Fall 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

**The Panama City skyline.**

“Panama City” by PHOTOPHANATIC1 is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Since September 16, Panama has released a list of 20 counties that are at high risk of transmission for COVID-19.
Protests have erupted over the modification of electoral reform saying that it is a sign of corruption and is anti-democratic as it violates the role of the participation of the people. The reforms dealt with the modification of articles concerning campaign financing, gender parity, and criminal jurisdiction. This has led to a series of protests over the lack of participation that the people have in the changes done to their reforms.
The changes to the electoral code that have led to the protests by the people are called project 544. Its purpose is to reform the Electoral Code, however, the criticism has been that many of the modifications that have been done have been non consulted and are modifications that have to do with financing campaigns.
Since September 2021, more than 5,000 protesters have gone to the streets in order to denounce that lawmakers are acting in ways that are authoritarian and have no transparency for the people. One of the main protests have come from feminist groups where articles from the constitution have been removed that were related to gender equality and women participation in politics. This is a setback especially during the pandemic where women were the ones that lost the most amount of jobs and have suffered higher levels of violence than men.
The Democratic Revolutionary Party has paid 50 thousand dollars due to infringement of the Ministry of Health’s conduct during the pandemic. The party had organized an event in a restaurant despite the restriction that has been placed on restaurants too close to not propagate COVID-19.
Protests have erupted in provinces and in the capital where people are asking for work, better conditions for daily life, and protesting an increase in fuel prices. The protests also surged from the highest level of unemployment that the country has historically experienced due to COVID-19. However, Panamanians feel that the government is indifferent and not putting the workers at the forefront of their policies and executive decisions.
The population is angered by the visible levels of corruption and social inequality that has only been heightened by the pandemic creating a divide between those who have access to proper care and those who struggle to do so. The messages from protestors were “I want a country with no corrupt politicians,” where the distribution of wealth is only for a small group of elites.
The government of Panama is fearful of the Pandora Papers’ revelations affecting their reputation. These papers exhibited offshore business with presidents from Ukraine, Kenya, and Ecuador, among others. The Pandora Papers are linked to the Panama Papers of 2016, which showed the tax crimes and tax evasions from the elites through the use of offshore finance.
Panama will investigate and supervise everyone that has been involved and mentioned in the Pandora Papers, examining over 11.9 million documents of transactions that have occurred offshore in order to protect the reputation of the country and its image.

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Growth and Innovation

**A ship passing through the Panama Canal.**

“IMG_6639” by zugaldia is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Panama is transitioning towards clean-energy production by embracing the use of ethanol in its gasoline versus the use of fossil fuels. The country wants to diversify its electricity and reduce the emissions from coal and replace it with renewable energy such as solar and wind power.
Panama has signed the declaration of countries going carbon negative in order to incentivize the fight against climate change. During COP26, the country is participating in the fight to reduce global warming as a signifier that a country like Panama shouldn’t be the only country cooperating for change. It serves as a symbol for larger and more powerful countries to also take the step to reduce their carbon footprint.
Through the declaration, it serves the purpose to create a document that binds and creates responsibility for financing and creating institutions that lead to lower fossil fuel emission and go carbon neutral by 2050. It is crucial as climate change did not stop with the pandemic and both issues need to be addressed simultaneously.
The Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) is an initiative that increases the size of the protected territorial waters in order to make a fishing-free corridor. This helps to limit illegal fishing and promote biodiversity. As of now, the ocean is 7% protected; the plan is for 30% of the ocean to be protected by 2030.
Panama remains on the black list of the European Union, as the country has not complied with making regime changes that meet the standard for the EU of global transparency criteria.
The Agency for Panamanian Nutrition (APA) is a new entity that serves to focus on the national agricultural produce in Panama. It is a new system that will treat the national product the same way that the imported product is treated.
The emphasis on boosting the agricultural sector of Panama will give more emphasis on the importance of national products and will be a more agile production and exportation process that is transparent and keeps the integrity of the product.
Panama’s economy has grown over 10% in the first half of 2021, with a larger expansion in the second quarter of 40.4%, in comparison to the first quarter, indicating a steady growth through the year.
The increased economic growth in the second trimester of 2021 has shown that economic growth goes hand in hand with Panama’s faster vaccination process, removal of many restrictions placed during the pandemic, and in turn, has reactivated the economy and started the recuperation process.
Panama is on the road for economic recovery; in 2022, the economy is predicted to grow 8.2% and will focus on micro companies that represent 70% of the labor force of the country. By supplying capital and giving boosts to smaller companies, overall growth will help the country.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

**Embera women in Panama.**

“Embera village_ Embera tribe_Panama_AOT” by The Art of Travel Co. is licensed under CC0 1.0.

In the Darien province, Panama has buried unknown victims that have attempted to cross the Darien Gap, as more than 90,000 migrants have crossed coming from Colombia. The bodies have increased since the pandemic, especially from Haitians that are fleeing the current situation the country is in. Many Panamanian officials have buried the victims that have died in the lawless jungle.
So far, Panamanian and Colombian authorities allow 500 migrants a day to enter their country, many of them entering the country in order to continue their journey towards the U.S. Upon their arrival, the state has given the migrants food, health services, and shelter.
Panama along with other Latin American countries have reached out for help to the U.S. on migration as the majority of the migration through these countries is to reach the U.S. as their final destination due to the political and social situations in their country. Panamanian authorities warned of the crisis that could emerge by opening their borders due to the pandemic when it was at its peak.
Panama has been allowing and opening their borders but it is harder to control the influx as it has now gotten to a point that it is hard to control due to more migration from Haiti. Hence, there needs to be concrete measures to control the migration that has already reached an unsustainable level, as it begins to affect the country itself. Along with the pandemic, the lack of infrastructure in Panama will only create a more chaotic and unorganized process for the influx of migrants either going through Panama or staying in the country.
Migrant woman have faced and have reported sexual abuse in the Darien Gap as they migrate in large groups. Young girls have also been subjected to sexual abuse; over 1,000 reports of abuse have been collected in the past two months.
Panama wishes to foster a reputation directed towards the focus on female empowerment in Latin America. Panama has been one of the first countries to fight for greater female representation and equal pay, and in doing so join the Equal Pay International Coalition.
The NGO “Move to Improve” is leading a workshop for women where they are taught boxing, taekwondo, and krav maga in order to empower women to feel more secure with the increased levels of violence against females that plagues the country. The workshop gives women an opportunity to practice their skills and self-defense. During the pandemic, high levels of violence against women, including domestic, became prominent, leading workshops like “Move to Improve” to surge.
A program called Women Exports was released with the purpose of providing assistance and supervision so businesswomen can enter the world of international commerce in a more equal way to men in the export sector.
Over 46.5% of the employed women were the most impacted by the crisis in comparison to men, bringing about a moment in which measures needed to be taken in order to boost women and equalize their labor to those of men.

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Spring 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

After President Cortizo declared a national emergency, the government was slow in providing social assistance, which led to protests in late April.
Local politicians and government officials have defied quarantine and social distancing guidelines.
The Ministry of Health (MINSA) and Social Security Department (CSS) have been under scrutiny for low levels of testing in communities and minimal numbers of contact tracers in the country. Nonetheless, Panama has one of the highest testing rates per inhabitant in the region.
Protests against the government’s alleged corruption and mismanagement of public funds for the pandemic erupted in November of 2020 and February of 2021.
Two complaints were filed against President Cortizo regarding his alleged corrupt behavior, including with regards to the Modular Hospital project. The National Assembly has decided not to admit the complaints.
In January of 2021, Transparency International scored Panama 35 points out of 100 in terms of corruption, ranking 111 out of 180 countries. This marks a degradation in standing from last year’s 36 points and 101st position.
Despite $60 million spending on food assistance, Panamanians have protested in demand of the delivery of bolsas de comida and vouchers.
In early October, President Cortizo announced regulations for the reopening of cinemas, libraries, hotels, tourist activities, and swimming pools, among other forms of entertainment-based businesses.
The National Assembly is discussing Bill No. 508 which proposes that schools must apply tuition discounts if teaching is conducted virtually.
The National Assembly approved Bill. No. 542 in February of 2021 which establishes temporary measures to preserve employment, normalize labor relations and extend the suspension of contracts.
President Cortizo is urging citizens to act responsibly out of fear of a third wave overwhelming the healthcare system but is not imposing lockdown measures for Holy Week.
In March 2021, the National Assembly and President Cortizo approved a telehealth system aimed to relieve hospitals by connecting doctors and patients virtually.
The United States donated mobile hospitals to Panama in March 2021. These units are equipped with 160 beds, air conditioner units, and an electric power plant.
The Foundation for the Development of Citizen Liberty released a study saying the Panamanian government has yet to implement Bill No. 129 meant to combat corruption despite it being passed over a year ago in March of 2020.

Growth and Innovation

Panama is the first country in the region to successfully sequence the virus at the Gorgas Institute to trace its spread. Additionally, Panama is among the first countries in the world to scientifically document a case of reinfection.
Due to decreases in commerce and productivity, exports fell by 4%, 15% of the workforce became unemployed, and the economy contracted 17.9% in 2020, decreasing nominal GDP to pre-2015 levels.
Preliminary calculations indicate that the economy could lose a total of $2.1 billion from the lack of tourist activity in 2020. The number of annual visitors has been the lowest since 2004. Based on activity in early 2021, the airline and tourism industry foresee a slow recovery, though vaccination may accelerate the process.
President Cortizo approved a bill in late April 2021 that aims to provide mainly small and medium-sized companies with various recovery options for conciliation processes.
With over 2,600 restaurants closed, the president of the Panama Association of Restaurants and Related believes the sector will not resume profitability until the end of 2022. The governmental imposition of 10 PM curfews has restricted restaurant working hours.
The Panama Canal ended the 2020 fiscal year with an income similar to what was budgeted, but with significantly higher expenses—including $30 million from sanitary precautions—and a reduction in toll revenues of $200 million. Some of these expenses were offset by $137 million from the freshwater fee.
FocusEconomics foresees the Panamanian economy expanding 6.4% in 2021 due to the rebound in domestic activity and tourism. The real estate market has already shown signs of recovery in early 2021.
The $100 voucher that beneficiaries receive as social assistance barely covers the basic canasta familiar. In January, the amount was raised to $120; however, estimates show that $240 is required to meet needs.
There has been collaboration between the private and public sector to reduce tariffs for telecommunication and electrical services to allow for fluid telework. The electricity subsidy has been extended to June of 2021.
The Panamanian President of the Banking Association, Animeé Sentmat, believes Panama is prepared for the banking moratorium law to end on June 30, 2021. This law has restricted bank credit, and he believes extending it would delay economic recovery.
Panama announced that borders will be reopened to international visitors from all countries on October 12, 2020. The Tourism Board has been working closely with the Ministry of Health to implement new safety guidelines for travel, and the Tocumen International Airport is recruiting a company for the distribution of rapid tests at the Tocumen terminal and the country’s regional airports.
An executive decree established the Tourism, Conservation and Research (TCI) strategy on September 28, 2020. This model is dedicated to promoting conservation, combating poverty and inequality, and forming an alliance between tourism and conservation as the country reopens to tourism.
The government has been cooperating with the private sector to keep cases at a minimal level. The government has established a home care program for COVID-19 patients quarantined at home who can access medical services through a call center.
The Ministry of Health and the Government Innovation Authority, in coordination with Google and Apple, activated the Protect Yourself Panama digital program which notifies the user if they have potentially been in contact with an infected person.
Panama seeks to acquire over 8 million vaccine doses. Panama has acquired the AstraZeneca vaccine through the WHO’s COVAX, India’s Covishield, and twelve shipments from Pfizer as of early May 2021. The first dose in the country was distributed in January of 2021. Private companies will be able to buy vaccines as soon as the certificate for sale is authorized.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The gender-based curfew that restricted excursions to only men or women on alternating days was reinstated during the Christmas and New Years’ season. The transgender community has faced discrimination through harassment annd arrrests due to this policy.
The deputy of the Democratic Change Party has raised concerns about nurses and doctors being victims of sexual harassment throughout the pandemic. There have been complaints about hierarchies in hospitals in which male doctors in higher positions harass and take advantage of younger female interns.
The National Assembly approved Bill No. 314 in February of 2021 after great urging from social activists. This bill guarantees the rights to prevention and treatment of mental health disorders.
Panama is leading the way with educational continuity in the region with their Conectate con La Estrella program. Children without access to the internet are able to continue their studies through programs transmitted via the radio.
President Cotizo returned Bill no. 508 to the National Assembly. This bill would provide discounts in private schools for over 400,000 people and prevent them from restricting academic access to students not meeting payments.
With over 5,000 claims, the Ministry of Social Development supports child welfare and victims of domestic violence by providing public services and virtual platforms such as TuCaipiEnCasa.
The digital voucher under Plan Panama Solidario has increased payments from $80 to $100 to $120. The program is for people registered in the cultural and creative industries.
In late September, an executive decree established an extension on general tax amnesty in order to aid those who are struggling to make payments.
Jobless migrant populations were stranded at the borders due to the domestic sector being adversely affected by the pandemic. However, the Vice President of Security has affirmed that Panama is providing housing, food, and health support to migrants.
In January of 2021, Panama reopened land borders which triggered a surge of migrants traveling through the dense jungle along the Colombia-Panama border, many of which are trying to reach the United States. Many migrants are stranded indefinitely at camps.
Women have been disproportionately affected by unemployment during the pandemic. Overall, mothers have borne the greatest economic struggle. 63% of job positions in the hotel and restaurant business that were lost were occupied by women.
Indigenous communities have been especially vulnerable to COVID-19. The Guna communities rely on folk medicine, and they have prohibited the use of masks which has amplified the spread of the virus.
NGOs that cater to indigenous communities have created networks to identify cases of community spread as well as identify resources and volunteer opportunities.
Prisoners have been deprived of face-to-face meetings with their lawyers due to COVID-19 spread in the jails, but a Panamanian judge ruled this was a violation of their rights.
In February of 2021, a Panamanian National Assembly report revealed that government-funded foster care homes covered up years of psychological, physical and sexual abuse towards children by caretakers. Panamanian youth responded with protests.
The ‘Portobelo de Colores’ project which aims to connect tourists with local communities’ heritage and strengthen the Afro Identity Conservation Plan is meant to begin next May.

Summer/Fall 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

President Cortizo fired the Minister of Health in response to the uncontrollable rate of infection since an uptick in June.
Local politicians and government officials continue to defy quarantine and social distancing guidelines.
The Ministry of Health (MINSA) and Social Security Department (CSS) are under scrutiny for low levels of testing in communities and minimal numbers of contact tracers in the country.
The government continues to prioritize mega construction projects rather than redirecting investment to the healthcare sector and social assistance.
Early, strict curfews from the Office of the President were gradually relaxed before the country experienced their first peak, leading to increased community spread.
The provinces of Panama and West Panama prompted the launch of a scientific committee to study how COVID-19 has impacted the area.
Healthcare workers have denounced the current situation in which high hospitalization and ICU rates and the lack of resources strain their operations.
Panama is the first country in the region to successfully sequence the virus at the Gorgas Institute to trace its spread.
There are accusations of corruption and misspending in some government expenditures, including the construction of the Modular Hospital Albrook.
Despite $60 million spending on food assistance, Panamanians protest and demand the delivery of bolsas de comida and vouchers.
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has requested that Panama provide healthcare to stranded migrants in the country.
The Government of Panama is hiring ICU doctors to fill the void in the fight against rising COVID-19 rates in the country.

Growth and Innovation

After President Cortizo declared a national emergency, the government was slow in providing social assistance, which led to protests in late April.
About 40,000 small and medium enterprises are at risk of closure due to reduced demand in commerce, despite international aid from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
The Federation of Central American Chambers of Commerce estimates that 90% of small and medium enterprises in Panama has lost $917 million.
The Panama Canal has decreased to 25% flow through its channels since the beginning of the pandemic, signaling a decrease in economic activity.
As exports fall by 4% due to decrease in commerce and productivity, the Panamanian economy is contracting.
Economic contraction will affect approximately 250,000 to 300,000 jobs, which will generate an increase in the informal sector following the pandemic.
The $80 voucher—with plans to increase to $100—that beneficiaries receive as social assistance barely covers the basic canasta familiar. Estimates show that $240 is needed to meet those needs.
There has been collaboration between the private and public sector to reduce tariffs for telecommunication and electrical services to allow for fluid telework.
Critics within the government agree there is no long term plan to recover the economy and the government would have to depend on foreign direct investment despite restructuring their budget.
UNICEF estimates that the pandemic has affected 77% of Panamanians who have declared a total or partial loss of revenue.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Exclusionary, gender-based curfew that discriminates against non-binary individuals was reinstated in the provinces of Panama and West Panama.
The government recognizes that inadequate data burdens the fight to combat community spread among highly vulnerable indigenous and Afro-Panamanian populations.
NGOs that cater to indigenous communities have created networks to identify cases of community spread as well as identify resources and volunteer opportunities.
Children without access to the internet are able to continue their studies through programs transmitted via the radio.
Educators demand more bandwidth as only 4,000 out of 32,000 12th graders were able to access Ester, the online educational platform during the first weeks of school.
Panama is leading the way with educational continuity in the region with their Conectate con La Estrella program.
The Ministry of Culture has supported the sale of artisanally produced masks, which supports over 200 small entrepreneurs during the crisis.
With over 5,000 claims, the Ministry of Social Development supports child welfare and victims of domestic violence by providing public services and virtual platforms such as TuCaipiEnCasa.
Jobless migrant populations are stranded at the borders due to the domestic sector being adversely affected.
Panamanians continue to violate quarantine guidelines and could face jail time, fines or suspension of vouchers for breaching curfew.

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Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

La Prensa. (2021, September 14), En dos semanas Panamá ha recibido 1.1 millones de dosis contra la COVID-19. https://www.prensa.com/politica/organizaciones-de-la-sociedad-civil-protestan-contra-reformas-electorales-introducidas-en-la-asamblea/ La Prensa.

La Prensa. (2021, September 14). La ciudadanía protesta contra las reformas electorales introducidas en la Asamblea. https://www.prensa.com/politica/organizaciones-de-la-sociedad-civil-protestan-contra-reformas-electorales-introducidas-en-la-asamblea/ La Prensa.

La Prensa. (2021, September 16). En Panamá empieza a regir la clasificación de países de alto riesgo de transmisión de la COVID-19 https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/en-panama-empieza-a-regir-la-clasificacion-de-paises-de-alto-riesgo-de-transmision-de-la-covid-19/

González, J. (2021, October 6) Protesta cívica en rechazo a las reformas electorales. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/protesta-civica-en-rechazo-a-las-reformas-electorales/

EFE. (2021, September 8). El Parlamento de Panamá defiende su polémica gestión en las reformas electorales. Agencia EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/parlamento-de-panama-defiende-su-polemica-gestion-en-las-reformas-electorales/20000035-4625458

González, J. (2021, October 6). Diputados discuten el tercer bloque de las reformas electorales; continúan este jueves. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/diputados-discuten-el-tercer-bloque-de-las-reformas-electorales

González, J. (2021, October 4). PRD paga al Minsa la multa de $50 mil por infringir normas sanitarias. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/prd-paga-al-minsa-la-multa-de-50-mil-por-infringir-normas-sanitarias/

Becerra, L. (2021, September 15) Panameños protestan por cambios al proyecto para reformar la ley electoral. Bloomberg Línea https://www.bloomberglinea.com.mx/2021/09/15/panamenos-protestan-por-cambios-al-proyecto-para-reformar-la-ley-electoral/

The Rio Times. (2021, September 8). Panamá’s parliament criticized for changes to electoral reform bill. The Rio Times. https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/panamas-parliament-criticized-for-changes-to-electoral-reform-bill/

San Diego Union Tribune. (2021, September 23). Nueva protesta por reformas electorales en Panamá. San Diego Union Tribune. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2021-09-23/nueva-protesta-por-reformas-electorales-en-panama

TeleSur. (2021, October 28). Continúan protestas contra aumento del combustible en Panamá.TeleSur. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/panama-protestas-rechazo-aumento-precio-combustible-colon-20211028-0020.html

TeleSur. (2021, October 27). Panameños se movilizan contra el encarecimiento de los combustibles. TeleSur.https://www.telesurtv.net/news/panama-protestas-encarecimiento-combustibles-empleos-20211027-0023.html

Grinard, M. (2021, October 27). Varios aprehendidos en jornada de protestas en Colón. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/provincias/varios-aprehendidos-durante-protestas-en-colon/

France 24. (2021, October 21). Protestan en Panamá contra la corrupción y desigualdad social. France 24. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20211021-protestan-en-panam%C3%A1-contra-la-corrupci%C3%B3n-y-desigualdad-social

Monitor Civicus. (2021, October 31). Panama: thousands protest against electoral reform approved by the national assembly. Monitor Civicus. https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/2021/10/31/panama-thousands-protest-against-electoral-reform-approved-national-assembly/

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

García, L. (2021, October 4) El colegio de abogados de Panamá rechaza las publicaciones de los Papeles de Pandora. La Estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/211004/colegio-abogados-panama-rechaza-publicaciones-papeles-pandora

La Prensa. (2021, October 3) Panamá investigará las conductas de todos los implicados en los Pandora Papers. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/panama-investigara-las-conductas-de-todos-los-implicados-en-los-pandora-papers/

Aparicio, G. (2021, September 28). Panamá seguirá en la ‘lista negra’ de la UE, según el organismo el país no cumplió. La estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/210928/panama-seguira-lista-negra-ue-organismo-pais-cumplio

Panamá 24 horas. (2021, October 5) Presidente Cortizo Cohen sanciona ley que impulsa el agroturismo en Panamá, Panamá 24 horas. https://www.panama24horas.com.pa/panama/presidente-cortizo-cohen-sanciona-ley-que-impulsa-el-agroturismo-en-panama/

Panamá 24 horas. (2021, October 1) Presidente Cortizo Cohen: ‘ Hoy es un día de victoria para Panamá’ ; inicio de operación de la APA. Panamá 24 horas. https://www.panama24horas.com.pa/panama/presidente-cortizo-cohen-hoy-es-un-dia-de-victoria-para-panama-inicio-de-operacion-de-la-apa/

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. (2021, October 3) Offshore havens and hidden riches of world leaders and billionaires exposed in unprecedented leak, ICIJ. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/global-investigation-tax-havens-offshore/

The Guardian. (2021, October 3). Pandora Papers: biggest ever leak of offshore data exposes financial secrets of rich and powerful, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/oct/03/pandora-papers-biggest-ever-leak-of-offshore-data-exposes-financial-secrets-of-rich-and-powerful

Dasgupta, S. (2021, October 6) Panama Papers put one company out of business. The rich and powerful weren’t deterred. Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article254588272.html

Agyemang, E. (2021, October 5) From Panama to the Pandora papers: what’s changed in offshore tax. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/1fe7a5a1-7515-4226-8906-b9c1eaecc455

The Rio Times. (2021, September 18). Panama´s economy grew 10% in the first half of 2021. The Rio Times. https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/panamas-economy-grew-10-in-the-first-half-of-2021/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_Pw3yMPjYK3VppVdwRa1hVtiXKXOZVv3.owqmmLLJdlI-1634143344-0-gqNtZGzNAlCjcnBszQnR

EFE. (2021, September 17). La economía de Panamá creció un 10% en el primer semestre de 2021. Agencia EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/economia/la-economia-de-panama-crecio-un-10-en-el-primer-semestre-2021/20000011-4632170

Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas. (2021, September 16) PIB de Panamá creció 40.4% en el segundo trimestre de 2021. Républica de Panamá https://www.mef.gob.pa/2021/09/pibt-de-panama-crecio-40-4-en-el-segundo-trimestre-de-2021/

The Rio Times. (2021, September 30). Panama wants to reduce fuel imports and boost ethanol production. The Rio Times. https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/mercosur/central-america/panama-wants-to-reduce-fuel-imports-and-boost-ethanol-production/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_yUFp5b9t9tUMf2H5DYyRlz9E0S7XFhjvD0USzUUVOGY-1634418227-0-gqNtZGzNAnujcnBszQn9

Parraga, M. (2021, September 29). EXCLUSIVE Panama aims to end coal imports, produce ethanol to cut emissions. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/exclusive-panama-aims-end-coal-imports-produce-ethanol-cut-emissions-minister-2021-09-29/

Presidencia. (2021, November 2). Panamá firma la declaración de países carbono negativo y solicita un mayor esfuerzo global ante el cambio climático. Presidencia. https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Noticias/Panama-firma-la-Declaracion-de-Paises-Carbono-Negativo-y-solicita-un-mayor-esfuerzo-global-ante-el-cambio-climatico-

National Geographic (2021, November 2). COP26: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Panama Announce New Protections for “Ocean Highway.” National Geographic. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2021/11/02/cop26-colombia-costa-rica-ecuador-and-panama-announce-new-protections-for-ocean-highway/

Ferullo, G. (2021, October 30). Panama calls for global solidarity on climate. Agencia EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/panama-calls-for-global-solidarity-on-climate/50000262-4664236

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

UNPD Panamá. (2021, August 26). Mujer Exporta! Mujeres panameñas se abren paso a la exportación. UNPD. https://www.pa.undp.org/content/panama/es/home/presscenter/articles/imujer-exporta-.html

Market Watch. (2021, October 4) Panama to bury more migrant victims of the brutal Darien Gap. Market Watch https://www.marketwatch.com/story/panama-to-bury-more-migrant-victims-of-the-brutal-darien-gap-01633378673.

CBS News. (2021, October 5) Migrants makes dangerous trek to U.S. through Darien Gap between borders of Panama and Colombia. CBS. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/migrants-make-dangerous-trek-to-us-through-darien-gap-between-borders-of-panama-and-colombia/

Moreno, E. (2021, September 26) Thousand of mostly Haitian migrants traverse Panama on way to United States. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/thousands-mostly-haitian-migrants-traverse-panama-way-united-states-2021-09-26/

Turkemitz, J. Kitroeff, N. Villamil, S. (2021, October 2) ‘Tengo miedo’: migrantes atraviesan el Darién con desesperación y esperanza. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/10/02/espanol/migrantes-haitianos-darien.html

Voz de América. (2021, September 27) ¿De dónde vienen? Panamá experimenta cifra récord de migrantes de paso? Voz de América. https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/panama-experimenta-cifra-record-migrantes-/6246960.html

The San Diego Union Tribune. (2021, September 29) Panamá alerta de que más de 65 mil migrants pueden estar de camino a Estados Unidos. The San Diego Union Tribune. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/inmigracion/articulo/2021-09-29/panama-alerta-de-que-mas-de-65-mil-migrantes-pueden-estar-de-camino-a-estados-unidos

Financial Times. (2021, August 31) Panama champions female empowerment as it seeks to transform its image.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/ce94561d-c415-4341-a795-11511d25e5f2

Mouynes, E. (2021, April 6) Panama’s fight for a delayed right: women’s economic independence. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/panama-women-economic-independence-global-gender-gap-report-2021/

Martinez, K. (2021, October 24). More migrants report sex abuse crossing Panama’s Darien Gap. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/more-migrants-report-sex-abuse-crossing-panamas-darien-gap/2021/10/24/28a6dc0a-350e-11ec-9662-399cfa75efee_story.html

AFP (2021, October 21). Panamá, Costa Rica y Dominicana piden “medidas concretas” a EEUU para frenar migración irregular. Listin Diario. https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/2021/10/21/693275/panama-costa-rica-y-dominicana-piden-medidas-concretas-a-eeuu-para-frenar-migracion-irregular

Reuters. (2021, October 20). Panama, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic ask for U.S. help on migration. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-costa-rica-dominican-republic-ask-us-help-migration-2021-10-21/

González, E. (2021, October 21). Presidentes de Panamá, Costa Rica y República Dominicana piden acciones concretas sobre Haití y se refieren a situación de Nicaragua. CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/10/21/presidentes-panama-costa-rica-republica-dominicana-acciones-concretas-haiti-nicaragua-orix/

Hola News. (2021, October 16). Defensa personal: cómo empoderar a mujeres víctimas de violencia en Panamá. Hola News. https://holanews.com/defensa-personal-como-empoderar-a-mujeres-victimas-de-violencia-en-panama/

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Beluche, O. (n.d.). ¿Por qué la pandemia está incontrolable en Panamá? Portal Alba. http://www.portalalba.org/index.php/articulos/politica-democracia/oligarquia/23810-por-que-la-pandemia-esta-incontrolable-en-panama

Bustamante, A. (2021, January 28). Panamá desmejora en el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción 2020. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/politica/panama-desmejora-en-el-indice-de-percepcion-de-la-corrupcion-2020/.

Cardenas P, H. (2020, June 23). Enfermeras denuncian situaciones adversas para enfrentar el virus; advierten la escasez de equipos. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/enfermeras-denuncian-situaciones-adversas-para-enfrentar-el-virus-advierten-la-escasez-de-equipos/

————. (2020, November 28). Organizaciones civiles protestan frente a la Contraloría contra la corrupción. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/politica/organizaciones-civiles-protestan-frente-a-la-contraloria-contra-la-corrupcion/.

Coriat, A. (2020, June 24). CSS, entre la inacción y la escasez. La Estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/200624/css-inaccion-escasez

Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (2020, July 31). Resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de adopción de Medidas Provisionales en el Caso Vélez Loor Vs. Panamá. 2. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/comunicados/cp_68_2020.pdf

Direccion General de Contrataciones Públicas. (2020). Compras Mesa COVID-19. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.panamacompra.gob.pa/Inicio/#!/busquedaAvanzada?BusquedaTipos=True&IdTipoBusqueda=51&Inicio=0&entidad=%7B%22nom%22:%22Ministerio%20De%20La%20Presidencia%22,%22id%22:1845262,%22rut%22:%221-NT-1-8888%22%7D&title=Compras%20Mesa%20COVID-19

Efe. (2020, June 24). Presidente de Panamá cesa a la ministra de Salud. Panorama. https://www.panorama.com.ve/mundo/Presidente-de-Panama-cesa-a-la-ministra-de-Salud—20200624-0075.html

Jaramillo, O.H. (2020, October 8). Covid-19: año cerraría con 2 mil muertes más en Panamá. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/covid-19-ano-cerraria-con-2-mil-muertes-mas/

Ministerio de la Presidencia. (2020, March 20). Plan Panamá Solidario arrancará la próxima semana. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Noticias/Plan-Panama-Solidario-arrancara-la-proxima-semana

Ministerio de Salud de la Republica de Panama. (n.d.). Casos COVID-19 Panamá. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://geosocial.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/2c6e932c690d467b85375af52b614472

Pinilla, J. (2021, March 19). Cortizo sanciona la ley que crea el Sistema de Telesalud en Panamá. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/cortizo-sanciona-la-ley-que-crea-el-sistema-de-telesalud-en-panama/.

————. (2020, September 28). Diputados no admiten dos denuncias presentadas contra el presidente Cortizo. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/diputados-no-admiten-dos-denuncias-presentadas-contra-el-presidente-laurentino-cortizo/
República de Panamá. (n.d.). Decretos y Resoluciones CODES. http://www.minsa.gob.pa/contenido/decretos-y-resoluciones-codes

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Castillo, D. (2020, September 24). Se instalará clínica Post COVID en la policlínica Dr. Santiago Barraza. El Siglo. http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/instalara-clinica-post-covid-policlinica-santiago-barraza/24164735

Hernández, A. E. (2021, April 30). Crece la venta de viviendas y aumenta la disponibilidad de locales comerciales. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/economia/crece-la-venta-de-viviendas-y-aumenta-la-disponibilidad-de-locales-comerciales/.

Hernández, V. A. (2021, March 21). Recuperación en turismo y viajes aéreos sería lenta. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/recuperacion-en-turismo-y-viajes-aereos-seria-lenta/.

Jiménez, R. G. (2021, March 2). Histórica caída deja el PIB en nivel previo a 2015. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/economia/historica-caida-deja-el-pib-en-nivel-previo-a-2015/.

MiDIARIO. (2020, September 24). El Canal de Panamá ofrece su calado máximo por primera vez en 20 meses. https://www.midiario.com/nacionales/el-canal-de-panama-ofrece-su-calado-maximo-por-primera-vez-en-20-meses/

Navarro, S. (2020, September 23). Validan plan post covid -19 para reactivar el Casco Antiguo. MiDIARIO. https://www.midiario.com/nacionales/validan-plan-post-covid-19-para-reactivar-el-casco-antiguo/

Panamá Solidario (n.d.). Entregas a Beneficiarios. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOGUwODRjMjUtOTg0MC00MjE0LWI3OWItY2I4NjA2ZjIxZTRmIiwidCI6ImYwODRmODMxLWJjODYtNGYwNS04OWM0LTk0YmU1MDUyZTU1NSIsImMiOjF9

La Prensa. (2020, September 28). Gobierno pone en marcha la estrategia Turismo, Conservación e Investigación (TCI). https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/gobierno-pone-en-marcha-la-estrategia-turismo-conservacion-e-investigacion-tci/

————. (2021, April 29). Cortizo sanciona ley que promoverá la recuperación y sostenibilidad de empresas. https://www.prensa.com/economia/cortizo-sanciona-ley-que-promovera-la-recuperacion-y-sostenibilidad-de-empresas/.

Reuters. (2021, February 7). Panama says buying vaccines for more than 80% of its population. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-panama-idUSKBN2A805J.

————. (2020, September 23). Panama says to resume international flights in October. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-panama/panama-says-to-resume-international-flights-in-october-idUSE1N2GF008

Reyes, G. (2021, March 19). Este lunes el aeropuerto de Tocumen recibirá las propuestas para la realización de pruebas Covid-19; hay seis empresas interesadas. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/economia/este-lunes-el-aeropuerto-de-tocumen-recibira-las-propuestas-para-la-realizacion-de-pruebas-covid-19-hay-seis-empresas-interesadas/.

El Siglo. (2020, October 30). Panamá se apoya en el sector privado para combatir la pandemia. http://elsiglo.com.pa/economia/panama-apoya-sector-privado-para-combatir-pandemia/24166979

The Tico Times. (2020, September 22). Panama says it will enable ‘abandoned’ hospital for Covid-19. https://ticotimes.net/2020/09/22/panama-says-it-will-enable-abandoned-hospital-for-covid-19

Vega Loo, M. (2021, March 22). En Panamá se han aplicado 310,108 dosis de la vacuna contra la Covid-19. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/en-panama-se-han-aplicado-310108-dosis-de-la-vacuna-contra-la-covid-19/.

————. (2020, October 8). Cines, teatros, casinos y piscinas, entre las actividades avaladas a partir del 12 de octubre; las playas seguirán cerradas. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/minsa-publico-decreto-que-reglamenta-reapertura-de-cines-hoteles-y-piscinas-este-12-de-octubre/
Wilfredo, J. (2020, October 7). $30 millones en gastos adicionales generó la pandemia en el Canal. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/30-millones-en-gastos-adicionales-genero-la-pandemia-en-el-canal/

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Campos, O. R. (2021, March 20). Jueza concluye que se violaron derechos de privados de libertad. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/jueza-concluye-que-se-violaron-derechos-de-privados-de-libertad/.

Coonapip Panamá. (2020, May 10). “Un Nuevo Dia”…Testimonio de un hermano Bugle y el coronavirus [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmCdK4xrYA&feature=emb_title&ab_channel=CoonapipPanam%C3%A1

France-Presse, A. (2021, May 2). Las madres han cargado con el peso de la pandemia, FMI. https://www.prensa.com/impresa/economia/las-madres-han-cargado-con-el-peso-de-la-pandemia-fmi/.

Human Rights Watch. (2020, May 18). Panamá: El gobierno adopta medida para terminar con la discriminación durante cuarentena por género [Press Release]. https://www.hrw.org/es/news/2020/05/18/panama-el-gobierno-adopta-medida-para-terminar-con-la-discriminacion-durante

Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. (2020, June). Guía de orientación para mujeres que están sufriendo violencia. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.mides.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Gu%C3%ADa-de-orientaci%C3%B3n-para-mujeres-que-est%C3%A1n-sufriendo-Violencia.pdf

Mondaq. (2020, September 7). Panama: New Tax Amnesty in Panama. https://www.mondaq.com/franchising/982726/new-tax-amnesty-in-panama

República de Panamá. (2020, June 12). Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y FAO apoyan a familias productoras de la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé. https://www.mides.gob.pa/ministerio-de-desarrollo-social-y-fao-apoyan-a-familias-productoras-de-la-comarca-ngabe-bugle/

Rodriguez, V. (2020, September 24). Denuncian que médicos han acosado sexualmente al personal femenino. El Siglo. http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/denuncian-medicos-acosado-sexualmente-personal-femenino/24164681

SERTV. (2020, May 12). Conéctate con la estrella [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8QeCSyxs5E&feature=emb_rel_end

El Siglo. (2020, October 26). Gunas prohíben uso de mascarilla y utilizarán medicina dule para la covid-19. http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/gunas-prohiben-mascarilla-utilizaran-medicina-dule-para-covid-19/24166721

————. (2021, April 17). Portobelo se pintará de colores y exaltará la cultura afro. http://elsiglo.com.pa/economia/portobelo-pintara-colores-exaltara-cultura-afro/24176357.

Summers, H. (2020, September 30). Panama’s trans community failed by gendered lockdown measures – report. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/30/panamas-trans-community-failed-by-gendered-lockdown-measures-report

The Threefold Advocate. (2021, March 23). Decades of Abuse Toward Children in Foster Care Homes in Panama Exposed. http://advocate.jbu.edu/2021/03/23/decades-of-abuse-toward-children-in-foster-care-homes-in-panama-exposed/.

United Nations Women. (2020, June 15). Panama impacto de la pandemia covid19 en las mujeres. https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20americas/documentos/publicaciones/2020/05/06/panama%20impacto%20de%20la%20pandemia%20covid19%20en%20las%20mujeres%20final.pdf?la=es&vs=4024

Vega Loo, M. (2020, September 21). Presidente Cortizo anuncia nueva transferencia al ‘Vale Digital’; beneficiaría a 415 mil 143 panameños. La Prensa. https://www.prensa.com/politica/cortizo-anuncia-nueva-transferencia-al-vale-digital-beneficiaria-a-415-mil-143-panamenos/
————. (2021, February 10). Pleno aprueba en segundo debate proyecto de ley No. 314; salud mental deberá ser evaluada y certificada por un psiquiatra. La Prensa.https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/pleno-aprueba-en-segundo-debate-proyecto-no-314-salud-mental-sera-evaluada-y-certificada-por-un-psiquiatra/.

Governance and the Rule of Law Summer/Fall 2020

Cardenas P, H. (2020, June 23). Enfermeras denuncian situaciones adversas para enfrentar el virus; advierten la escasez de equipos. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/enfermeras-denuncian-situaciones-adversas-para-enfrentar-el-virus-advierten-la-escasez-de-equipos/

Cardenas P, H. (2020, July 2). Minsa instala centro de trazabilidad de Covid-19 en Panamá Oeste. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/minsa-instala-centro-de-trazabilidad-de-covid-19-en-panama-oeste/

Cardenas P, H. (2020, July 4). Pandemia está en su fase más avanzada en Panamá y el pronóstico es comprometedor, plantea Consejo Consultivo de Salud. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/pandemia-esta-en-su-fase-mas-avanzada-en-panama-y-el-pronostico-es-comprometedor-plantea-consejo-consultivo-de-salud/

Comité Científico C4RO. (2020, June 25). Lanzamiento oficial del Comité Científico Contra COVID-19 en Región Occidental de Panamá—C4RO [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-7ixXG4Poc&feature=youtu.be

Coriat, A. (2020, June 24). CSS, entre la inacción y la escasez. La Estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/200624/css-inaccion-escasez

Efe. (2020, June 24). Presidente de Panamá cesa a la ministra de Salud. Panorama. https://www.panorama.com.ve/mundo/Presidente-de-Panama-cesa-a-la-ministra-de-Salud—20200624-0075.html

Georgetown Latin American Leadership Program. (2020, July 2). Best Practices and Experiences in Latin America During the COVID 19 Crisis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhOS83-mSl4&feature=emb_logo

Gobierno de Panama. (2020, July 1). #PanamáSolidario El Documental [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=BZ78b2cmiOg&feature=emb_logo

Ministerio de Salud de la Republica de Panama. (n.d.). Casos COVID-19 Panamá. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. Retrieved July 12, 2020, from https://geosocial.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/2c6e932c690d467b85375af52b614472

Ministerio de Salud de la República de Panamá. (n.d.). Decretos y Resoluciones CODES. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. http://www.minsa.gob.pa/contenido/decretos-y-resoluciones-codes

Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). OPS/OMS Panamá—Casos de Covid-19 Por Semanas Epidemiológicas y Corregimientos de Panamá. https://www.paho.org/pan/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1373:casos-de-covid-19-por-semanas-epidemiologicas-y-corregimientos-de-panama&Itemid=442https://www.paho.org/pan/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1373:casos-de-covid-19-por-semanas-epidemiologicas-y-corregimientos-de-panama&Itemid=442
Vega Loo, M. (2020, June 7). Toque de queda para todos los fines de semana de junio: Desde las 5:00 p.m. del sábado hasta las 5:00 a.m. del lunes. La Prensa Panamá. https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/toque-de-queda-para-todos-los-fines-de-semana-de-junio-desde-las-500-pm-del-sabado-a-las-500-am-del-lunes/

Growth and Innovation Summer/Fall 2020

Autoridad Nacional de los Servicios Públicos. (n.d.). Anuncian reducción en tarifa eléctrica por COVID-19. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.asep.gob.pa/?p=194919

Autoridad Nacional de los Servicios Públicos. (n.d.). Teletrabajo con mayor capacidad gracias a medida de ASEP. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.asep.gob.pa/?p=194913

Inter-American Development Bank. (2020, June 2). Panama will expand access to productive financing for MSMEs in light of COVID-19 [Press Release]. https://www.iadb.org/en/news/panama-will-expand-access-productive-financing-msmes-light-covid-19

La Prensa. (2020, May 29). Café con La Prensa: El Canal de Panamá hoy y después del Covid-19 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YKqR6ok-_w&feature=youtu.be

Ministerio de Educación. (2020, May 18). Meduca y medios de comunicación sellan alianza para impartir clases por televisión y radio a través de ‘Conéctate con la estrella’. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. http://www.meduca.gob.pa/node/3491

Ministerio de la Presidencia. (2020). Que crea el Plan Panamá Solidario. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28995_A/78115.pdf

Ministerio de Salud. (2020, March 18). Panamá lidera investigación regional sobre el COVID-19 [Press Release]. http://www.minsa.gob.pa/noticia/panama-lidera-investigacion-regional-sobre-el-covid-19

Panama Solidario (n.d.). Entregas a Beneficiarios. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. Retrieved July 12, 2020, from https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOGUwODRjMjUtOTg0MC00MjE0LWI3OWItY2I4NjA2ZjIxZTRmIiwidCI6ImYwODRmODMxLWJjODYtNGYwNS04OWM0LTk0YmU1MDUyZTU1NSIsImMiOjF9

Rodriguez P, M. (2020, June 22). Panamá recibe sello de viaje seguro; viajes comerciales retornarían el 22 de julio. La Estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/200622/panama-recibe-sello-viaje-seguro-consejo-mundial-viajes-turismo

Rodriguez P, M. (2020, July 04). Plan de reactivación económica: ¿estímulo temporal o salida a la crisis? La Estrella de Panamá. https://www.laestrella.com.pa/economia/200704/plan-reactivacion-economica-estimulo-temporal

United Nations Development Program in Panamá. (2020, June 05). Análisis socioeconómico del Impacto del COVID-19 en Panamá. https://www.pa.undp.org/content/panama/es/home/library/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/analisis-socioeconomico-del-impacto-del-covid-19-en-panama.html
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2020, June 19). Egypt, Slovenia, Ukraine and other major destinations get the WTTC Safe Travels stamp for safety protocols.https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Press%20Releases/Egypt%20Slovenia%20Ukraine%20and%20other%20major%20destinations%20get%20the%20WTTC%20Safe%20Travels%20stamp.pdf?ver=2020-06-20-090850-253

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer/Fall 2020

Coonapip Panamá. (2020, April 26). Campaña de prevención. Idioma Wounaan [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pOr7_nHHcI

Coonapip Panamá. (2020, May 10). “Un Nuevo Dia”…Testimonio de un hermano Bugle y el coronavirus [Video]. YouTube. https://www.coonapippanama.org/testimonio-de-un-hermano-bugle-y-el-coronavirus/

Coordinadora Nacional de Organizaciones Negras Panameñas. (2020, May 19). Foro Virtual del COVID-19 en nuestras poblaciones Afrodescendientes. [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=1105928926447470

Human Rights Watch. (2020, July 13). Panama: New Trans Discrimination Cases Under Covid-19 Measures [Press Release]. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/13/panama-new-trans-discrimination-cases-under-covid-19-measures

Ministerio de Cultura de Panamá. (2020, May 19). Museos como Agentes de Educación e Inclusión en Tiempos de Emergencia Social [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=621&v=58RIbq6SgKE&feature=emb_logo

Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. (2020, June). Informe: Primer Año de Gestión. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional.

https://www.mides.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Informe-Primer-A%C3%B1o-de-Gestion.pdf

Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. (2020, June 12). Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y FAO apoyan a familias productoras de la Comarca Ngäbe Buglé. República de Panamá – Gobierno Nacional. https://www.mides.gob.pa/ministerio-de-desarrollo-social-y-fao-apoyan-a-familias-productoras-de-la-comarca-ngabe-bugle/

Rainforest Foundation. (n.d.). COVID-19 Panama GIS Map -Protecting the Rainforest. Retrieved April 29, 2020 from https://rainforestfoundation.org/covid-panama-gis-map/

Rainforest Foundation US. (2020, May 8). Voces de los pueblos: Respuesta COVID-19 en el Darién, Panamá -Protecting the Rainforest. https://rainforestfoundation.org/voces-de-los-pueblos-respuesta-covid-19-en-el-darien-panama/

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Rordriguez, Y. (2020, June 8). Artesanos registran ventas superiores a 150 mil balboas por mascarillas artesanales Covid-19. Ministerio de Cultura de Panamá. https://micultura.gob.pa/artesanos-registran-ventas-superiores-a-150-mil-balboas-por-mascarillas-artesanales-covid-19/

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