perú” El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-11-28/un-terremoto-de-75-grados-de-magnitud-sacude-peru.html 

Rebaza, C. (2021, November 28). “Peru’s president pledges support for those affected by the 7.5 – magnitude earthquake.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/28/americas/peru-earthquake-intl/index.html ​​ 

Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2021, November 15). “Peru: despite COP26 commitments, indigenous peoples allege highway construction in the Amazon, including use of rivers, continues, threatening their rights.” Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/peru-despite-cop26-commitments-indigenous-peoples-allege-highway-construction-in-the-amazon-including-use-of-rivers-continue-threatening-their-rights/ 

Redacción. (2021, November 3). “Perú suscribe la declaración de la COP 26 para frenar la deforestación.” Redacción. https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2021/11/03/peru-suscribe-declaracion-de-la-cop26-para-frenar-la-deforestacion/redaccionmulera/ 

Felipe, L. (2021 September 21). “Perú declara la emergencia climática nacional.” News UN. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/09/1497132 ​​ 

Rísquez, R. (2021, November 25). “Peru is failing in its case of Venezuelan women who survive gender-based violence.” Amnesty. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/11/peru-failing-care-venezuelan-women-survive-gender-based-violence/ 

Fowks, Jacqueline. (2021, December 1). “Más de 13,200 personas se quedaron sin casa por el terremoto en Perú. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-12-01/mas-de-13200-personas-se-quedan-sin-casa-por-el-terremoto-en-peru.html 

Associated Press (2021, November 28). “Terremoto de 7.5 en norte de Perú, sin víctimas reportadas.” Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/espanol/internacional/articulo/2021-11-28/terremoto-de-7-5-en-norte-de-peru-sin-victimas-reportadas 

Governance and Rule of Law Summer 2021:

Almenara, J. (2020, November 14). Comisión de Justicia y Derechos Humanos del Congreso cita al ministro del Interior para este lunes. El Comercio. https://elcomercio.pe/lima/comision-de-justicia-y-derechos-humanos-del-congreso-cita-al-ministro-del-interior-para-este-lunes-noticia/

Aquino, M. (2021, January 26). Peru orders total lockdown across 10 states as second wave bites. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru/peru-orders-total-lockdown-across-10-states-as-second-wave-bites-idUSKBN29W0B3

Ccollio, M & León J. (2021, February 23). Coronavirus: 39 hospitales sin oxígeno mientras se espera la donación chilena. La República. https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2021/02/23/coronavirus-39-hospitales-sin-oxigeno-mientras-se-espera-la-donacion-chilena/?ref=lre

Dube, Ryan & Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 15). Peru faces political turmoil after divisive presidential vote is disputed. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/peru-faces-political-turmoil-after-divisive-presidential-vote-11623790239

The Economist. (2021, May 11). Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker.

Government of Peru. (n.d.). Acceder al Bono Familiar Universal. https://www.gob.pe/9022-acceder-al-bono-familiar-universal 

Inter-American Dialogue. (2020, July 2). Peru’s Covid-19 Outbreak [Webinar]. https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/perus-covid-19-outbreak/ 

Long, G. (2021, February 18). Peru’s political elite ensnared in “Vacuna-gate” scandal. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/06f34f5a-d196-468f-8802-8a508552e13c

Ministry of Education. (n.d.). Aprendo en Casa. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/campa%C3%B1as/914-aprendo-en-casa 

Ministry of Health. (2021, February 3). Directiva Sanitaria para vacunación contra la COVID-19 en la situación de emergencia sanitaria por la pandemia en el Perú. https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/modifican-el-rubro-fases-de-vacunacion-contenido-en-el-doc-resolucion-ministerial-no-161-2021minsa-1925355-3/

NPR. (2021, June 24). In Peru, a Tense Wait for Final Election Results. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992638/in-peru-a-tense-wait-for-final-election-results

La República. (2021, February 21). Bono 600 soles LINK 2021: ¿soy beneficiario del subsidio? https://larepublica.pe/datos-lr/2021/02/21/bono-600-soles-link-2021-verificar-si-soy-beneficiario-en-consultasbono600gobpe-atmp/

Reuters. (2021, May 12). Covid-19 vaccination tracker. https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/vaccination-rollout-and-access/.

Reyes, Yacob. (2021, June 28). U.S. ships first 2 million Pfizer COVID vaccine doses to Peru. https://www.axios.com/us-pfizer-vaccine-ships-abroad-peru-90179291-768d-488b-97ab-02006250643e.html.

Smith College. (13 November, 2020). Emergency Webinar: Coup in Peru. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci_8BhAydeM. 

Grown and Innovation Summer 2021:

Gestión. (n.d.). Mincetur destinará S/18 millones para guías de turismo: ¿Cómo acceder a este fondo? https://gestion.pe/economia/mincetur-destinara-s-18-millones-para-artesanos-y-guias-de-turismo-como-acceder-a-ello-noticia/?ref=gesr

Instituto Peruano de Economía. (2020, May 30). Economía contagiada. https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/economia-contagiada/ 

International Monetary Fund. (2021, March 24). 2021 Article IV Consultation with Peru. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2021/03/24/Peru-2021-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-Executive-50305.

Ministry of Economy and Finances. (n.d.). Reactiva Perú. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/campa%C3%B1as/1159-reactiva-peru 

————.  (2020, June 27). MEF capacita a más de 530 funcionarios y autoridades locales en la ejecución de S/3,705 millones para mantenimiento de vías. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/189170-mef-capacita-a-mas-de-530-funcionarios-y-autoridades-locales-en-la-ejecucion-de-s-3-705-millones-para-mantenimiento-de-vias 

————. (2020, September 19). 25 municipalidades de zonas ex cocaleras invirtieron S/55 millones en obras públicas en beneficio de su población.https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/303227-25-municipalidades-de-zonas-ex-cocaleras-invirtieron-s-55-millones-en-obras-publicas-en-beneficio-de-su-poblacion

————. (2021, March 13). MEF publicó el reglamento operativo del Programa de Apoyo Empresarial a las Pequeñas y Micro Empresas (PAE- MYPE). https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/348026-mef-publico-el-reglamento-operativo-del-programa-de-apoyo-empresarial-a-las-pequenas-y-micro-empresas-pae-mype

National Institute of Statistics and Information. (2021, February 2). Producción Nacional. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/02-informe-tecnico-produccion-nacional-dic-2020.pdf

Partners in Health. (8 July, 2020). As COVID-19 Cases Mount in Peru, Medical and Social Support Are Key. https://www.pih.org/article/covid-19-cases-mount-peru-medical-and-social-support-are-key

Quigley, J. (30 September, 2020). Peru Says One-Third of Population May Have Covid-19 Antibodies. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-30/peru-says-one-third-of-population-may-ha

Universidad del Pacífico. (2020, July 7). El coronavirus y las rondas campesinas, los obstáculos que enfrenta la reactivación del sector del cacao. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/el-coronavirus-y-rondas-campesinas-obstaculos-enfrenta-reactivacion-sector-cacao/ 

World Bank. (2020, March 24). Peru Will Receive US$ 50 Million from the World Bank to Strengthen Key Social Protection and Education Strategies. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/24/peru-recibira-us-50-millones-del-banco-mundial-para-fortalecer-estrategias-clave-de-proteccion-social-y-educacion 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2021:

Amaya, C & Zapata, R. (2021, February 9). Los primeros vacunados contra Covid-19: grupos con mayor exposición y riesgo de contagio. Ojo Público. https://ojo-publico.com/2474/los-primeros-vacunados-grupos-con-mas-riesgo-de-contagio

Freier, L. F. (2020, August 31). Migración, desigualdad y pobreza en el contexto de la COVID-19. Universidad del Pacífico. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/migracion-desigualdad-y-pobreza-en-contexto-de-covid-19/

Gallegos, J. (2020, September 13). ¿Por qué la pandemia golpea más la economía de las mujeres? La República. https://larepublica.pe/domingo/2020/09/13/por-que-la-pandemia-golpea-mas-la-economia-de-las-mujeres/?fbclid=IwAR0blQxaUJ6s2ZqL3sV2rQpCpScsjCAIRxQfVHOxXEhyLJ5T76RB8vD1G4E

Guerero, R. (2020, July 8). Violenta cuarentena para las niñas. Promsex. https://promsex.org/columnistas/violenta-cuarentena-para-las-ninas/ 

Horton, Jake. (2021, June 1). Covid: Why has Peru been hit so badly? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53150808

Instituto de Defensa Legal. (2020, May 20). Comunidad de Cantagallo demanda al Estado por no proteger la salud de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos frente a la COVID-19. https://idl.org.pe/comunidad-de-cantagallo-demanda-al-estado-por-no-proteger-la-salud-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-amazonicos-frente-a-la-covid-19/ 

Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.. (2020, May 21).  Coronavirus agudiza la brecha educativa. https://iep.org.pe/noticias/analisis-coronavirus-agudiza-la-brecha-educativa/ 

————. (2020, June). Desigualdad, vulnerabilidades y estrategias frente al covid-19- Informe del IEP (mayo 2020): Encuesta telefónica a nivel nacional. https://iep.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IEP.-Desigualdad-vulnerabilidades-y-estrategias-en-la-crisis-del-covid-19-mayo-2020.pdf 

Ministry of Transportation and Communications. (2021, February 24). Más de mil escuelas de zonas aisladas de la selva tendrán acceso a Internet satelital. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/noticias/343686-mas-de-mil-escuelas-de-zonas-aisladas-de-la-selva-tendran-acceso-a-internet-satelital

Montag, D. et al. (2021, January 7). Healthcare of Indigenous Amazonian Peoples in response to COVID-19: marginality, discrimination and revaluation of ancestral knowledge in Ucayali, Peru. BMJ Public Health, 6(1). doi.10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004479

Organización Regional de los Pueblos Indígenas del Oriente. (2020, June 9). ORPIO, CONAP y federaciones base impulsaron, gestionaron y crearon el primer COMANDO COVID INDÍGENA del Perú. http://www.orpio.org.pe/?p=1774 

————. (2020, September 8). Poder Judicial admite demanda de amparo presentada por ORPIO, que exige salud para las comunidades indígenas victimas del Covid 19. http://www.orpio.org.pe/?p=2024

Schmidtke, R. & Lorduy, A. (2021, April 8). The Humanitarian Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Venezuelans in Peru, One Year In. Refugees International. https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2021/4/5/the-humanitarian-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-venezuelans-in-peru-one-year-in.

Tapia Járuegui, T. (2020, April 15). Las lecciones que dejó el (fallido) intento del ‘Pico y Género’ en Perú. Universidad de los Andes. https://cerosetenta.uniandes.edu.co/las-lecciones-que-dejo-el-fallido-intento-del-pico-y-genero-en-peru/ 

United Nations Development Program of Peru. (2020, July 1). Respira Amazonía: Microprogramas en idiomas originarios para la atención y recuperación ante el COVID-19. https://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/presscenter/articles/2020/respira-amazonia–microprogramas-en-idiomas-originarios-para-la-.html

Universidad del Pácifico. (2020, November 25). Una pandemia desatendida: la violencia contra las mujeres. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/una-pandemia-desatendida-la-violencia-contra-las-mujeres/

————. (2021, February). Ser mujer y migrante en tiempos de Covid-19: La situación de mujeres venezolanas en el Perú. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/media/2399/ciup-ppp15.pdf

Governance and Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Almenara, J. (2020, November 14). Comisión de Justicia y Derechos Humanos del Congreso cita al ministro del Interior para este lunes. El Comercio. https://elcomercio.pe/lima/comision-de-justicia-y-derechos-humanos-del-congreso-cita-al-ministro-del-interior-para-este-lunes-noticia/

Aquino, M. (2021, January 26). Peru orders total lockdown across 10 states as second wave bites. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru/peru-orders-total-lockdown-across-10-states-as-second-wave-bites-idUSKBN29W0B3

Ccollio, M & León J. (2021, February 23). Coronavirus: 39 hospitales sin oxígeno mientras se espera la donación chilena. La República. https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2021/02/23/coronavirus-39-hospitales-sin-oxigeno-mientras-se-espera-la-donacion-chilena/?ref=lre

Dube, Ryan & Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 15). Peru faces political turmoil after divisive presidential vote is disputed. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/peru-faces-political-turmoil-after-divisive-presidential-vote-11623790239

The Economist. (2021, May 11). Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker.

Government of Peru. (n.d.). Acceder al Bono Familiar Universal. https://www.gob.pe/9022-acceder-al-bono-familiar-universal 

Inter-American Dialogue. (2020, July 2). Peru’s Covid-19 Outbreak [Webinar]. https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/perus-covid-19-outbreak/ 

Long, G. (2021, February 18). Peru’s political elite ensnared in “Vacuna-gate” scandal. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/06f34f5a-d196-468f-8802-8a508552e13c

Ministry of Education. (n.d.). Aprendo en Casa. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/campa%C3%B1as/914-aprendo-en-casa 

Ministry of Health. (2021, February 3). Directiva Sanitaria para vacunación contra la COVID-19 en la situación de emergencia sanitaria por la pandemia en el Perú. https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/modifican-el-rubro-fases-de-vacunacion-contenido-en-el-doc-resolucion-ministerial-no-161-2021minsa-1925355-3/

NPR. (2021, June 24). In Peru, a Tense Wait for Final Election Results. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009992638/in-peru-a-tense-wait-for-final-election-results

La República. (2021, February 21). Bono 600 soles LINK 2021: ¿soy beneficiario del subsidio? https://larepublica.pe/datos-lr/2021/02/21/bono-600-soles-link-2021-verificar-si-soy-beneficiario-en-consultasbono600gobpe-atmp/

Reuters. (2021, May 12). Covid-19 vaccination tracker. https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/vaccination-rollout-and-access/.

Reyes, Yacob. (2021, June 28). U.S. ships first 2 million Pfizer COVID vaccine doses to Peru. https://www.axios.com/us-pfizer-vaccine-ships-abroad-peru-90179291-768d-488b-97ab-02006250643e.html.

Smith College. (13 November, 2020). Emergency Webinar: Coup in Peru. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci_8BhAydeM. 

Grown and Innovation Spring 2021:

Gestión. (n.d.). Mincetur destinará S/18 millones para guías de turismo: ¿Cómo acceder a este fondo? https://gestion.pe/economia/mincetur-destinara-s-18-millones-para-artesanos-y-guias-de-turismo-como-acceder-a-ello-noticia/?ref=gesr

Instituto Peruano de Economía. (2020, May 30). Economía contagiada. https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/economia-contagiada/ 

International Monetary Fund. (2021, March 24). 2021 Article IV Consultation with Peru. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2021/03/24/Peru-2021-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-Executive-50305.

Ministry of Economy and Finances. (n.d.). Reactiva Perú. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/campa%C3%B1as/1159-reactiva-peru 

————.  (2020, June 27). MEF capacita a más de 530 funcionarios y autoridades locales en la ejecución de S/3,705 millones para mantenimiento de vías. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/189170-mef-capacita-a-mas-de-530-funcionarios-y-autoridades-locales-en-la-ejecucion-de-s-3-705-millones-para-mantenimiento-de-vias 

————. (2020, September 19). 25 municipalidades de zonas ex cocaleras invirtieron S/55 millones en obras públicas en beneficio de su población.https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/303227-25-municipalidades-de-zonas-ex-cocaleras-invirtieron-s-55-millones-en-obras-publicas-en-beneficio-de-su-poblacion

————. (2021, March 13). MEF publicó el reglamento operativo del Programa de Apoyo Empresarial a las Pequeñas y Micro Empresas (PAE- MYPE). https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/348026-mef-publico-el-reglamento-operativo-del-programa-de-apoyo-empresarial-a-las-pequenas-y-micro-empresas-pae-mype

National Institute of Statistics and Information. (2021, February 2). Producción Nacional. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/principales_indicadores/02-informe-tecnico-produccion-nacional-dic-2020.pdf

Partners in Health. (8 July, 2020). As COVID-19 Cases Mount in Peru, Medical and Social  Support Are Key. https://www.pih.org/article/covid-19-cases-mount-peru-medical-and-social-support-are-key

Universidad del Pacífico. (2020, July 7). El coronavirus y las rondas campesinas, los obstáculos que enfrenta la reactivación del sector del cacao. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/el-coronavirus-y-rondas-campesinas-obstaculos-enfrenta-reactivacion-sector-cacao/ 

World Bank. (2020, March 24). Peru Will Receive US$ 50 Million from the World Bank to Strengthen Key Social Protection and Education Strategies. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/24/peru-recibira-us-50-millones-del-banco-mundial-para-fortalecer-estrategias-clave-de-proteccion-social-y-educacion 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Amaya, C & Zapata, R. (2021, February 9). Los primeros vacunados contra Covid-19: grupos con mayor exposición y riesgo de contagio. Ojo Público. https://ojo-publico.com/2474/los-primeros-vacunados-grupos-con-mas-riesgo-de-contagio

Freier, L. F. (2020, August 31). Migración, desigualdad y pobreza en el contexto de la COVID-19. Universidad del Pacífico. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/migracion-desigualdad-y-pobreza-en-contexto-de-covid-19/

Gallegos, J. (2020, September 13). ¿Por qué la pandemia golpea más la economía de las mujeres? La República. https://larepublica.pe/domingo/2020/09/13/por-que-la-pandemia-golpea-mas-la-economia-de-las-mujeres/?fbclid=IwAR0blQxaUJ6s2ZqL3sV2rQpCpScsjCAIRxQfVHOxXEhyLJ5T76RB8vD1G4E

Guerero, R. (2020, July 8). Violenta cuarentena para las niñas. Promsex. https://promsex.org/columnistas/violenta-cuarentena-para-las-ninas/ 

Horton, Jake. (2021, June 1). Covid: Why has Peru been hit so badly? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53150808

Instituto de Defensa Legal. (2020, May 20). Comunidad de Cantagallo demanda al Estado por no proteger la salud de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos frente a la COVID-19. https://idl.org.pe/comunidad-de-cantagallo-demanda-al-estado-por-no-proteger-la-salud-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-amazonicos-frente-a-la-covid-19/ 

Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.. (2020, May 21).  Coronavirus agudiza la brecha educativa. https://iep.org.pe/noticias/analisis-coronavirus-agudiza-la-brecha-educativa/ 

————. (2020, June). Desigualdad, vulnerabilidades y estrategias frente al covid-19- Informe del IEP (mayo 2020): Encuesta telefónica a nivel nacional. https://iep.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IEP.-Desigualdad-vulnerabilidades-y-estrategias-en-la-crisis-del-covid-19-mayo-2020.pdf 

Ministry of Transportation and Communications. (2021, February 24). Más de mil escuelas de zonas aisladas de la selva tendrán acceso a Internet satelital. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/noticias/343686-mas-de-mil-escuelas-de-zonas-aisladas-de-la-selva-tendran-acceso-a-internet-satelital

Montag, D. et al. (2021, January 7). Healthcare of Indigenous Amazonian Peoples in response to COVID-19: marginality, discrimination and revaluation of ancestral knowledge in Ucayali, Peru. BMJ Public Health, 6(1). doi.10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004479

Organización Regional de los Pueblos Indígenas del Oriente. (2020, June 9). ORPIO, CONAP y federaciones base impulsaron, gestionaron y crearon el primer COMANDO COVID INDÍGENA del Perú. http://www.orpio.org.pe/?p=1774 

————. (2020, September 8). Poder Judicial admite demanda de amparo presentada por ORPIO, que exige salud para las comunidades indígenas victimas del Covid 19. http://www.orpio.org.pe/?p=2024

Praeli, Y.S. (2020, March 16). Pueblos indígenas: los más vulnerables frente el avance del coronavirus en América Latina. Mongabay LATAM. https://es.mongabay.com/2020/03/pueblos-indigenas-coronavirus-america-latina/?fbclid=IwAR0FI-4_nQJLocHbDNyYQZhOPmTHsbHVuVYvExOn8cw9bTNUy7ALiXS0pF0

Schmidtke, R. & Lorduy, A. (2021, April 8). The Humanitarian Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Venezuelans in Peru, One Year In. Refugees International. https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2021/4/5/the-humanitarian-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-for-venezuelans-in-peru-one-year-in.

Tapia Járuegui, T. (2020, April 15). Las lecciones que dejó el (fallido) intento del ‘Pico y Género’ en Perú. Universidad de los Andes. https://cerosetenta.uniandes.edu.co/las-lecciones-que-dejo-el-fallido-intento-del-pico-y-genero-en-peru/ 

United Nations Development Program of Peru. (2020, July 1). Respira Amazonía: Microprogramas en idiomas originarios para la atención y recuperación ante el COVID-19. https://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/presscenter/articles/2020/respira-amazonia–microprogramas-en-idiomas-originarios-para-la-.html

Universidad del Pácifico. (2020, November 25). Una pandemia desatendida: la violencia contra las mujeres. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/una-pandemia-desatendida-la-violencia-contra-las-mujeres/

————. (2021, February). Ser mujer y migrante en tiempos de Covid-19: La situación de mujeres venezolanas en el Perú. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/media/2399/ciup-ppp15.pdf

Governance and Rule of Law Summer/Fall 2020:

Dinegro Martínez, Alejandra. (2020, May 19). Peru Passes Coronavirus Risk to the Working Class. North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA). https://nacla.org/news/2020/05/19/peru-coronavirus-working-class 

Fernández, Zinita. (2020, May 11). Iquitos: robos, estafas, desborde hospitalario y una muerte indigna. Wayka.pe. https://wayka.pe/iquitos-robos-estafas-desborde-hospitalario-y-una-muerte-indigna/ 

Fraser, Barbara. (2020, May 28). COVID-19 strains remote regions of Peru. Lancet 395(10238): 1684. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7255738/ 

Government of Peru. (n.d.). Acceder al Bono Familiar Universal. https://www.gob.pe/9022-acceder-al-bono-familiar-universal 

Inter-American Dialogue. (2020, July 2). Peru’s Covid-19 Outbreak [Webinar]. https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/perus-covid-19-outbreak/ 

Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion. (2020, July 13). Medidas del Gobierno han permitido que más de 5,000 comedores retomen la atención a personas en situación de vulnerabilidad. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/midis/noticias/208238-medidas-del-gobierno-han-permitido-que-mas-de-5-000-comedores-retomen-la-atencion-a-personas-en-situacion-de-vulnerabilidad 

Ministry of Education. (n.d.). Aprendo en Casa. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/campa%C3%B1as/914-aprendo-en-casa 

Radio Programas del Perú. (2020, July 22). Gobernador de Arequipa sobre intervención del Ejecutivo: “Es solo acompañamiento y les vamos a enseñar cómo manejar esta situación. https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/gobernador-de-arequipa-sobre-intervencion-del-ejecutivo-es-solo-acompanamiento-y-les-vamos-a-ensenar-como-manejar-esta-situacion-noticia-1281962? utm_source=amp&utm_medium=nota&utm_campaign=amp 

Vergara, Alberto. (2020, June 18). La crisis del COVID-19 como Aleph peruano. Universidad del Pacífico. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/la-crisis-covid-19-como-aleph-peruano/?fbclid=IwAR38J174k0aMz0UdMSXlWGzMAGY0hE9yLt8a2gqZJ8XPX7S5pdrmvJ-U0ik

Growth and Innovation Summer/Fall 2020:

Instituto Peruano de Economía. (2020, May 30). Economía contagiada. https://www.ipe.org.pe/portal/economia-contagiada/ 

Ministry of Economy and Finances. (2020, June 27). MEF capacita a más de 530 funcionarios y autoridades locales en la ejecución de S/3,705 millones para mantenimiento de vías. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/noticias/189170-mef-capacita-a-mas-de-530-funcionarios-y-autoridades-locales-en-la-ejecucion-de-s-3-705-millones-para-mantenimiento-de-vias 

Ministry of Economics and Finances. (n.d.). Reactiva Perú. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mef/campa%C3%B1as/1159-reactiva-peru 

Ministry of Production. (2020, May 1). Ministerio de la Producción cofinanciará 42 soluciones innovadoras de rápida implementación para enfrentar el Covid-19. https://innovateperu.gob.pe/noticias/noticias/item/2107-ministerio-de-la-produccion-cofinanciara-41-soluciones-innovadoras-de-rapida-implementacion-para-enfrentar-el-covid-19 

Universidad del Pacífico. (2020, July 7). El coronavirus y las rondas campesinas, los obstáculos que enfrenta la reactivación del sector del cacao. https://ciup.up.edu.pe/analisis/el-coronavirus-y-rondas-campesinas-obstaculos-enfrenta-reactivacion-sector-cacao/ 

World Bank. (2020, March 24). Peru Will Receive US$ 50 Million from the World Bank to Strengthen Key Social Protection and Education Strategies. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/24/peru-recibira-us-50-millones-del-banco-mundial-para-fortalecer-estrategias-clave-de-proteccion-social-y-educacion 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer/Fall 2020:

Al Jazeera. (2020, August 5). Hundreds of Peru women, girls gone missing during virus lockdown. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-peru-women-girls-missing-virus-lockdown-200805064024581.html

Dávalos, María Eugenia. (2020, June 1). Migrantes y Refugiados Venezolanos en El Peru: El Impacto de la Crisis del Covid-19. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/647431591197541136/migrantes-y-refugiados-venezolanos-en-el-peru-el-impacto-de-la-crisis-del-covid-19 

Grupo Temático de Ciencias Sociales-MINSA. (2020, May). Por Una Nueva Convivencia: La Sociedad Peruana en Tiempos del COVID-19: Escenarios, Propuestas de Política, y Acción Pública. Fondo Editorial PUCP. https://www.clacso.org/la-sociedad-peruana-en-tiempos-del-covid-19/

Guerero, Rossina. (2020, July 8). Violenta cuarentena para las niñas. Promsex. https://promsex.org/columnistas/violenta-cuarentena-para-las-ninas/ 

Instituto de Defensa Legal. (2020, May 20). Comunidad de Cantagallo demanda al Estado por no proteger la salud de los pueblos indígenas amazónicos frente a la COVID-19. https://idl.org.pe/comunidad-de-cantagallo-demanda-al-estado-por-no-proteger-la-salud-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-amazonicos-frente-a-la-covid-19/ 

Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2020, May 21).  Coronavirus agudiza la brecha educativa. https://iep.org.pe/noticias/analisis-coronavirus-agudiza-la-brecha-educativa/ 

Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2020, June). Desigualdad, vulnerabilidades y estrategias frente al covid-19- Informe del IEP (mayo 2020): Encuesta telefónica a nivel nacional. https://iep.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IEP.-Desigualdad-vulnerabilidades-y-estrategias-en-la-crisis-del-covid-19-mayo-2020.pdf 

Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2020, May 12). Los retos de la nueva migración [Video]. https://iep.org.pe/noticias/video-los-retos-de-la-nueva-migracion/ 

Organización Regional de los Pueblos Indígenas del Oriente. (2020, June 9). ORPIO, CONAP y federaciones base impulsaron, gestionaron y crearon el primer COMANDO COVID INDÍGENA del Perú. http://www.orpio.org.pe/?p=1774 

Quispe, Maritza. (2020, May 2). El derecho a la salud de los pueblos indígenas en situación de aislamiento y contacto inicial, a propósito del coronavirus. La Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal. https://revistaideele.com/2020/05/02/el-derecho-a-la-salud-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-en-situacion-de-aislamiento-y-contacto-inicial-a-proposito-del-coronavirus/ 

SERVINDI. (2020, July 9). Pueblos amazónicos denuncian desatención y anuncian movilización. https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-noticias/09/07/2020/amazonia-indigena-se-levanta-ante-la-muerte 

Tapia Járuegui, Tania. (2020, April 15). Las lecciones que dejó el (fallido) intento del ‘Pico y Género’ en Perú. Universidad de los Andes. https://cerosetenta.uniandes.edu.co/las-lecciones-que-dejo-el-fallido-intento-del-pico-y-genero-en-peru/ 

Tres, Joaquim. (2020, May 11). Migrantes y COVID-19: ¿Qué están haciendo los países de América Latina con más migrantes para apoyarlos durante la pandemia? Inter-American Development Bank. https://blogs.iadb.org/migracion/es/migrantes-y-covid-19-que-estan-haciendo-los-paises-de-america-latina-con-mas-migrantes-para-apoyarlos-durante-la-pandemia/ 

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. (2020, May 1). COVID-19 profundiza crisis penitenciaria en Perú, alerta ONU Derechos Humanos. https://acnudh.org/covid-19-profundiza-crisis-penitenciaria-en-peru-alerta-onu-derechos-humanos/ 

Wayka.pe. (2020, July 15). La Libertad: Más de 39 mil escolares pierden clases por falta de TV, radio e Internet. https://wayka.pe/la-libertad-mas-de-39-mil-escolares-pierden-clases-por-falta-de-tv-radio-e-internet/?fbclid=IwAR0UWAU2mLi4-w8MSMoiSMAUcVWHyeeolVhjvq5kAHIhf5ZfqsIRGY94nc0 

Zegarra, Eduardo. (2020, June 8). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Peru. GRADE. http://www.grade.org.pe/en/novedades/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-food-insecurity-in-peru-by-eduardo-zegarra/