Fall 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

• Over 150 Honduran migrants were vaccinated in Tapachula, Mexico, on September 8th. The first lady, Ana García, visited to see how she could help the Honduran population.
• In addition, UNICEF has provided over 3,100 high filtration masks to health workers to support the vaccination campaigns that have been occurring nationally.
• Presidential candidate Rodrigues Orellana was arrested as authorities have linked him to crimes related to drug trafficking and money laundering. This happens weeks before Honduras holds presidential elections which puts into question the legitimacy of every presidential candidate that all run in order to represent their country but have a crime-filled past.
• Members of Congress linked to corruption and impunity have been accused of using the State’s resources to seek reelection. This is mainly due to Congress being a refuge from criminal persecution, as the members have no trials once in Congress and cannot be charged with any actions done before or during their position. 
• The mayor of Tegucigalpa, Nasry Asfura, vice president Ricardo Álvarez, and Porfirio Lobo was pointed at in an investigation for hiding money in the Pandora Papers case. This case indicates the intersection of the political powers and financial transactions that were done offshore through secret deals and hidden assets.
• Nonetheless, many of the Honduran population has not received their second dose of the vaccine. 2,896,759 people have received the first dose while only 1,629,931 people have received the double dose. 
• However, approximately 36% of the population is completely vaccinated with both doses. 
• President Juan Orlando Hernández has requested a reform mainly directed to WHO, as there is an inequity in the distribution of vaccines to developing countries. The president claimed that the most powerful countries have monopolized vaccines as governments attempted to request vaccines and could not do so. 

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Growth and Innovation

• The government of Honduras and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has shown commitment to promoting climate-smart agriculture. The agricultural sector has been very vulnerable to climate change induced natural disasters. Therefore, a lot of climate finance has to be directed towards small-scale farmers.
• Due to the pandemic and the climate crisis of Eta and Iota, the Hernandez administration approved decrees related to agriculture and assuring economic prosperity for farmers.  Since then, BANHPROVI has been a program that will capitalize on private banking and reactivate the agroindustrial sector through “Agri credit,” agricultural credit.
• Honduras and the entire Central American region have had various natural disasters linked to climate change; more than 937,000 Hondurans were internally displaced in 2020. Therefore, these Central American countries have been disproportionately impacted by and in COP26 have taken a larger role. Yet, Honduras, along with other Northern Central America countries depend greatly on the political will of COP26 as the IRC called for efforts to prioritize these countries.
• Hence, developing nations in COP26 have urged more economically developed countries to fund climate goals and live up to their financial commitments. The Honduran president Juan Hernandez, mentioned that 67 of the 82 natural disasters were induced by climate change, leading to economic loss, human loss, pollution, and displacement. 
• Honduras has presented a much more committed National Determined Contribution (NDC) in COP26. The country will aim to mitigate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 16%, reduce firewood consumption by 39%, and restore 1.3 million hectares of forests. The country has increased its ambition to mitigate the effects of climate change.
• The pandemic has continued to restrict the reopening of the city, leading to economic downfalls. So far, businesses are allowed at 50% capacity; however, nightclubs, bars, and conventions are prohibited from fully opening.
• The president plans to create a program “Vida Mejor” to attend to the families that have been most affected by the storms, close to 300 families. These are mainly families that are agricultural landowners, have had extreme devastation of their land, and are currently in a sensitive situation to rebuild their source of food and income. 
• In the innovation sphere, Honduras needs to empower more women economically as most of the female population work in the informal sector; hence, they are the most affected by the pandemic. 
• Over 3.9 million Hondurans are in a situation of food insecurity due to COVID-19 and the tropical storms Eta and Iota, mainly caused by the majority of workers in the informal sector becoming unemployed and no longer able to sustain themselves.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

• 5 out of 10 women of lower-income have left their jobs due to the fact that the majority of the work done by women was in the informal industries or jobs that due to the pandemic were easily lost such as service-related work.
• The indigenous groups, Wampusirpo, have denounced that they are victims of a violent eviction coming directly from the state. The groups are outraged from this not only because of their land being taken away, but also due to the lack of support and attention they have received during the pandemic. Isolating indigenous groups have had trouble gaining access to proper COVID-19 care from health officials.  
• Six hundred million Lempiras (Honduran currency) have been used to reactivate agricultural business to build solidarity and benefit more than 176,000 producers at a national level. 
• 1.9 million students are not receiving an education this year, not even virtually, and these are mainly students in public schooling. Firstly, there is a lack of funding for schools to go to a remote setting due to the economic situations that the families have, worsened by the pandemic that has led to high unemployment for many low-income families.  Since then, the lack of enforcement from the government to supply education to children led to many school dropouts as other situations emerged, such as low-income families, and unemployment that led to high student absences in school.  
• Attempts to give indigenous women more autonomy and spread community feminism have been brought to attention as 3 of every 100 people that possess land illegally are women. For example, agrarian reform gives priority and land rights to the oldest man in the family, disregarding women. 
• After Tony Hernández, the brother of Honduras president Juan Orlando Hernández was sentenced to prison over drug trafficking, there has been mass migration from Honduras to the United States. The indication of the lack of representative democracy and the corruption of drugs being so prominent in Honduras, has led many to question their safety in the country, and the ability of the government to take care of it’s people, especially in a time of pandemic. 
• Drug trafficking has replaced the land that was used for agricultural purposes. The violence that stems from drug trafficking that led to migration from Honduras, and the close linkage of Tony Hernández to the Honduran government puts in question the legitimacy of the government. 
• Over 2,000 people have started a trek through Tapachula, Mexico, most of them from Honduras and El Salvador. Many have been crossing the border in hopes for refugee and asylum purposes so that they are able to travel and leave the country. The process for receiving any type of visa is long and tedious and some wait over two months in order to receive any form of approval to travel.

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Spring 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

• April was the second most lethal month in Honduras after a record high rate of cotagion in July of 2020. The spike in contagions and death occurrence have been related to the relaxation of safety measures during Easter. For Mother’s Day celebrations, the Health Secretary of Honduras (SESAL) requested maximum precautions.
• Meanwhile, vaccination advances slowly in 2021. Honduras, as the great majority of the developing world, confronts deep and entrenched global inequalities in vaccines distribution. The Ample Program of Immunizations (PAI) began thanks to the donation of 5,000 vaccines by Israel in February.
• With the arrival in March of 48,000 doses allocated through the COVAX partnership initiative, Honduras was able to give some continuity to its vaccination program scheme during March. In May, a more generous number of vaccines was promised to be delivered, and between June and July, Pfizer vaccines would be supplied by COVAX.
• The government announced a purchase of 4,2 million doses of Sputnik V. After an unresolved incident in mid-March, when Mexico seized a private flight to the Central American country carrying falsified Sputnik V vaccines, 6.000 doses arrived to Honduras in mid-April.
• The pandemic has forced political parties to collaborate despite tensions caused by increasing cases of corruption and allegations of drug trafficking involving the president of the country and other prominent politicians. Within this climate, Hondurans have been called to the polls to elect new members of government in November 2021.
• On November 28, three presidential candidates from the main political parties will compete for the executive office, as well as thousands of others scheduled to compete for over 80,000 government positions.

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Growth and Innovation

• The Honduran economy, one of the most dynamic of the subregion in the pre-crisis period and, still, one of the poorest in the Americas, proved to be extremely vulnerable to the COVID-19 crisis.
• High levels of informality (estimated above 70%), high integration in the international economy, and high debt levels (larger than the 40% of GDP recommended by financial institutions) deepened the country’s economic challenges in 2020. 
• However, the Central Bank of Honduras has estimated that the economy will bounce back in 2021, recovering 5.2 percentage points of growth out of a historic fall of 9 percent points given the combined effect of the pandemic and two hurricanes that hit the country last year.
• Remittances, which represent 22% of GDP and are an essential income source for some of the poorest households, are proving to be countercyclical, offsetting initial assumptions that forecasted cuts and downward variations in these international transfers. During 2020, remittances doubled, and during the first quarter of 2021, the transfers registered an increase of 29% compared with the same period of 2020. According to the President of the Central Bank, this trend is tied to the recovery of the U.S. economy. 
• The worst negative variation in economic activity, according to Honduras Central Bank, was registered in the hospitality service sector, which registered a fall of 49,6% in their activities when contrasted to the pre-pandemic year. The report, nonetheless, stated that a general – though slow – recovery is underway.
• In an effort to guarantee food security, the government established the program Solidary Honduras to provide essential food supplies to Honduran households. In April 2020, it also declared the national productive sector of food and food agribusiness a national priority. None of these measures have been updated in 2021 even when hunger continues to spread across the country, severely depriving vulnerable Hondurans access to the most basic intakes needed to survive.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

• With USAID funding, the Ministry of Education partnered with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to launch the program Te Queremos Estudiando en Casa, which channeled educational content through radio and television through 2020. Although the program impacted education performance positively at the national level, the effort was insufficient to reach the most vulnerable populations during 2020. The program was relaunched in 2021.
• Despite huge connectivity and technological gaps, the 2021 school year remains under a virtual modality. The government pledged to transition to a hybrid system at a SICA meeting and a piloting project is underway in 18 educational centers located in areas of low community transmission of the virus. 
• Widespread government mismanagement and corruption worsened the public health system’s scarcity of resources, adding immense hardship to the healthcare workers response and to the protection of the entire population. 
• Deeming the government response in the education and health sectors insufficient, healthcare workers and educators are joining forces to demand improvements and took to the streets in May.
• Given the pandemic and a particularly devastating hurricane season, many countries have sent humanitarian help to aid the Honduran people. El Salvador, Colombia, and Spain were among the first in doing so. In 2021, the consequences of the hurricanes are still being felt. 
• With the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Honduran government invested in direct social transfers of money to 260.000 Hondurans who were among the most vulnerable after the havoc brought by Eta and Iota.
• Civil society organizations within and outside of the country have denounced Honduras’ pandemic response throughout 2020, deeming it corrosive to democracy and attempting to offer citizens humanitarian relief. In 2021, The UN has expressed concern with the treatment received by Honduran journalists.
• Civil society organizations have made efforts to fight the pandemic in the most impoverished areas of the country. They have expressed concerns regarding violence against women, the deaths of journalists, overlooked indigenous and rural communities, hunger among the general population, and workers’ rights during the pandemic.
• In 2021, the NACLA Report on the Americas released a note denouncing the advance of American-based private companies in the Central American country that can further erode the socioeconomic situation and the fragile institutional setting of Honduras. 
• While the pandemic underscores the hardship in which most Hondurans live, many other causes are feeding extreme violence, exclusion, and other domestic crises. These causes combine to make emigration seem like the most suitable strategy for survival for many Hondurans, who have kept traveling north in caravans searching for a better future, deepening the probabilities of COVID-19 exposure.
• In Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States -most migrants’ desired destination country-, governments have responded with the police and military forces to deal with the migration crisis, posing increased dangers to migrants who are extremely vulnerable to contracting COVID-19.

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Summer/Fall 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

• The 2019 mobilizations and strikes against President Juan Orlando Hernandez, led primarily by teachers and doctors, highlighted a deficit in the healthcare and education system. 
• Widespread corruption has led to severe underfunding of the Honduran healthcare system, leaving it severely ill-prepared to confront the pandemic. 
• Healthcare workers are disproportionately more vulnerable to the virus as the country suffers from a lack of PPE and other protective equipment. 
• Corruption has also deteriorated Hondurans confidence in political leadership and institutions. 
• Food security remains a central issue for 1.6 million Hondurans, and every department is considered to be facing a food crisis. 
• Restrictions on press freedom and nationwide curfews have made it difficult for civil society to oversee allocation of the $420 million emergency plan passed on March 13. 
• In 2019, dengue infections were 13 times the number in 2018, exposing difficulties in managing previous pandemics. 
• Disruptions due to COVID-19 jeopardize Honduras’ ability to meet demands to manage an already heightened dengue outbreak.  
• Prolonged lockdowns and curfews have allowed organized criminal groups to exploit and strengthen their control over local communities. 
• The government has suspended fundamental constitutional rights, including the rights to freedom of expression, private property, freedom of circulation, and habeas corpus, allowing indefinite detention. 
• Over 47,000 people have been detained for violating the nationwide curfew, causing thousands of citizens to be subjected to unworthy treatment and placed at risk of security and contracting the virus. 
• 45 human rights defenders suffered attacks, harassment, or reprisals for their work during the crisis, and seven journalists were assaulted, detained, and/or had their equipment taken and camera footage deleted.

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Growth and Innovation

• Honduras will increase social spending and protect monetary and financial stability with a $76.2 million dollar loan from the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). 
• Government lockdown measures disproportionately affect the 70% of Hondurans who work in the informal economy. 
• Roughly 40% of Hondurans were already living in extreme poverty. This statistic is likely to worsen.
• Little to no economic safety nets for much of the population leave many unemployed Hondurans unable to afford necessities such as food and shelter. 
• The Temporary Labor Law allows companies to replace their existing workforce with temporary workers due to refusal to work without appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
• The Honduran economy is expected to contract by 5.8% in 2020, up from a projected 2.3% contraction in April.
• The increased cost of international money transfers could lead to a deterrence of sending remittances.
• Decreased remittance income, which represented 21% of 2019 gross domestic product (GDP), will magnify economic struggles for many dependent on this income. 
• Delayed income tax payments for employees of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (70% of the workforce) will alleviate some financial burden for SMEs.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

• The 2019 protests calling for the resignation of President Hernandez and against widespread corruption awakened consciousness among many in the public. 
• The government’s lockdown measures have suspended the legality of freedom of expression and assembly. 
• Medical professionals from large hospitals in Tegucigalpa protested the lack of PPE early in the pandemic. 
• Medical professionals are being overworked and 80% were experiencing “burnout” syndrome, eroding the quality of healthcare. 
• Over 410 protests have taken place throughout Honduras during the pandemic over a lack of food and water, which have often ended in violent clashes with police. 
• Levels of gender-based violence and femicides have increased during the period of quarantine, especially for women ages 15-39. 

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Select resources for Honduras:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

La Prensa Redacción. (2021, September 8). Migrantes hondureños son vacunados contra la covid-10 en México. La Prensa. https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1491472-410/migranteshondure%C3%B1ossonvacunadoscontralacovid-19enmexico 

UNICEF. Supply Division (2021, August 19). The Supply Community at the forefront of UNICEF’s humanitarian work. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/supply/stories/unicef-supply-community-forefront-humanitarian-work 

Cespad. (2021, September 8). La crisis social en Honduras y los caudales electorales. La Prensa. https://cespad.org.hn/2021/09/08/la-crisis-social-en-honduras-y-los-caudales-electorales/#_ftn5 

Cespad. (2021, September 28). Señalamientos de corrupción y enjuiciamientos definen a diputados que buscan reelección en Honduras. Cespad. https://cespad.org.hn/2021/09/28/senalamientos-de-corrupcion-y-enjuiciamientos-definen-a-diputados-que-buscan-reeleccion-en-honduras/ 

Cespad. (2021, August 17). El tríptico de la impunidad en Honduras. https://cespad.org.hn/2021/08/17/analisis-el-triptico-de-la-impunidad-en-honduras/ Cespad. 

El Comercio. (2021, October 3). Vicepresidente, exmandatario y alcalde envueltos en Pandora Papers en Honduras. El Comercio. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/centroamerica/pandora-papers-vicepresidente-exmandatario-y-alcalde-envueltos-en-papeles-de-pandora-en-honduras-icij-porfirio-lobo-nasry-asfura-ricardo-alvarez-noticia/ 
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. (2021, October 3), About the pandora papers. ICIJ. https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/about-pandora-papers-investigation/

France 24. (2021, November 4). Honduras presidential candidate arreested on murder, drug-trafficking charges,” France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211104-honduras-presidential-candidate-arrested-on-murder-drug-trafficking-charges 

Sandoval, E. (2021, November 4). Detienen a candidato presidencial de Honduras bajo acusaciones de delitos relacionados al narcotráfico. CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/11/04/detienen-candidato-rodriguez-orellana-honduras-orix/

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Us Embassy in Honduras. (2021, September 27). COVID-19 Information. https://hondudiario.com/nacionales/aproximadamente-5-de-cada-10-mujeres-dejaron-de-trabajar-durante-la-pandemia-bid/ 

Al Jazeera. (2021, October 3) Hundreds flee as fire ravages Hoonoduras island of Guanaja https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/3/hundreds-flee-as-fire-ravages-honduras-island-of-guanaja Al Jazeera. 

Presidencia de la República. (2021, August 18) Presidente Hernández y productores firman Acuerdo para una Vida Mejor del Sector Bananero. https://presidencia.gob.hn/press/blog-node/presidente-hern%C3%A1ndez-y-productores-firman-acuerdo-para-una-vida-mejor-del-sector-bananero 

ConfidencialHN. (2021, August 11). Casi 4 millones de personas en inseguridad alimentaria en Honduras, según la FAO. ConfidencialHN. https://confidencialhn.com/casi-4-millones-de-personas-en-inseguridad-alimentaria-en-honduras-segun-la-fao/ 

France 24. (2021, September 15). La inseguridad alimentaria casi se ha duplicado en Honduras por la pandemica: Naciones Unidas https://www.france24.com/es/programas/econom%C3%ADa/20210915-inseguridad-alimentaria-honduras-duplicado-onu France 24 Economía. 

Swissinfo. (2021, August 11). Casi 4 millones de personas en inseguridad alimentaria en Honduras, según FAO. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/honduras-alimentaci%C3%B3n_casi-4-millones-de-personas-en-inseguridad-alimentaria-en-honduras–seg%C3%BAn-fao/46860846 Swissinfo

Press Release. (2021, November 3). IRC calls on COP26 to prioritize more concerted effort to address climate change in Northern Central America. Rescue. https://www.rescue.org/press-release/irc-calls-cop26-prioritize-more-concerted-effort-address-climate-change-northern 

Wardany, S. (2021, November 1). COP26: Developing nations urge rich ones to fund climate goals. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/11/1/cop26-developing-nations-urge-rich-ones-to-fund-climate-goals 

Whittington, G. (2021, November 4). COP26 results in a new opportunity for smallholder farmers in Central America. Triple Pundit.  https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2021/cop26-smallholder-farmers/730816

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Criterio. (2021, August 2). Triste panorama educativo en Honduras: casi 2 millones de estudiantes no están en clases este año. Criterio. https://criterio.hn/triste-panorama-educativo-en-honduras-casi-2-millones-de-estudiantes-no-estan-en-clases-este-ano/ 

Cespad. (2021, September 5). Las mujeres indígenas y el feminismo comunitario. Cespad. https://cespad.org.hn/2021/09/05/las-mujeres-indigenas-y-el-feminismo-comunitario/ 

El Economista. (2021, August 12). Casi 4 millones de personas en inseguridad alimentaria en Honduras, según FAO. El Economista https://www.eleconomista.net/actualidad/Casi-4-millones-de-personas-en-inseguridad-alimentaria-en-Honduras-segun-FAO-20210812-0015.html 

Proceso Hn. (2021, September 29). Un 48% de estudiantes en Honduras no están recibiendo clases, según Colpedagogos. Proceso Digital https://proceso.hn/un-48-de-estudiantes-en-honduras-no-estan-recibiendo-clases-segun-colpedagogos/ 

Criterio Hn. (2021, August 16). Militares desalojan comunidades de la Mosquitia hondureña. Criterio Hn https://criterio.hn/militares-desalojan-comunidades-de-la-mosquitia-hondurena/ 

Hondudiario. (2021, August 13). Aproximadamente 5 de cada 10 mujeres dejaron de trabajar durante la pandemia: BID. Hondudiario Redacción. https://hondudiario.com/nacionales/aproximadamente-5-de-cada-10-mujeres-dejaron-de-trabajar-durante-la-pandemia-bid/ 

Goodman, Amy. González, Juan. (2021, September 22) Corruption and drug trade fueled Honduran migration to US. Truthout. https://truthout.org/video/corruption-and-drug-trade-fueled-honduran-migration-to-us/  

Gottesdiener, Laura. (2021, September 21). How a drug-trafficking mayor in Honduras fueled the U.S. migration crisis. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/honduras-crime-migration/ 

Pierce, Charles. (2021, September 22).  We’d rather not connect the situation at the Southern border to our own country’s appetite for drugs. Esquire. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a37695451/honduras-drug-trafficker-sends-migrants-north/ 

Ugarte, M. (2021, October 24) 2,000 migrants continue walkthrough southern Mexico. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/immigration-mexico-honduras-central-america-guatemala-c597133985608d016c95a62a04189beb 

Clemente, E. (2021, October 23). Over 2,000 migrants march out of southern cities in Mexico. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/mexico-honduras-caribbean-central-america-344c88fa1565671413de37d8d22f6b3c

Agencia EFE. (2021, April 16). Honduras recibe las primeras 6.000 dosis de la vacuna rusa Sputnik V. EFE. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/honduras-recibe-las-primeras-6-000-dosis-de-la-vacuna-rusa-sputnik-v/20000013-4514020.  

BBC News Mundo. (2020, October 14). Coronavirus en Honduras: la polémica compra de clínicas móviles para afrontar la pandemia (que han tardado meses en estar operativos). https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-54548236.  

Centro de estudio para la Democracia. (2020, June 22). Exigimos un alto a la brutalidad policial en contra de ciudadanos que sólo buscan alimento para sus familias. https://cespad.org.hn/2020/06/22/alerta-exigimos-un-alto-a-la-brutalidad-policial-en-contra-de-ciudadanos-que-solo-buscan-alimento-para-sus-familias/.

Consejo Nacional Electoral. (n.d). Elecciones primarias 2021. https://resultadosprimarias2021.cne.hn/.

Comisión Permanente de Contingencias (COPECO). (2020, December 25). Copeco mantiene Alerta Roja en 11 departamentos del país. Gobierno de Honduras. http://www.copeco.gob.hn/?q=copeco-mantiene-alerta-roja-en-11-departamentos-del-pa%C3%ADs. 

Forbes Staff. (2021, March 11). Honduras: A un año de la pandemia repunte de casos y vacunación lenta. Forbes Centroamérica. https://forbescentroamerica.com/2021/03/11/honduras-a-un-ano-de-la-pandemia-repunte-de-casos-y-vacunacion-lenta/

France 24. (2021, March 5). Honduras comprará 4,2 millones de vacunas Sputnik V a Rusia. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210305-honduras-comprar%C3%A1-4-2-millones-de-vacunas-sputnik-v-a-rusia.

————. (2021, March 18). México incauta supuestas vacunas Sputnik V con destino a Honduras. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210318-m%C3%A9xico-incauta-supuestas-vacunas-sputnik-v-con-destino-a-honduras.

Garcia, J. (2021, March 15). El triste panorama electoral de Honduras. El País (Spain). https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-03-16/el-triste-panorama-electoral-de-honduras.html.

González, M. (2021, March 24). Honduras company says seized vaccine was for employees. Stamford Advocate. https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Honduras-company-says-seized-vaccine-was-for-16048562.php.

El Heraldo Redacción. (2021, March 15). Lo que se sabe de los resultados de las elecciones primarias 2021. El Heraldo. https://www.elheraldo.hn/eleccioneshonduras2021/1449930-508/elecciones-honduras-2021-resultados-cne-elecciones.

————. (2021, March 18). Honduras se compromete a abrir las escuelas. El Heraldo. https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1450627-466/abrir-escuelas-compromiso-honduras-unicef-centroamerica-covid-2021.

Irías, A. (2020, March 13). Covid-19 llega a Honduras en medio de crisis sanitaria. Contra Corriente. https://contracorriente.red/2020/03/13/covid-19-llega-a-honduras-en-medio-de-crisis-sanitaria/.

Paz, J.C. (2021, March 30). CNE entrega resultados oficiales de elecciones primarias en Honduras. CNN en español. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/03/30/cne-entrega-resultados-oficiales-de-elecciones-primarias-en-honduras/.

La Prensa Redacción. (2021, February 25). Honduras da luz verde a vacuna Sputnik V; hoy llegan vacunas de Moderna. La Prensa. https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1445405-410/honduras-luz-verde-vacuna-sputnik-v-ma%C3%B1ana-llegan-vacunas-moderna.

Secretaría de Finanzas. (n.d.). Transparencia COVID-19. Gobierno de la República de Honduras. https://www.sefin.gob.hn/covid-19/.

UNICEF. Latin America and the Caribbean. (2021, March 16). Honduras receives first doses of COVID-19 vaccines through COVAX mechanism. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/lac/en/press-releases/honduras-receives-first-doses-covid-19-vaccines-through-covax-mechanism.Yanes, R. (2021, May 3). Abril se convirtió en el segundo mes más letal del covid-19 en Honduras. La Prensa. https://www.laprensa.hn/premium/1461363-539/covid-coronavirus-pandemia-abril-honduras.

Growth and Innovation References Spring 2021

Consejo Nacional de Inversiones (CNI). (2020, July 3). La reapertura inteligente, ordenada, gradual y progresiva, de los sectores económicos y sociales en Honduras. https://cni.hn/la-reapertura-inteligente-ordenada-gradual-y-progresiva-de-los-sectores-economicos-y-sociales-en-honduras/.

————. (2020, November 17). Comportamiento de la economía hondureña al I semestre de 2020 y tendencias a los meses de julio y agosto. CNI. https://cni.hn/comportamiento-de-la-economia-hondurena-al-i-semestre-de-2020-y-tendencias-a-los-meses-de-julio-y-agosto/.

EFE. (2020, December 15). La actividad económica de Honduras cae un 8.4% hasta octubre por la covid-19. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.net/economia/La-actividad-economica-de-Honduras-cae-un-8.4–hasta-octubre-por-la-covid-19-20201215-0018.html.

————. (2021, April 14). Las remesas enviadas a Honduras suben 29% pese al covid-19. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.net/economia/Las-remesas-enviadas-a-Honduras-suben-29–pese-al-covid-19-20210414-0021.html.

Jordan, M. (2020, 24 September). Even When They Lost Their Jobs, Immigrants Sent Money Home. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/24/us/coronavirus-immigrants-remittances.html

Mesa editorial. (2021, January 11). BCH: Honduras recibió 5.729 millones de dólares en remesas familiares en 2020. Dinerohn. http://dinero.hn/bch-honduras-recibio-5-729-millones-de-dolares-en-remesas-familiares-en-2020/.

Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (n.d.). Nota País, Honduras. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—americas/—ro-lima/—sro-san_jose/documents/publication/wcms_755523.pdf

Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). (n.d.). Cumbre Ministerial Virtual sobre Inclusión Social OECD-América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.oecd.org/latin-america/events/cumbre-ministerial-sobre-inclusion-social/2020-OCDE-LAC-Ministerial-Informalidad-y-la-protecci%C3%B3n-del-empleo-durante-y-despues-de-COVID-19.pdf.

Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. (n.d.). Honduras. https://www.hn.undp.org/content/honduras/es/home/coronavirus.html

Reuters. (2021, March 26). Banco Central Honduras prevé economía repunte hasta 5.2% en 2021 tras desplome por pandemia. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/economia-honduras-bcocentral-idLTAKBN2BI39I.

Secretaria de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social. (n.d.) Bono Único llegará a 260,000 trabajadores independientes y otros afectados por la pandemia. Gobierno de Honduras. http://www.sedis.gob.hn/node/6024. 

Secretario de Estado. (2020, March 28). Poder Ejecutivo, Decreto Ejecutivo Número PCM-025-2020. Diario Oficial de la República de Honduras La Gaceta, Sección A Acuerdos y Leyes, No. 35,212, Colonia Miraflores. http://www.consejosecretariosdeestado.gob.hn/content/creaci%C3%B3n-la-operaci%C3%B3n-honduras-solidaria

————. (2020, April 9). Poder Ejecutivo, Decreto Ejecutivo Número PCM-030-2020. Diario Oficial de la República de Honduras La Gaceta, Sección A Acuerdos y Leyes, No. 35,222, Colonia Miraflores. http://www.consejosecretariosdeestado.gob.hn/content/medidas-para-asegurar-la-soberan%C3%ADa-y-seguridad-alimentariaLa Tribuna. (2021, February 5). Las remesas familiares crecen 17.3 por ciento. SICA. https://www.sica.int/consulta/noticia.aspx?idn=126413&idm=1&ident=1461.

Social and Cultural Inclusion References Spring 2021

Daniels, J. P. (2020, December 19). Caribbean rainy season batters health care. World Report. The Lancet 396: 1955.

Delcid, M. (2020, November 9). El Salvador envía ayuda a Guatemala y Honduras para afectados por Eta. CNN en español. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2020/11/09/el-salvador-envia-ayuda-a-guatemala-y-honduras-para-afectados-por-eta/.

Deutsche Welle. (2020, September 16). Honduras: ONU condena violencia en manifestación social. https://www.dw.com/es/honduras-onu-condena-violencia-en-manifestaci%C3%B3n-social/a-54940397.

EFE. (2020, November 5). Dramáticas imágenes de los estragos de Eta en Honduras y Guatemala: Pobladores se resguardan de inundación en los techos de vivienda. Los Ángeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/espanol/internacional/articulo/2020-11-05/dramaticas-imagenes-de-los-estragos-de-eta-en-honduras-y-guatemala-pobladores-se-resguardan-de-inundacion-en-los-techos-de-viviendas.

Geglia, B. and Nuila, A.. (2021, February 15). A Private Government in Honduras Moves Forward. Nacla. https://nacla.org/news/2021/02/12/private-government-honduras-zede-prospera. 

El Heraldo. (2021, January 18). Secretaria de Educación lanza campaña “te queremos estudiando.” https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1436527-466/secretaria-educacion-lanza-campana-te-queremos-estudiando.

El Heraldo Redacción. (2021, March 18). Honduras se compromete a abrir las escuelas. El Heraldo. https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1450627-466/abrir-escuelas-compromiso-honduras-unicef-centroamerica-covid-2021.

M.A. (2020, October 13). Honduras y Guatemala con más brecha digital escolar. La Tribuna. https://www.latribuna.hn/2020/10/13/honduras-y-guatemala-con-mas-brecha-digital-escolar/.

Manzano, O. (2020, August 10). Especial: Indígenas de Honduras resisten al coronavirus con medicinas ancestrales. XINHUA Español. http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2020-08/10/c_139277767.htm. 

MG. (2021, May 3). La ONU pide más esfuerzos para proteger a los periodistas en Honduras. La Tribuna. https://www.latribuna.hn/2021/05/03/la-onu-pide-mas-esfuerzos-para-proteger-a-los-periodistas-en-honduras/.

PAHO. (2020, October 1). Acceso a la información para pueblos indígenas en tiempos de crisis. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/1-10-2020-acceso-informacion-para-pueblos-indigenas-tiempos-crisis.

PNUD Honduras. (2020, September 19). La Moskitia hondureña contra el COVID-19. https://www.hn.undp.org/content/honduras/es/home/stories/la-moskitia-hondurena-contra-el-covid-19-.html.

Ramirez Calderon, J. (2020). Observatorio de la Violencia reporta 45 muertes de mujeres durante el confinamiento. https://presencia.unah.edu.hn/noticias/observatorio-de-la-violencia-reporta-45-muertes-violentas-de-mujeres-en-el-periodo-de-confinamiento/ 

————. (2020, July 24). Especialista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas brindó la conferencia “Brecha Digital en Honduras”. https://presencia.unah.edu.hn/noticias/nuevo-articulo-166/.

Rosales, J. R. S. (2021, February 26). La prioridad de clases presenciales y la realidad en Honduras. La Tribuna. https://www.latribuna.hn/2021/02/26/la-prioridad-de-clases-presenciales-y-la-realidad-en-honduras/.

Sánchez Agüero, R. (2021, January 5). Darán clases presenciales en 18 centros educativos de Honduras. El Heraldo. https://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1433521-466/clases-presenciales-honduras-pandemia-pilotaje-covid.

Sandoval, Elvin. (2020, December 24). Damnificada de Iota: ¿Qué Navidad vamos a celebrar? CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/damnificados-iota-albergues-honduras-pkg-elvin-sandoval/.

Tiempo Digital. (2021, May 3). Empleados de Salud y Educación saldrán a protestar este miércoles: ¿qué exigen? Tiempo Digital. https://tiempo.hn/salud-educacion-protestar-este-miercoles/.

UNICEF. (2020, August 13). UNICEF destaca resultados positivos a través de la estrategia educativa “Te Queremos Estudiando en Casa”. https://www.unicef.org/honduras/comunicados-prensa/unicef-destaca-resultados-positivos-trav%C3%A9s-de-la-estrategia-educativa-te

————. (2020). Central America Hurricanes Eta and Iota. Reporting Period 2 – 9 December 2020, Situation Report No. 5. https://www.unicef.org/documents/unicef-central-america-humanitarian-situation-report-no-5-hurricanes-eta-and-iota-2-9.

————. (2020, December 21). Reporting Period 10 – 21 December 2020, Situation Report No. 6. https://www.unicef.org/documents/central-america-humanitarian-situation-report-hurricanes-eta-and-iota-21-december-2020. Vásquez, D. (2020, May-June). Honduras en el abismo. Nueva Sociedad, NUSO no. 287. https://nuso.org/articulo/honduras-en-el-abismo/.

Governance and the Rule of Law Resources Summer/Fall 2020

2019 Global Health Security Index Country Profile for Honduras. (2019, October 17). https://www.ghsindex.org/country/honduras/ 

Ávila, J., Cálix, M., & Mejía Raudales , L. G. (2020, July 18). Servir y proteger en tiempos de pandemia . Contra Corriente. https://contracorriente.red/2020/07/18/servir-y-proteger-en-tiempos-de-pandemia-%EF%BB%BF/.

Bu, A. (2020, July 15). Hospitales de Honduras encuentran en donaciones el bálsamo a la precariedad. Contra Corriente. https://contracorriente.red/2020/07/15/hospitales-de-honduras-encuentran-en-donaciones-el-balsamo-a-la-precariedad/.

Coronavirus lockdowns in Central America, exploited by criminal gangs | COVID-19 | UN News. (2020, May 15). https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1064172 

Corruption in Honduras, Association for a More Just Society. (2020, April 30). https://www.ajs-us.org/learn/corruption-in-honduras/ 

Diario Diez. (2020, August 2). Toque de queda en Honduras se sigue extendiendo y ahora hasta el 9 de agosto – Diez – Diario Deportivo. Diez. https://www.diez.hn/coronavirus/1398414-441/toque-de-queda-en-honduras-se-sigue-extendiendo-y-ahora-hasta-el.

Díaz, M. G. (2020, July 16). Coronavirus en Honduras: las imágenes que muestran la saturación de hospitales en el país por el covid-19. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-53424546.

Crisis de Derechos Humanos durante la pandemia COVID-19 (Rep.). (2020, March 26.). El Comité de Familiares Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras (COFADEH). https://crln.org/cofadeh-3-25-2020-espanol/

La Tribuna. (2020, July 17). Más de 1.6 millones de hondureños sufren inseguridad alimentaria por COVID-19. https://www.latribuna.hn/2020/07/02/mas-de-1-6-millones-de-hondurenos-sufren-inseguridad-alimentaria-por-covid-19/ 

Geglia, B. (2019, June 10). The Roots of the National Strike in Honduras: An Interview with Bayron Rodríguez Pineda. https://nacla.org/news/2019/06/10/roots-national-strike-honduras-interview-bayron-rodr%C3%ADguez-pineda 

Honduras: Análisis de inseguridad alimentaria aguda de la CIF actualización de análisis junio (Rep.). (July 2020). Clasificación Integrada de la Seguridad Alimentaria en Fases. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/An%C3%A1lisis%20de%20inseguridad%20alimentaria%20aguda%20de%20la%20CIF%20actualizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20an%C3%A1lisis%20junio%20-%20agosto%202020.pdf

Por Voz de América. (2020, July 8). Exigen a gobierno de Honduras investigar asesinato de dos periodistas. Voice of America. https://www.voanoticias.com/centroamerica/honduras-asesinato-dos-periodistas.

Powers, C., Santo, L., Moore, J., & Perez-Rocha, M. (n.d.). Hondurans Protest as Elites Attempt to Use Pandemic to Enrich Themselves. https://inequality.org/research/honduras-pandemic/ 

Semple, K. (2019, December 29). Climate Change and Political Chaos: A Deadly Mix in Honduras Dengue Epidemic. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/world/americas/honduras-dengue-epidemic.html 

Situación Epidemiológica de Dengue (Rep.). (n.d.). Tegucigalpa: Gobierno de la Republica de Honduras. doi: salud.gob.hn 

Spring, K., & Ancel, J. (2020, April 17). Corona Capitalism in Honduras. https://www.labornotes.org/2020/04/corona-capitalism-honduras 

Tosta, H. (2020, July 15). Coronavirus in Honduras: ‘This pandemic is going to starve us’. https://insight.wfp.org/coronavirus-in-honduras-this-pandemic-is-going-to-starve-us-fdec39be7cda Yánes, D., & Cálix, M. (2020, July 11). El hambre expulsa a más personas a las calles tras la pandemia. Contra Corriente. https://contracorriente.red/2020/07/10/el-hambre-expulsa-a-las-calles-por-la-pandemia/.

Growth and Innovation Resources Summer/Fall 2020

AFP, C. (2020, June 15). Drop in remittances affecting economies of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. https://ticotimes.net/2020/06/16/drop-in-remittances-affecting-economies-of-el-salvador-guatemala-and-honduras 

Gobierno de Honduras prolonga plazo para pago del ISR para mipymes. (2020, March 31). https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1368514-410/gobierno-honduras-impuestos-isr-mipymes-coronavirus 

Haugaard, L. (2020, April 22). Honduras: Repression in the Time of COVID-19. https://www.lawg.org/honduras-repression-in-the-time-of-covid-19-2/ 

Honduras IADB Project Search. (n.d.). https://www.iadb.org/en/projects-search?query%5Bcountry%5D=HO 

Honduras Tackles COVID-19 with IDB Support. (n.d.). https://menafn.com/1100469064/Honduras-tackles-COVID-19-with-IDB-support

Personal remittances received (% of GDP) – Honduras. (2019). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=HN. 

T. (2020). In Already Poor Honduras, COVID-19 Pushes Some Into Homelessness. https://news.trust.org/item/20200424232457-oyu8c 

World Bank. (2020, April 22). World Bank Predicts Sharpest Decline of Remittances in Recent History. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/world-bank-predicts-sharpest-decline-of-remittances-in-recent-history 

World Bank. (April 2020). The Economy in the Time of Covid-19. LAC Semiannual 

Report; Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33555 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Resources Summer/Fall 2020

Allas, M. (2020, April 13). Coronavirus: De manera urgente demandan dotación de equipo de bioseguridad y rendición de cuentas. http://defensoresenlinea.com/coronavirus-de-manera-urgente-demandan-dotacion-de-equipo-de-bioseguridad-y-rendicion-de-cuentas/ 

Cansancio está afectando a personal médico hondureño en pandemia de COVID-19. (2020, July 16). https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1394124-410/cansancio-afecta-honduras-medicos-pandemia-covid-19-virus-enfermeras-salud 

Copinh. (2020, April 04). MANIFIESTO PÚBLICO COVID-19 (# 3). https://copinh.org/2020/04/manifiesto-publico-covid-19-3/ 

Dávila, H. (2020, June 28). Honduras. 410 manifestaciones por falta de alimentos durante la suspensión de garantías. https://kaosenlared.net/honduras-410-manifestaciones-por-falta-de-alimentos-durante-la-suspension-de-garantias/ 

Hauggard, L. (2020, April 22). Honduras: Repression in the Time of COVID-19. https://www.lawg.org/honduras-repression-in-the-time-of-covid-19-2/ 

Honduras: Reprimen manifestantes que exigían comida en medio de crisis por coronavirus. (2020, May 21). https://notibomba.com/honduras-reprimen-manifestantes-que-exigian-comida-en-medio-de-crisis-por-coronavirus/ 

Márquez, N. M. (2020, April 08). Militares golpean a pobladores que protestaban por comida en Choloma. https://tiempo.hn/pmop-golpea-pobladores-que-protestaban-por-comida-en-choloma/ 

Ramirez Calderon, J. (2020). Observatorio de la Violencia reporta 45 muertes de mujeres durante el confinamiento. https://presencia.unah.edu.hn/noticias/observatorio-de-la-violencia-reporta-45-muertes-violentas-de-mujeres-en-el-periodo-de-confinamiento/ Women face greater danger during coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: MSF. (2019, March 04). https://www.msf.org/women-and-girls-face-greater-dangers-during-covid-19-pandemic