FALL 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

**El Capitolio in La Habana.**

“Cuba” by muslim world is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Cuba has received international recognition for the success it has had in engaging in global health diplomacy and producing a homegrown vaccine. As the country prepares to open its borders to international tourists, many Cubans are concerned that there will be a rise in COVID-19 cases despite the high percentage of vaccination in the country.

Cuba has rolled out three homegrown vaccines: Soberana 02, Soberana Plus, and Abdala. As of November 1, the Cuban government states that 94.6% of the population has received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Since September, Cuba has seen a significant downturn in the number of reported COVID-19 cases. Many attribute this to the mass vaccination efforts that the country has led.
Cuba’s head of state President Miguel Díaz-Canel made a statement at the United Nations General Assembly claiming that Cuba will reach “full immunization” against COVID-19 by December 31, 2021.
The production and effectiveness of a domestically produced vaccine is a huge scientific and political triumph for Cuba. Most recently, Cuba signed a contract with Vietnam to supply the country with 5 million doses of their homegrown vaccines.
In September, Cuba began vaccinating children as young as two years old against COVID-19, making them the first nation to do so.
Following their downturn in COVID-19 cases, Cuba is now preparing to open the island for tourists, who will be able to enter the country after November 15th. International visitors above the age of 13 will be required to present proof of vaccination or a negative PCR test.
The Cuban government has strengthened its reach in the Caribbean communities (CARICOM) through solidarity efforts. CARICOM members insist that the United States release their trade embargo and other sanctions on Cuba.
Cuba’s monitoring of cases has been extremely transparent, providing age range, comorbidities, and place of origin to better inform communities about the risks and exposure.
Cuba’s healthcare system is facing serious challenges as the country experiences one of the worst COVD-19 outbreaks in the region since July of 2021. This wave has put a spotlight on the island’s limited resources and overrun hospitals.
The Cuban government is encouraging local governments to implement stronger sanitary regulations to combat the spread of COVID-19.
There are allegations against the Cuban government about repression of artists and journalists who are covering the pandemic in the country.

See Select Resources for Governance and the Rule of Law

Growth and Innovation

**Trinidad, Cuba.**

“Trinidad, Cuba” by jodastephen is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

The Cuban economy took a considerable hit since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the past year, Cuba has had to reimagine their tourist sector, renovate and restructure their internal government operations, and battle heavy sanctions amidst a recession. Nonetheless, the country has been venerated for its healthcare sector due to extensive COVID-19 testing as well as vaccine trial and production.

Cuba, alongside Brazil, continues to lead in Latin America in the production and testing of a COVID-19 vaccine.
After the distribution and testing of the country’s homegrown vaccine Soberana 02, the Cuban government reports 92.4% efficacy for 3 doses of the vaccine.
The United States has continued their heavy sanctions on Cuba, which has made responding to the pandemic in Cuba extremely difficult. Moreover, the United States proposed an end to remittances through the bank FINCIMEX, which harms families who receive remittances from the United States.
In an effort to revitalize their economy, the Cuban government has authorized the first 32 private companies in Cuba in over 50 years, a complete reform to their centralized economy.
Local businesses have had to reinvent their business models to function in a pandemic environment. Entrepreneurs have innovated through ideas such as creating take-out cocktails and making previously imported items in their homes.
As Cuba faces a liquidity crisis, the government has reopened ‘dollar stores’ to circulate dollars, allowing customers to purchase products that were once scarce.
The revitalization of Cuba’s tourism industry is expected to have positive impacts on the economy, as tourism previously was the second largest sector of the economy.
The pandemic exacerbated shortages on the island, creating longer lines for essential items such as soap, cooking oil, and medicine.
The pharmaceutical company, BioCubaFarma, has used biotechnology to pioneer research to understand how asymptomatic patients spread the disease and also tested the use of immune boosting medication to treat the disease.
The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas is working on creating three diagnostic tools in addition to the ELISA SARsCOV 2 Ig—which is used to contact trace— to figure out the amount of asymptomatic cases in the country, and test the levels of antibodies.
Some medical centers in Cuba have begun giving out the natural supplement turmeric to positive COVID-19 patients, a substance known to have antibacterial effects.

See Select Resources for Growth and Innovation

Social and Cultural Inclusion

**A communal grocer market in La Habana.**

“Extencíon el SOL” by Songkran is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Cuba’s ideology of solidarity and fraternity has been demonstrated through their community-based healthcare system and digitized forms of cultural expression. Cubans have joined forces, relying on individual responsibility and group mobilization to prevent the spread of the virus while lifting up the community during hard times.

The Cuban government continues to emphasize the individual responsibility in stopping the spread of COVID-19 by encouraging social distancing and masking policies.
As of July 2021, the U.S. government has increased drastic sanctions on Cuba following the Cuban government’s suppression of peaceful, non-violent protests in the country over the summer.
However, President Biden and the U.S. Department of the Treasury are looking for ways to restart sending remittances for Cuban families experiencing hardship without giving the opportunity for the Cuban government or military to profit from it.
Despite government suppression of peaceful protests, activists and other civil society groups have gained momentum in condemning police brutality with hopes to create a democratic and transparent government.
Since mid-August, the Cuban government has implemented Decreto Ley 35, which is designed to punish people who speak out against the government and its handling of the pandemic on social media.
Nevertheless, Cuba’s Ministry of Education alongside UNESCO have worked in tandem to publish pamphlets on a variety of topics relating to children such as virtual education, parenting, and reproductive health.
Cuba has continued in its efforts to promote a “people over profit” approach to the pandemic by increasing healthcare and social assistance expenditures.
Several Cuban doctors have taken to social media to criticize the weak healthcare system in the country, calling out the lack of medicine, oxygen, hospital space, and more.
Cuban artists and authors, in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), provided free access to their digitized works of art.
As Cuba continues to ease COVID-19 restrictions, more performing and visual art groups like the Cuban National Ballet are beginning to host in-person performances and events.
The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) has grown in importance as community members learned how to prevent the spread of the disease and disperse the information throughout the community.

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion

SPRING 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

Cuba has gained international recognition for its leadership during the COVID-19 crisis and the success it has had in containing the spread of the virus, engaging in global health diplomacy, and the production of a homegrown vaccine. However, this victory has been overshadowed by numerous allegations of repression and human rights violations.

Cuba’s homegrown vaccine, Soberana 02, has entered phase three trials. The production and effectiveness of a domestically produced vaccine is a huge scientific and political triumph for Cuba. Venezuelan President, Nicolas Maduro, signed a deal in early April to produce two million doses of the Cuban vaccine.
Cuba’s healthcare system is facing new challenges as the country experiences a new wave of COVD-19 cases which has continued through April of 2021. This wave has put a spotlight on the island’s limited resources and overrun hospitals.
Cuba continues to practice medical internationalism to combat COVID-19 through its Henry Reeves Brigades, which are Cuban medical professions that have been fighting the pandemic in 37 countries. They have even been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize.
As of March 2021, Cuba has continued to experience an uptick in COVD-19 cases. Some of these cases include the new South African variant of the disease, which is said to be more contagious.
There are allegations against the Cuban government about the repression of artists and journalists who are covering the pandemic in the country.
Activists gain momentum in condemning police brutality, with hopes to create a democratic and transparent government.
The Cuban government has strengthened its reach in the Caribbean communities (Caricom) through solidarity efforts. Caricom members insist that the United States release their sanctions on Cuba.
The Cuban government calls for solidarity and individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus in order to return to normality.
The Cuban economy took a considerable hit since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the past year, Cuba has had to reimagine their tourist sector, renovate and restructure their internal government operations, and battle heavy sanctions amidst a recession. Nonetheless, the country has been venerated for its healthcare sector in regard to patient care and vaccine trial and production.

Growth and Innovation

The Cuban economy took a considerable hit since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the past year, Cuba has had to reimagine their tourist sector, renovate and restructure their internal government operations, and battle heavy sanctions amidst a recession. Nonetheless, the country has been venerated for its healthcare sector in regard to patient care and vaccine trial and production

Cuba leads in Latin America in the production and testing of a COVID-19 vaccine.
Facing heavy U.S. sanctions and without access to the international economy, Cuba and Iran have engaged in “vaccine diplomacy” in the making of Soberana 02.
Cuba’s surplus of doctors has been a source of strength amid the pandemic. The so-called “white coat army” has been deployed to fight COVID-19 in nearly 40 countries across 5 continents.
Cuban healthcare officials praise the use of interferon as helpful in treating COVID-19 positive patients.
The United States proposed increased sanctions and an end to remittances through the bank FINCIMEX, which harms remittance receiving families.
The pandemic exacerbated shortages on the island, creating longer lines for essential items such as soap, cooking oil, and medicine.
Local businesses have had to reinvent their business models to function in a pandemic environment. Entrepreneurs have innovated through ideas such as creating take-out cocktails and making previously imported items in their homes.
The pharmaceutical company, BioCubaFarma, pioneered research to understand how asymptomatic patients spread the disease and also tested the use of immune boosting medication to treat the disease.
The Ministry of Tourism reopened Cuba to tourism on July 1st, 2020 but tourists are restricted to islands and required to follow preventative measures as outlined by the World Health Organization, Cuban Ministry of Public Health, and World Trade Organization. As of March 2021, it seems tourists will be eligible to receive the Soberana 02 Vaccine.
The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas is working on creating three diagnostic tools in addition to the ELISA SARsCOV 2 Ig—which is used to contact trace— to figure out the number of asymptomatic cases in the country and test the levels of antibodies.
As Cuba faces a liquidity crisis, the government has reopened ‘dollar stores’ to circulate dollars, allowing customers to purchase products that were once scarce.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Cuba’s ideology of solidarity and fraternity has been shown through its community-based healthcare system and digitized forms of cultural expression. Cubans have joined forces, relying on individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus while lifting up the community during hard times.

As of March 2021, U.S. government sanctions on Cuba remain at full force, citing alleged human rights violations.
Cuba adopted a “people over profit” approach to the pandemic and have increased healthcare and social assistance expenditures.
The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) regained importance as community members learned how to prevent the spread of the disease and disperse the information throughout the community.
The Ministry of Cuban Culture propagated their Dale Candela video that shows Cuban solidarity despite setbacks due to foreign influences.
Santeria has taken a renewed presence in the fight to ward off COVID-19.
Cuban artists and authors, in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), provided free access to their digitized works of art.
Cubans are sewing homemade masks to share in their communities as surgical masks are scarce.
To keep Cubans connected and at home, telecommunication company ETECSA has reduced tariffs and provided additional benefits of communication.

FALL 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

Cuba is gaining international recognition for its leadership during the COVID-19 crisis and the success it has had in containing the spread of the virus. However, this victory is overshadowed by numerous allegations of repression and human rights violations.

Cuba continues to practice medical internationalism to combat COVID-19 through their Henry Reeves health bridges, which has sent more than 1,500 physicians to 23 countries as of mid-July, despite growing concerns of human right violations.
Cuba, as of November 2020, has reopened their international airport.
The Ministry of Public Health and the General of the National Civil Defense Force reunited in January to discuss action plans to combat COVID-19.
Since the first cases were identified in March, Cuba increased preventative measures and mandated mask wearing.
The United States deems that the Cuban health brigades violate physicians’ human rights in exchange for funding to keep the economy and government afloat. The U.S. Senate introduced a bill, “Cut Profits to the Cuban Regime Act of 2020”, to consider countries that benefit from Cuban health brigades as accomplices to international human trafficking.
Activists gain momentum in condemning police brutality, with hopes to create a democratic and transparent government.
The Cuban government has strengthened its reach in the Caribbean communities (Caricom) through solidarity efforts. Caricom members insist that the United States release their sanctions on Cuba.
The Cuban government calls for solidarity and individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus in order to return to normality.
There are concerns that Cuba reopened too quickly in La Habana, the province with the most recurring cases.
Cuba’s monitoring of cases were extremely transparent , providing age range, comorbidities, and place of origin to better inform communities about the risks and exposure.

Growth and Innovation

With an ongoing embargo and cuts to remittances from the United States, Cuba is attempting to recover lost capital by attracting tourists to regenerate their economy. As the Venezuelan economy falters, Cuba has to renovate and restructure their internal operations to seek economic prosperity. Notably, Cuba is also leading in the healthcare sector in regard to patient care and vaccine production.

Cuba leads in Latin America in the production and testing of a COVID-19 vaccine with two already in the clinical trial stage.
Cuba’s surplus of doctors have been a source of strength amid the pandemic. The so-called “white coat army” has been deployed to fight COVID-19 in nearly 40 countries across 5 continents.
Cuban healthcare officials praise the use of interferon as helpful in treating COVID-19 positive patients.
The United States proposed increased sanctions and an end to remittances through the bank FINCIMEX, which harms remittance receiving families.
The pandemic exacerbated shortages on the island, creating longer lines for essential items such as soap, cooking oil, and medicine.
Local businesses have had to reinvent their business models to function in a pandemic environment. Entrepreneurs have innovated through ideas such as creating take-out cocktails and making previously imported items in their homes.
The pharmaceutical company, BioCubaFarma, pioneered research to understand how asymptomatic patients spread the disease and also tested the use of immune boosting medication to treat the disease.
The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas is working on creating three diagnostic tools in addition to the ELISA SARsCOV 2 Ig—which is used to contact trace— to figure out the amount of asymptomatic cases in the country, and test the levels of antibodies.
The Ministry of Finance and Prices plans to develop a socioeconomic model that is self-sufficient and based on nationally produced products to reduce dependence on imports.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Cuba’s ideology of solidarity and fraternity extends through their community-based healthcare system and digitized forms of cultural expression. Cubans have joined the forces, relying on individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus.

Cuba plans to increase healthcare and social assistance expenditures to 27.5% of gross domestic product (GDP).
Students are able to continue their studies via televised classes and downloadable videos.
The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) regained importance as community members learned how to prevent the spread of the disease and disperse the information throughout the community.
The Ministry of Cuban Culture propagated their Dale Candela video that shows Cuban solidarity despite setbacks due to foreign influences.
Santeria has taken a renewed presence in the fight to ward off COVID-19.
Cuban artists and authors, in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), provided free access to their digitized works of art.
Cubans are sewing homemade masks to share in their communities as surgical masks are scarce.
To keep Cubans connected and at home, telecommunication company ETECSA has reduced tariffs and provided additional benefits of communication. As Cuba reopens, they are considering reopening theaters, casas de culturas, pools, beaches, and welcoming back the 60th National Baseball Series.

Summer 2020

Governance and Rule of Law

Cuba is gaining international recognition for its leadership during the COVID-19 crisis and the success it has had in containing the spread of the virus. However, this victory is overshadowed by numerous allegations of repression and human rights violations.

Cuba continues to practice medical internationalism to combat COVID-19 through their Henry Reeves health bridges, which has sent more than 1,500 physicians to 23 countries as of mid-July, despite growing concerns of human rights violations.
The Ministry of Public Health and the General of the National Civil Defense Force reunited in January to discuss action plans to combat COVID-19.
Since the first cases were identified in March, Cuba increased preventative measures and mandated mask-wearing.
The United States deems that the Cuban health brigades violate physicians’ human rights in exchange for funding to keep the economy and government afloat.The U.S. Senate introduced a bill, “Cut Profits to the Cuban Regime Act of 2020”, to consider countries that benefit from Cuban health brigades as accomplices to international human trafficking.
There are allegations against the Cuban government about the repression of artists and journalists who are covering the pandemic in the country.
Activists gain momentum in condemning police brutality, with hopes to create a democratic and transparent government.
The Cuban government has strengthened its reach in the Caribbean communities (Caricom) through solidarity efforts. Caricom members insist that the United States release their sanctions on Cuba.
The Cuban government calls for solidarity and individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus in order to return to normality.
There are concerns that Cuba reopened too quickly in La Habana, the province with the most recurring cases.

Growth and Innovation

With an ongoing embargo and cuts to remittances from the United States, Cuba is attempting to recover lost capital by attracting tourists to regenerate its economy. As the Venezuelan economy falters, Cuba has to renovate and restructure their internal operations to seek economic prosperity.

Cuban healthcare officials praise the use of interferon as helpful in treating COVID-19 positive patients.
The United States proposed increased sanctions and an end to remittances through the bank FINCIMEX, which harms remittance receiving families.
The pandemic exacerbated shortages on the island, creating longer lines for essential items such as soap, cooking oil, and medicine.
The pharmaceutical company, BioCubaFarma, pioneered research to understand how asymptomatic patients spread the disease and also tested the use of immune boosting medication to treat the disease.
The Ministry of Tourism reopened Cuba to tourism on July 1st, but tourists are restricted to islands and required to follow preventative measures as outlined by the World Health Organization, Cuban Ministry of Public Health, and World Trade Organization.
The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas is working on creating three diagnostic tools in addition to the ELISA SARsCOV 2 Ig—which is used to contact trace— to figure out the number of asymptomatic cases in the country and test the levels of antibodies.
As Cuba faces a liquidity crisis, the government has reopened ‘dollar stores’ to circulate dollars, allowing customers to purchase products that were once scarce.
The Ministry of Finance and Prices plans to develop a socioeconomic model that is self-sufficient and based on nationally produced products to reduce dependence on imports.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Cuba’s ideology of solidarity and fraternity extends through its community-based healthcare system and digitized forms of cultural expression. Cubans have joined the forces, relying on individual responsibility to prevent the spread of the virus.

Cuba plans to increase healthcare and social assistance expenditures to 27.5% of gross domestic product (GDP).
Students are able to continue their studies via televised classes and downloadable videos.
The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) regained importance as community members learned how to prevent the spread of the disease and disperse the information throughout the community.
The Ministry of Cuban Culture propagated their Dale Candela video that shows Cuban solidarity despite setbacks due to foreign influences.
Santeria has taken a renewed presence in the fight to ward off COVID-19.
Cuban artists and authors, in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), provided free access to their digitized works of art.
Cubans are sewing homemade masks to share in their communities as surgical masks are scarce.
To keep Cubans connected and at home, telecommunication company ETECSA has reduced tariffs and provided additional benefits of communication. As Cuba reopens, they are considering reopening theaters, casas de culturas, pools, beaches, and welcoming back the 60th National Baseball Series.

Select resources for Cuba:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Acn. (2021, July 29). Pide a CARICOM a Estados Unidos que respete los derechos de Cuba. ACN. http://www.acn.cu/cuba/82757-pide-caricom-a-estados-unidos-que-respete-los-derechos-de-cuba

Covid-19: Cuba vive hoy “Uno de los peores brotes de la Región y del mundo” (2021, August 17) Deutsche Welle. (n.d.). https://www.dw.com/es/covid-19-cuba-vive-hoy-uno-de-los-peores-brotes-de-la-regi%C3%B3n-y-del-mundo/a-58880147.

Frank, M. (2021, September 25). Cuba kicks off covid-19 vaccine exports with shipment to Vietnam. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/cuba-kicks-off-covid-19-vaccine-exports-with-shipment-vietnam-2021-09-25/.

Hosek, J. R. (2021, March 16). The scene from Cuba: How it’s getting so much right on COVID-19. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-scene-from-cuba-how-its-getting-so-much-right-on-covid-19-155699.

Lima, L. (2021, August 3). Coronavirus en Cuba: La Crítica situación de los hospitales de la isla en el peor momento de la pandemia. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-57910943.

Ministerio de Salud Pública (n.d.). Sitio oficial de gobierno del Ministerio de Salud Pública en Cuba. Gobierno de Cuba. https://salud.msp.gob.cu.

Oppman, P. (2021, August 26). Tensión entre médicos y gobierno de Cuba por covid-19. CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/cuba-doctores-salud-pkg-patrick-oppmann/.

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (n.d.). Situación de COVID-19 en Cuba. World Health Organization. https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/pages/paho-cuba-covid-19-response.

Rodríguez, A. (2021, September 16). Cuba Inicia Vacunación contra el covid en niños de dos años. chicagotribune.com. https://www.chicagotribune.com/espanol/coronavirus/sns-es-cuba-inicia-vacunacion-contra-el-covid-en-ninos-de-dos-anos-20210916-s2mvvu2t6ndjlbcnz5goenanba-story.html.

Sánchez, L. C. (2021, August 16). Variante Delta de la Covid-19 está predominando en Cuba (+video). Granma.cu. https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2021-08-16/variante-delta-de-la-covid-19-esta-predominando-en-cuba-video-16-08-2021-14-08-26.

Sitio Oficial del Ministerio de Turismo de Cuba. Ministerio del Turismo. https://www.mintur.gob.cu/.

Staff, F. (2021, July 17). Desafían Cubanos Al Covid-19 y Salen a Calles a respaldar La revolución. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/desafian-cubanos-al-covid-19-y-salen-a-calles-a-respaldar-la-revolucion/.

Thomas, D. L. (2021, November 4). Cuba reports 92.4 percent efficacy for 3 dose Soberana 02 COVID-19 vaccine. News. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211104/Cuba-reports-924-percent-efficacy-for-3-dose-SOBERANA-02-COVID-19-vaccine.aspx.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

CNIC y su aporte contra la covid (6 de Julio 2021) | CNIC. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas. (2021, July 6). https://www.cnic.edu.cu/es/noticias/cnic-y-su-aporte-contra-la-covid-6-de-julio-2021.

Cuba Debate. (2020, July 1). Cuba reabre sus fronteras para el turismo internacional. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/01/cuba-reabre-sus-fronteras-para-el-turismo-internacional/.

Cuba eases restrictions as covid-19 cases, deaths decline. La Prensa Latina Media. (2021, October 11). https://www.laprensalatina.com/cuba-eases-restrictions-as-covid-19-cases-deaths-decline/.

David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. (2020, June 15). The Cuban Economy in the Context of COVID-19 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CItCBT_K1E&t.

León, R. T. (2021, September 27). La Innovación en biocubafarma: Un caso exitoso para estudiar y multiplicar (+video). Granma.cu. https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2021-09-27/la-innovacion-en-biocubafarma-un-caso-exitoso-para-estudiar-y-multiplicar-video.

Martínez, O. G. (2021, October 1). Curmeric, Producto Natural Que Podría Ayudar a prevenir la covid-19. Granma.cu. https://www.granma.cu/cuba-covid-19/2021-10-01/cuba-desarrolla-curmeric-producto-natural-que-podria-entrar-al-escenario-en-la-prevencion-de-la-covid-19-01-10-2021-11-10-45.

O’Grady, M. A. (2021, September 6). Opinion | A sanction worth lifting in Cuba. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/sanction-cuba-fishing-communists-protests-dollar-remittance-let-cubans-live-petition-emily-mendrala-biden-administration-11630938612.

Reuters. (2021, April 1). In Covid fight, Cuba touts its medical equipment, ‘technological sovereignty’. NBCNews.com. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/covid-fight-cuba-touts-medical-equipment-technological-sovereignty-rcna574.

Robinson, C. (2021, September 14). Reactions to reopening of Cuba’s borders in November. Havana Times. https://havanatimes.org/features/reactions-to-reopening-of-cubas-borders-in-november/.

Rodríguez, A. (2021, April 6). Ingenio Cubano le hace frente a la escasez, Ahora por la red. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/noticias-222a0ae47dc2ccf7330afe0abf9d75ae.

Runde, D. (2021, October 4). U.S. policy on remittances to Cuba: What are some viable options? U.S. Policy on Remittances to Cuba: What Are Some Viable Options? | Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-policy-remittances-cuba-what-are-some-viable-options.

Vicent, M. (2021, September 30). El Gobierno de Cuba autoriza las primeras 32 empresas privadas. El País. https://elpais.com/economia/2021-09-30/el-gobierno-de-cuba-autoriza-las-primeras-32-empresas-privadas.html.
Vyas, K. (2021, July 12). Cuba’s new covid-19 vaccine finds testing ground in Venezuela. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/cubas-new-covid-19-vaccine-finds-testing-ground-in-venezuela-11625738401.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

ACN. (2021, September 28). Presidente Cubano felicita a los Comités de Defensa de la Revolución. Vanguardia. http://www.vanguardia.cu/de-cuba/20912-presidente-cubano-felicita-a-los-comites-de-defensa-de-la-revolucion.

CEPAL. (2021, January 14). Defender la Vida: La pandemia de covid-19 y las personas mayores en Cuba. Enfoques | Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.cepal.org/es/enfoques/defender-la-vida-la-pandemia-covid-19-personas-mayores-cuba.

Hunnicutt, T., & Spetalnick, M. (2021, November 6). Biden policy on Cuba remittances needs more work, U.S. official says. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/biden-policy-cuba-remittances-needs-more-work-us-official-2021-11-05/.

Jeff Mason, S. H. (2021, July 31). U.S. issues New Cuba sanctions, Biden promises more to come. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/biden-meet-cuban-american-leaders-amid-calls-tougher-action-havana-2021-07-30/.

Katy. (2021, February 12). La Cultura en la hora actual de Cuba: Un proyecto en buenas manos. Sitio oficial del Ministerio de Cultura. http://www.ministeriodecultura.gob.cu/es/actualidad/noticias/la-cultura-en-la-hora-actual-de-cuba-un-proyecto-en-buenas-manos.

Lima, L. (2021, August 19). Decreto Ley 35: Las Nuevas Regulaciones en Cuba para condenar a los que hablen mal del gobierno en Redes Sociales. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58272680.

Marsh, S. (2021, August 18). Rare doctors’ outcry highlights Cuba’s Covid crisis, growing dissent. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/rare-doctors-outcry-highlights-cubas-covid-crisis-growing-dissent-2021-08-18/.

Ministerio de Cultura. Sitio oficial del Ministerio de Cultura. (n.d.) http://www.ministeriodecultura.gob.cu/es/.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. (2020, July 31). Covid-19, Cuando la responsabilidad individual define la Cifra de contagios: Presidencia de Cuba: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Cubaminrex. http://www.cubaminrex.cu/es/node/2956.

United Nations. (2021, November 2). Aprendizaje en casa: Desafíos de la educación en Cuba en tiempos de covid-19 | noticias onu. United Nations. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/11/1499342.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2020, May 9). Cuban Natural and Cultural Heritage available to all in the fight against COVID-19 through Culture. https://en.unesco.org/news/cuban-natural-and-cultural-heritage-available-all-fight-against-covid-19-through-culture.

World Report 2021: Rights trends in Cuba. Human Rights Watch. (2021, January 14). https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/cuba.

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Aljazeera. (2021, April 12). Venezuela to Produce Cuban COVID Vaccine: Maduro.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/12/venezuela-to-produce-cuban-covid-jabs-maduro

CubaDebate. (2020, July 2). Primera Ministra de Barbados intercambia con colaboradores cubanos de la salud. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/02/primera-ministra-de-barbados-intercambia-con-colaboradores-cubanos-de-la-salud/

Gamez Torres, N. (2021, January 26). Cuba detects South African COVID-19 variant amid virus uptick. Miami Herald.

https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article248782480.html

Gamez Torres, N., & Penton, M. (2021, February 8). With COVID-19 pandemic, Cuba’s medical system faces its biggest test yet. Miami Herald.

https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article249077205.html

Grant, W. (2021, February 16). Optimism as Cuba set to test its own Covid vaccine. BBC News.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56069577

Hosek, J. R. (2021, March 16). The scene from Cuba: How it’s getting so much right on COVID-19. The Conversation.

https://theconversation.com/the-scene-from-cuba-how-its-getting-so-much-right-on-covid-19-155699

Ministerio de Salud Pública. (2020, May 29). Ministro de Salud: Somos un solo equipo y las batallas se ganan juntos. Gobierno de Cuba. https://salud.msp.gob.cu/ministro-de-salud-somos-un-solo-equipo-y-las-batallas-se-ganan-juntos/

————. (n.d.). Sitio oficial de gobierno del Ministerio de Salud Pública en Cuba. Gobierno de Cuba. https://salud.msp.gob.cu

Morris, E., & Kelman, I. (2020, April 15). Coronavirus response: Why Cuba is such an interesting case. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-response-why-cuba-is-such-an-interesting-case-135749

Mowla, Wazim. (2020, May 7). A Cuban lifeline to CARICOM. Global Americans. https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/05/a-cuban-lifeline-to-caricom/

Noticiero del Mediodía. (2020, July 15). Noticiero del Mediodia 7/15/2020 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5xcVQ8042s

Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Situación de COVID-19 en Cuba. World Health Organization. https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/pages/paho-cuba-covid-19-response

Rubio, M. (2020, May 6). United States Senate to Secretary of State Michael Pompeo- Trafficking of Cuban Doctors. https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/1ac915e7-3ee4-4c40-8bcd-d9457922b071/68E34F41A37E74F58D803A9260CC2680.20200505-rubio-menendez-letter-to-pompeo-on-trafficking-of-cuban-doctors-final-.pdf

Scott, R. (2020, June 17). Text – S.3977 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Cut Profits to the Cuban Regime Act of 2020 (2019/2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3977/text

Solomon, M. (2020, November 16). Havana opens international airport after 7-month closure over COVID-19. WPLG. https://www.local10.com/news/local/2020/11/16/havana-opens-international-airport-after-7-month-closure-over-covid-19/.

Suarez, Yoe. (2020, June 1). Coronavirus, dengue y represión, las tres plagas. CPAL Social.

https://cpalsocial.org/coronavirus-dengue-y-represion-las-tres-plagas-3454

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

The Caribbean Council. (2020, June 8). Trump Administration moves to end remittances.https://www.caribbean-council.org/trump-administration-moves-to-end-remittances/

CubaDebate. (2020, May 29). Cuba no relaja medidas ni se confía, pese a escenario favorable en el manejo de la COVID-19. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/05/29/cuba-no-relaja-medidas-ni-se-confia-pese-a-escenario-favorable-en-el-manejo-de-la-covid-19-video/

————. (2020, July 1). Cuba reabre sus fronteras para el turismo internacional. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/01/cuba-reabre-sus-fronteras-para-el-turismo-internacional/

————. (2020, July 9). Científicos cubanos desarrollan nuevos diagnosticadores para COVID-19 y avanzan en otras investigaciones. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/06/09/cientificos-cubanos-desarrollan-nuevos-diagnosticadores-para-covid-19-y-avanzan-en-otras-investigaciones/

Dare, N. (2021, March 9). Hit by US Sanctions, Cuba and Iran join hands to secure Covid-19 vaccine. TRT World.

https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/hit-by-us-sanctions-cuba-and-iran-join-hands-to-secure-covid-19-vaccine-44857

David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. (2020, June 15). The Cuban Economy in the Context of COVID-19 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CItCBT_K1E&t

Diaz-Canel Bermudez, M. (2020, June 10). Intervención en la conferencia virtual de alto nivel: Economía Pospandemia del ALBA-TCP [Speech Transcript]. Presidencia y Gobierno de Cuba.

https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/presidencia/intervenciones/intervencion-en-la-conferencia-virtual-de-alto-nivel-economia-pospandemia-del-alba-tcp/

Kahn, C. (2020, August 1). Pandemic May Be The Push To Open Cuba’s State-Controlled Economy. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/08/01/897904872/pandemic-may-be-the-push-to-open-cubas-state-controlled-economy

Marsh, S. (2020, November 12). Cuba leads race for Latin American coronavirus vaccine. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-cuba-focus/cuba-leads-race-for-latin-american-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSKBN27S1OX.

Marsh, S., & Zodzi, J. (2020, September 14). Cuba punches above weight with ‘white coat army’ during pandemic. U.S. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-cuba-doctors/cuba-punches-above-weight-with-white-coat-army-during-pandemic-idUSKBN2651NK

NBC News. (2020, October 1). Amid coronavirus, entrepreneurs in Cuba reinvent to survive. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/amid-coronavirus-entrepreneurs-cuba-reinvent-survive-n1241703

Office of the High Commissioner. (2020, April 30). US must lift its Cuba embargo to save lives amid COVID-19 crisis, say UN experts.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25848&LangID=E

Rodriguez, A. (2020, June 30). New Cuban tourism system to isolate visitors from population. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/2b61a6bbf8f9aedb658902bbd7d9dfba

Sesin, C & Matos, O. (2020, June 19). In Cuba, families fear shortages will worsen as coronavirus affects the economy. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuba-families-fear-shortages-will-worsen-coronavirus-affects-economy-n1230816

Zerpa, F. (2021). Mexico Hopes to Work With Cuba on Covid Vaccine Phase 3 Trial. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-14/mexico-hopes-to-work-with-cuba-on-covid-vaccine-phase-3-trial.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Aljazeera (2021, January 15). US sanctions Cuban ministry for alleged human rights abuses.

https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/15/us-sanctions-cuban-interior-ministry-for-human-rights-abuses

Belly of the Beast Cuba. (2020, April 16). Cuba’s Public Health Meetings [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiFBnErZu1g&feature=youtu.be

————. (2020, April 17). Cuba’s Door-to-Door Doctors [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRjZtA_3SUY

CGTN America. (2020. April 9). Cubans do their part to help in COVID-19 fight [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5opcBOBYmnc

Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. (n.d.). Medidas para que estés más tiempo en casa. http://www.etecsa.cu/promocion/medidas_para_que_estes_mas_tiempo_en_casa/

Marsha, S. (2020, March 31). With bird sacrifices and chants, Cuba’s Santeria seek protection from coronavirus. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-cuba-santeria-idUSKBN21I1IJ

Mesa Redonda. (2020, June 3). Cuba frente a la COVID-19: Ministerio de Educación [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUPMsFthcyo

Ministerio de Cultura de Cuba. (2020, June 10). Dale Candela Virulo Subtitulado [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxJBAlU8iWY

Ministerio de Educación de la República de Cuba. (n.d.). Teleclases. Gobierno de Cuba. https://www.mined.gob.cu/teleclases/

Portal of Culture. (n.d.). Patrimonio natural y cultural cubano a disposición de todos. UNESCO. http://www.lacult.unesco.org/publicaciones/showpub.php?lg=2&id=137&paginasweb=271

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2020, May 9). Cuban Natural and Cultural Heritage available to all in the fight against COVID-19 through Culture.

https://en.unesco.org/news/cuban-natural-and-cultural-heritage-available-all-fight-against-covid-19-through-culture

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2020

————. (n.d.). Sitio oficial de gobierno del Ministerio de Salud Pública en Cuba. Gobierno de Cuba. https://salud.msp.gob.cu

Mowla, Wazim. (2020, May 7). A Cuban lifeline to CARICOM. Global Americans. https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/05/a-cuban-lifeline-to-caricom/

Noticiero del Mediodía. (2020, July 15). Noticiero del Mediodia 7/15/2020 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5xcVQ8042s

Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Situación de COVID-19 en Cuba. World Health Organization. https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/pages/paho-cuba-covid-19-response

Suarez, Yoe. (2020, June 1). Coronavirus, dengue y represión, las tres plagas. CPAL Social.

https://cpalsocial.org/coronavirus-dengue-y-represion-las-tres-plagas-3454

Growth and Innovation Fall 2020

The Caribbean Council. (2020, June 8). Trump Administration moves to end remittances. https://www.caribbean-council.org/trump-administration-moves-to-end-remittances/

————. (2020, July 1). Cuba reabre sus fronteras para el turismo internacional. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/01/cuba-reabre-sus-fronteras-para-el-turismo-internacional/

David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. (2020, June 15). The Cuban Economy in the Context of COVID-19 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CItCBT_K1E&t

Diaz-Canel Bermudez, M. (2020, June 10). Intervención en la conferencia virtual de alto nivel: Economía Pospandemia del ALBA-TCP [Speech Transcript]. Presidencia y Gobierno de Cuba.

https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/presidencia/intervenciones/intervencion-en-la-conferencia-virtual-de-alto-nivel-economia-pospandemia-del-alba-tcp/

Office of the High Commissioner. (2020, April 30). US must lift its Cuba embargo to save lives amid COVID-19 crisis, say UN experts.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25848&LangID=E

Rodriguez, A. (2020, June 30). New Cuban tourism system to isolate visitors from population. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/2b61a6bbf8f9aedb658902bbd7d9dfba

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020

Belly of the Beast Cuba. (2020, April 16). Cuba’s Public Health Meetings [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiFBnErZu1g&feature=youtu.be

————. (2020, April 17). Cuba’s Door-to-Door Doctors [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRjZtA_3SUY

CGTN America. (2020. April 9). Cubans do their part to help in COVID-19 fight [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5opcBOBYmnc

Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. (n.d.). Medidas para que estés más tiempo en casa. http://www.etecsa.cu/promocion/medidas_para_que_estes_mas_tiempo_en_casa/

Mesa Redonda. (2020, June 3). Cuba frente a la COVID-19: Ministerio de Educación [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUPMsFthcyo

Ministerio de Cultura de Cuba. (2020, June 10). Dale Candela Virulo Subtitulado [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxJBAlU8iWY

Ministerio de Educación de la República de Cuba. (n.d.). Teleclases. Gobierno de Cuba. https://www.mined.gob.cu/teleclases/

Portal of Culture. (n.d.). Patrimonio natural y cultural cubano a disposición de todos. UNESCO. http://www.lacult.unesco.org/publicaciones/showpub.php?lg=2&id=137&paginasweb=271

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2020, May 9). Cuban Natural and Cultural Heritage available to all in the fight against COVID-19 through Culture.

https://en.unesco.org/news/cuban-natural-and-cultural-heritage-available-all-fight-against-covid-19-through-culture

Governance and the Rule of Law Summer 2020

CubaDebate. (2020, July 2). Primera Ministra de Barbados intercambia con colaboradores cubanos de la salud. Cubadebate. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/02/primera-ministra-de-barbados-intercambia-con-colaboradores-cubanos-de-la-salud/

Ministerio de Salud Pública (n.d.). Sitio oficial de gobierno del Ministerio de Salud Pública en Cuba. Gobierno de Cuba. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://salud.msp.gob.cu

Mowla, Wazim. (2020, May 7). A Cuban lifeline to CARICOM. Global Americans. https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/05/a-cuban-lifeline-to-caricom/

Noticiero del Mediodía (2020, July 15). Noticiero del Mediodia 7/15/2020 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5xcVQ8042s

Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Situación de COVID-19 en Cuba. World Health Organization. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/pages/paho-cuba-covid-19-response

Scott, R. (2020, June 17). Text – S.3977 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Cut Profits to the Cuban Regime Act of 2020 (2019/2020). [Webpage]. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3977/text

Suarez, Yoe. (2020, June 1). Coronavirus, dengue y represión, las tres plagas. CPAL Social.

https://cpalsocial.org/coronavirus-dengue-y-represion-las-tres-plagas-3454

Growth and Innovation Summer 2020

CubaDebate. (2020, May 29). Cuba no relaja medidas ni se confía, pese a escenario favorable en el manejo de la COVID-19. CubaDebate. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/05/29/cuba-no-relaja-medidas-ni-se-confia-pese-a-escenario-favorable-en-el-manejo-de-la-covid-19-video/

CubaDebate. (2020, July 1). Cuba reabre sus fronteras para el turismo internacional. CubaDebate. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/07/01/cuba-reabre-sus-fronteras-para-el-turismo-internacional/

CubaDebate. (2020, July 9). Científicos cubanos desarrollan nuevos diagnosticadores para COVID-19 y avanzan en otras investigaciones. CubaDebate. http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2020/06/09/cientificos-cubanos-desarrollan-nuevos-diagnosticadores-para-covid-19-y-avanzan-en-otras-investigaciones/

David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. (2020, June 15). The Cuban Economy in the Context of COVID-19 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CItCBT_K1E&t

Diaz-Canel Bermudez, M. (2020, June 10). Intervención en la conferencia virtual de alto nivel: Economía Pospandemia del ALBA-TCP [Speech Transcript]. Presidencia y Gobierno de Cuba.

https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/es/presidencia/intervenciones/intervencion-en-la-conferencia-virtual-de-alto-nivel-economia-pospandemia-del-alba-tcp/

Office of the High Commissioner. (2020, April 30). US must lift its Cuba embargo to save lives amid COVID-19 crisis, say UN experts.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25848&LangID=E

Rodriguez, A. (2020, June 30). New Cuban tourism system to isolate visitors from population. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/2b61a6bbf8f9aedb658902bbd7d9dfba

The Caribbean Council. (2020, June 8). Trump Administration moves to end remittances. https://www.caribbean-council.org/trump-administration-moves-to-end-remittances/

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2020

Belly of the Beast. (2020, April 16). Cuba’s Public Health Meetings [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiFBnErZu1g&feature=youtu.be

Belly of the Beast Cuba. (2020, April 17). Cuba’s Door-to-Door Doctors [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRjZtA_3SUY

CGTN America. (2020. April 9). Cubans do their part to help in COVID-19 fight [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5opcBOBYmnc

Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A. (n.d.). Medidas para que estés más tiempo en casa. http://www.etecsa.cu/promocion/medidas_para_que_estes_mas_tiempo_en_casa/

Mesa Redonda. (2020, June 3). Cuba frente a la COVID-19: Ministerio de Educación [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUPMsFthcyo

Ministerio de Cultura de Cuba. (2020, June 10). Dale Candela Virulo Subtitulado [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxJBAlU8iWY

Ministerio de Educación de la República de Cuba. (n.d.). Teleclases. Gobierno de Cuba. https://www.mined.gob.cu/teleclases/

Portal of Culture. (n.d.). Patrimonio natural y cultural cubano a disposición de todos. UNESCO. http://www.lacult.unesco.org/publicaciones/showpub.php?lg=2&id=137&paginasweb=271

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2020, May 9). Cuban Natural and Cultural Heritage available to all in the fight against COVID-19 through Culture.

https://en.unesco.org/news/cuban-natural-and-cultural-heritage-available-all-fight-against-covid-19-through-culture