SPRING 2022

Governance and the Rule of Law

**Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires.**

“Balcón” by pablocba is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Argentina had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America. The country began their vaccination campaign in December 2020, and as of February 2022, 80% of the population has been fully vaccinated. Given the success of the vaccination campaign and the decrease in the total number of COVID-19 cases, the country had begun to relax their sanitary restrictions. Argentina has strengthened its commitment to vaccination through the production of Sputnik V vaccine doses and its selection by the Pan American Health Organization as one of two regional hubs to produce mRNA-based vaccines.

Detailed information on the progress of vaccination is published by the Ministry of Health on the government’s website. The Monitor Público de Vacunación, is updated daily and provides data on the total number of vaccines administered broken down by province, gender, group, and the number of first and second doses administered. To date, more than 93.5 million doses have been administered throughout the country with approximately 80% of the population fully vaccinated.
Argentina is currently administering the following 7 vaccines: Sputnik V, Covishield Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Convidecia, and Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech). The country has received more than 88.8 million doses total, acquired through deals made directly with the different laboratories, through mechanisms like COVAX, through donations from individual countries and some have even been produced within the country.
Argentina began administering booster doses by prioritizing healthcare workers and adults 70 years of age and older. Currently, 37.1% of the population has received a booster dose and everyone over the age of 12 is eligible to receive it.
Current sanitary measures for entry include proof of vaccination for Argentine nationals and foreigners alike, and a negative PCR test 72 hours prior to arrival only for those who are not fully vaccinated. It will be important to monitor how these requirements change now that the tourism season has come to an end.
Beginning in December, those over the age of 13 and have been fully inoculated will be required to present a digital health pass to be able to attend large events or those held in closed spaces. The hope is that restricted access to certain events will incentivize those who haven’t gotten vaccinated. The health pass will be available through the application Cuidar, and users will be able to process their digital health pass at least 14 days after completing their vaccination schedule.
During the legislative primary elections held on September 12th, the ruling coalition Frente de Todos only earned 31% of the support. Frente de Todos hoped to recover during the November 14 legislative elections, given that a total of 127 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 seats in the Senate were at stake. However, instead of recovering, the results marked the loss of the Peronist majority in the Senate for the first time since 1983. Frente de Todos only secured 34% of the national vote against the 42% won by the opposition.
Losing the legislative majority will largely impact the nature of Fernandez’s remaining 2 years in office and the long term future of his coalition, as it will require constant negotiations with the opposition coalition Juntos por el Cambio to pass legislation. Fernandez has already called for dialogue with the opposition emphasizing the importance of cooperation and attempts to find common ground.
President Alberto Fernandez has authorized the donation of more than one million doses of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines to Mozambique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Vietnam and Dominica. The Minister of Health Carla Vizzotti, has ensured that Argentina has enough doses to continue vaccination and guarantee thirds doses to its population through the end of 2022. Therefore, the country will continue evaluating their supply of vaccines in order to continue donating to other countries. They have already initiated communication with Barbados, Nicaragua, Angola, Kenia and the Philippeans, who have expressed interest in receiving doses.
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) selected Argentina and Brazil as hubs for the production and development of mRNA-based vaccines. In Argentina, the Sinergium Biotech biopharmaceutical company will work along with pharmaceutical mAbxience to develop and manufacture vaccine ingredients to produce COVID-19 vaccines and aid in the development of vaccines for future infectious diseases.
The Argentine pharmaceutical company Laboratorios Richmond has produced more than 10 million doses of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine. Although the Sputnik V vaccine has been administered in the country since the start of the vaccination campaign in December 2020, it has not been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is still waiting to be approved by the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Growth and Innovation

**An Argentine butcher shop.**

“11 buenos aires” by Simone Anderegg is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. The government and central bank have implemented several measures to aid the economy, including efforts to renegotiate a $44 billion dollar debt deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), implementing price freezes, opening new and amplifying existing lines of credit for SMEs.

The IMF granted Argentina $4.334 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDR) in August 2021, this international reserve provides the country additional liquidity and strengthens its reserves, therefore aiding the country’s recovery from the effects of COVID-19. On September 22, 2021, Argentina made a USD $ 1.9 billion payment to the IMF using funds it received from the IMF’s SDR program.
After 19 months of negotiations between the Argentine government and representatives of the IMF, both parties have agreed to a deal that will restructure $44.5 billion of debt. It will prioritize reducing the country’s fiscal deficit from 2.5% of GDP down to 0.9% by 2024, raising real interest rates, and promoting growth. The deal has yet to be approved by the IMF’s board of directors and Argentina’s congress, but promises a grace period of 4.5 years.
Although the IMF deal does not include any structural adjustment measures, thousands of Argentines took to the streets to protest the deal after it was announced, expressing concerns about a reduction in social spending and the overall effect the deal could have on the already fragile economy.
The fiscal policies implemented by Minister of the Economy Matín Guzmán and his efforts tosign a deal with the IMF created tensions with the sector of the ruling coalition that supports Vice President Cristina Kirchner. Following the results of the primary legislative elections, Kirchner criticized the fiscal adjustments she believes have negatively impacted the economy and society during the COVID-19. Kitchener began to distance herself from the IMF deal by declaring that it is the responsibility of President Fernandez and it will be up to Congress to approve the final deal.
The Central Bank (BCRA) has announced The New Line of Productive Investment for SMEs. This measure will offer loans for investment in capital goods with an annual rate of 30% and a minimum average term of 2 years as well as loans for working capital with an annual rate of 35%. These two types of financing are directed towards aiding sectors affected by COVID-19, primarily the industrial and services sectors, promising to create 450 billion pesos worth of new lines of credit by March 31, 2022.
As Argentina battles political tensions aggravated by the recent legislative elections and pressure to finalize talks with the IMF, the country is also being affected by 50% annual inflation, a devalued peso, a wide fiscal deficit and bond prices that are sinking to default levels.
In September 2021, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Sergio Massa, presented a tax amnesty for nonprofit entities (NGOs) and SMEs. The NGOs and small taxpayers that qualify for this amnesty include neighborhood soccer clubs, small dinners, churches, community organizations, foundations, volunteer firefighters, and other activities managed by self-employed workers. The tax amnesty proposes to cancel debts due by August 31, 2021, that are less than $100,000.
Sergio Massa has also proposed an extension of the 2020 Moratorium which included debt due until July 31, 2020. The 2021 Moratorium now covers debts from August 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021, with the first installment due after November 16, 2021. It also allows for flexible payment plans, setting deadlines depending on the type of debt and who the beneficiary is. Both the extension of the moratorium and the tax amnesty are meant to reactivate economic activity.
At the beginning of October, Argentina reopened its two primary land border crossings Paso Tancredo Neves and Paso Cristo Redentor with Brazil and Chile, respectively. The reopening of these borders marked the first stage of future flexibilization of travel into the country to stimulate local and international tourism. The first week of November, the country opened up all its frontiers to international travel.
Both at the national and local level, governments are attempting to promote the devalued peso as an advantage for foreign travelers. The Central Bank will allow visitors to create temporary bank accounts to exchange dollars for pesos at a more lucrative rate. Meanwhile the Buenos Aires authorities are coordinating with the national government to offer 12-month visas for remote workers. The goal is to provide economic incentives to boost tourism in urban areas.
Like many countries in the subregion who prioritized economic growth through tourism, Argentina created programs like PreViaje to incentivize local tourism. Through their program PreViaje, residents and tourists could receive up to 50% reimbursement for selected tourism expenses. Now as the tourism season comes to an end, with the celebration of Carnival, provinces throughout the country register high levels of occupancy and more than 4.5 million tourists have been registered for the PreViaje program.
According to the Productive Outlook Report of the Center for Production Studies (CEP-XXI), Argentina’s manufacturing sector saw one of the highest performance in the world that surpassed Brazil, Chile, Mexico and the United States, with a rate of 7,1% growth in comparison to 2019.

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

**Protests in Buenos Aires.**

“Cacerolazo y marcha” by penelope_134 is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Despite the controversies regarding transparency in the administration of COVID-19 vaccines, the reopening of schools and human rights concerns that marked the beginning of 2021, the vaccination campaign has progressed successfully, schools have returned to in person learning, the government continues to provide financial assistance to households, and has been recognized by the UN for their gender-sensitive COVID-19 policies. However, the population demands better social assistance programs and the creation of jobs as they continue to be affected by the economic instability of the country.

The National Administration of Medicine, Food and Technology (ANMAT) announced the approval of the Sinopharm vaccine for the inoculation of children between the ages of 3 and 11. Since inoculation of this age group began on October 12th, approximately more than 5 million children have received the first dose.
More than 1,290,758 doses have been administered on children between the ages of 12 and 17 who have preexisting health conditions and an additional 6,054,169 doses have been administered among children without risk factors. In total, approximately 75% of children between the ages of 3 and 11 have received the first dose. The continued vaccination of this age group, which are currently receiving Pfizer and Moderna doses, will be crucial in the following weeks as classes resume across the country.
In the meeting “BEYOND COVID-19: a feminist plan for sustainability and social justice” convened by UN Women, Mercedes D’Alessandro, recognized that unpaid domestic and care work has been fundamental in sustaining economic productivity during COVID-19 and crucial to future economic recovery. D’Alessandro also highlights that most of the state transfers have been directed towards aiding women including policies such as Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia and la Tarjeta Alimentar, in addition to extra payments received from the universal allowance for children.
The Directorate of Territorial Actions with the support of the Ministry of Health has launched the program Integrar Salud to strengthen accessibility to public healthcare services and reduce sanitary risks through mobile primary healthcare clinics that provide care, diagnosis and treatment for populations who live in situations of high vulnerability. The program focuses on general child, adolescent and adult health as well as sexual and reproductive health. The mobile clinics provide COVID-19 vaccination, STD testing, contraceptives, PAP smears, mammograms, health workshops, among other services.
Led by the National Ministry of Social Development, the “Mi Pieza” program aims to provide economic assistance for the expansion or improvement of women’s housing conditions in poor neighborhoods. Through an investment of 8 billion pesos the program will finance repairs to roofs, walls, floors or openings, interior partitioning, minor plumbing and/or electrical repairs and home enlargements. It is available to Argentine women or women with permanent residence, over the age of 18, who live in poor neighborhoods of The National Registry of Popular Neighborhoods (ReNaBaP) and have a Family Housing Certificate.
The first round of the “Mi Pieza” program, held in October, has already awarded approximately 35,000 women with funds to repair or renovate their homes. Of these recipients, 43.5% reported living in a critical situation of overcrowding, potentially aggravated by the disproportionate responsibility of care work placed on women during COVID-19. The second round of the program was held on December 1st and a third round is scheduled for February 2022. Therefore, registration for this program will remain open with no set end date.
Throughout 2020 and 2021, the implementation of existing education laws to facilitate the transition to virtual learning and access the necessary technology guaranteed the right to education not only for traditional student populations but also for those deprived of their liberty. Working with schools and the Ministry of Education allowed the Federal Penitentiary Service (SFP) to adapt its curriculum, which enabled 4,866 people in the SFP to attend primary school, 3,588 people to attend secondary school and 45 to access tertiary education. Due to the improvement of COVID-19 cases across the country, in person classes have resumed for students throughout the education system including those in the SFP.
The Ministry of Productive Development hosted a hackathon in November titled “Technological solutions to combat gender violence.” The event aimed to provide a space for collaboration among specialists from different fields, to address the strengths and challenges of preventing and managing situations of gender violence, in addition to the contributions technology and innovation can provide. During the hackathon, the Secretary of Security and Criminal Policy of the Ministry of Security, announced the creation of the Urge platform which will be a registry exclusively for complaints of gender-based violence.
In light of the conmemoration of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, activists, feminist collectives, and organizations, mobilized to highlight the severity of gender based violence within the country. According to a report published by the Observatory on Gender Violence “Ahora que sí nos ven”, between January 1st and November 20th, 2022, there were a total of 229 femicides, 168 attempts and seven transfemicides registered. The report also highlights that the most common perpetrators are current or former male partners, family members and members of security forces, in an attempt to break the stereotype that gender based violence only occurs outside of the home and at the hands of a stranger.
The Ministry of Culture in collaboration with Facebook created a set of free online training for artists, musicians, actors, writers, and artisans who wish to further develop digital skills. The training is available for those who sign up for or have an account on the Market of Cultural Industries (MICA) Platform. Through the training sessions, MICA users will learn how to produce creative content, manage social media platforms, create online communities and monetize digital content. This presents a unique opportunity for the artist community whose livelihood has been affected by COVID-19 as they have not been able to promote their art through traditional channels like art and media festivals.
Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, a Buenos Aires based photographer Irina Werning, began documenting the tradition of girls with long hair by photographing a 12-year-old girl named Antonella Bordon. Werning continued the project throughout the COVID-19 lock down, not only documenting Antonella’s relationship with her hair but also capturing the effects of COVID-19 on Antonella’s education. Although Antonella had access to a mobile phone, her experience highlights that of many children across Argentina whose access to education was affected by the challenges presented by that virtual learning. Additionally, her experience not only highlights the long-term effects of COVID-19 and the lockdown on children’s education but also the effects on their emotional wellbeing.

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion

FALL 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

Argentina had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America. The country began their vaccination campaign in December 2020, and as of December 2021, 65% of the population has been fully vaccinated. Given the success of the vaccination campaign and the decrease in the total number of COVID-19 cases, the country had begun to relax their sanitary restrictions. However, public health officials are closely monitoring the spread of the Omicron variant to respond accordingly. Argentina has strengthened its commitment to vaccination through the production of Sputnik V vaccine doses and its recent selection by the Pan American Health Organization as one of two regional hubs to produce mRNA-based vaccines.

Detailed information on the progress of vaccination is published by the Ministry of Health on the government’s website. The Monitor Público de Vacunación, is updated daily and provides data on the total number of vaccines administered broken down by province, gender, group, and the number of first and second doses administered. To date, more than 69 million doses have been administered throughout the country with approximately 65% of the population fully vaccinated.
Argentina is currently administering the following 7 vaccines: Sputnik V, Covishield Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Convidecia, and Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech). The country has received more than 88.8 million doses total, acquired through deals made directly with the different laboratories, through mechanisms like COVAX, through donations from individual countries and some have even been produced within the country.
The emergence of the new COVID-19 variant Omicron, has created additional pressure to achieve higher levels of vaccination within the country. Despite having enough doses to inoculate its population, there are still 7 million people who have not begun their vaccination schedule. Although 80% of the population has received the first dose, the government is urging the population to complete their vaccination in order to advance with the administration of booster shots.
Argentina has begun administering booster doses, prioritizing healthcare workers and adults 70 years of age and older. Additionally, third doses will also be given to individuals 50 years of age and older if they previously received the Sinopharm vaccine and to those who are immunocompromised regardless of which vaccine they were administered previously.
Amid concerns regarding the spread of the Omicron variant, the Minister of Health Carla Vizzotti has begun to announce a series of new health measures. The new requirements for those traveling directly from Africa or who have been in Africa within the last 14 days prior to their arrival, include a negative PCR test 72 hours prior to departure, another one upon arrival at their entry point, and a final test upon the completion of the mandatory 14-day quarantine.
Beginning in December, those over the age of 13 and have been fully inoculated will be required to present a digital health pass to be able to attend large events or those held in closed spaces. The hope is that restricted access to certain events will incentivize those who haven’t gotten vaccinated. The health pass will be available through the application Cuidar, and users will be able to process their digital health pass at least 14 days after completing their vaccination schedule.
During the legislative primary elections held on September 12th, the ruling coalition Frente de Todos only earned 31% of the support. Frente de Todos hoped to recover during the November 14 legislative elections, given that a total of 127 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 seats in the Senate were at stake. However, instead of recovering, the results marked the loss of the Peronist majority in the Senate for the first time since 1983. Frente de Todos only secured 34% of the national vote against the 42% won by the opposition.
Losing the legislative majority will largely impact the nature of Fernandez’s remaining 2 years in office and the long term future of his coalition, as it will require constant negotiations with the opposition coalition Juntos por el Cambio to pass legislation. Fernandez has already called for dialogue with the opposition emphasizing the importance of cooperation and attempts to find common ground.
President Alberto Fernandez has authorized the donation of more than one million doses of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines to Mozambique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Vietnam and Dominica.The Minister of Health Carla Vizzotti, has ensured that Argentina has enough doses to continue vaccination and guarantee thirds doses to its population through the end of 2022. Therefore, the country will continue evaluating their supply of vaccines in order to continue donating to other countries. They have already initiated communication with Barbados, Nicaragua, Angola, Kenia and the Philippeans, who have expressed interest in receiving doses.
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) selected Argentina and Brazil as hubs for the production and development of mRNA-based vaccines. In Argentina, the Sinergium Biotech biopharmaceutical company will work along with pharmaceutical mAbxience to develop and manufacture vaccine ingredients to produce COVID-19 vaccines and aid in the development of vaccines for future infectious diseases.
The Argentine pharmaceutical company Laboratorios Richmond has produced more than 10 million doses of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine. Although the Sputnik V vaccine has been administered in the country since the start of the vaccination campaign in December 2020, it has not been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is still waiting to be approved by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Growth and Innovation

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. The government and central bank have implemented several measures to aid the economy, including continued efforts to renegotiate a $44 billion dollar debt deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), implementing price freezes, opening new and amplifying existing lines of credit for SMEs.

The IMF granted Argentina $4.334 billion in Special Drawing Rights (SDR) in August 2021, this international reserve provides the country additional liquidity and strengthens its reserves, therefore aiding the country’s recovery from the effects of COVID-19. On September 22, 2021, Argentina made a USD $1.9 billion payment to the IMF using funds it received from the IMF’s SDR program.
After more than a year of negotiations, Argentina has made a series of payments, including the payment of USD $390 million made on November 1st and is expected to pay an additional USD $1.9 billion by December 22nd. According to the Economy Minister Martín Guzmán, these first payments are a sign of responsibility and commitment to reaching an agreement with the IMF to restructure the remaining $40 billion the country owes. Argentine government officials including representatives from the Ministry of Economy and the Central Bank will travel to Washington, D.C. to meet with the IMF the weekend of December 4th 2021.
The government is demanding that the IMF postpones repayments and provides a more flexible repayment period beyond the standard 10 years, in addition to dropping surcharges on interest rates. The concern is that the negotiations will not be finalized before the March 2022 deadline during which a USD$ 2.8 billion payment is due. The nature of this renegotiation will ultimately affect Argentina’s ability to recover from its current economic crisis exacerbated by the effects of COVID-19.
The fiscal policies implemented by Guzmán and his efforts to finalize a deal with the IMF have created tensions with the sector of the ruling coalition that supports Vice President Cristina Kirchner.Following the results of the primary legislative elections, Kirchner criticized the fiscal adjustments she believes have negatively impacted the economy and society during the COVID-19. Now in a recent letter following the legislative elections held in November, Kitchener has begun to distance herself from the IMF deal by declaring that it is the responsibility of President Fernandez and it will be up to Congress to approve the final deal.
Assuming a successful renegotiation with the IMF, the 2022 budget presented to Congress in mid-September predicts that in 2022 inflation will decrease to 33%, the economy will experience a 4% growth in GDP and a fiscal deficit of 3.3% of GDP. In comparison, the economic conditions exacerbated by COVID-19 are reflected in the current 50% level of inflation and the 9.9% decrease in GDP experienced in 2020.
The Central Bank (BCRA) has announced The New Line of Productive Investment for SMEs. This measure will offer loans for investment in capital goods with an annual rate of 30% and a minimum average term of 2 years as well as loans for working capital with an annual rate of 35%. These two types of financing are directed towards aiding sectors affected by COVID-19, primarily the industrial and services sectors, promising to create 450 billion pesos worth of new lines of credit by March 31, 2022.
As Argentina battles political tensions aggravated by the recent legislative elections and pressure to finalize talks with the IMF, the country is also being affected by 50% annual inflation, a devalued peso, a wide fiscal deficit and bond prices that are sinking to default levels.
In September 2021, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Sergio Massa, presented a tax amnesty for nonprofit entities (NGOs) and SMEs. The NGOs and small taxpayers that qualify for this amnesty include neighborhood soccer clubs, small dinners, churches, community organizations, foundations, volunteer firefighters, and other activities managed by self-employed workers. The tax amnesty proposes to cancel debts due by August 31, 2021, that are less than $100,000.
Sergio Massa has also proposed an extension of the 2020 Moratorium which included debt due until July 31, 2020. The 2021 Moratorium now covers debts from August 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021, with the first installment due after November 16, 2021. It also allows for flexible payment plans, setting deadlines depending on the type of debt and who the beneficiary is. Both the extension of the moratorium and the tax amnesty are meant to reactivate economic activity.
At the beginning of October, Argentina reopened its two primary land border crossings Paso Tancredo Neves and Paso Cristo Redentor with Brazil and Chile, respectively. The reopening of these borders marked the first stage of future flexibilization of travel into the country to stimulate local and international tourism. The first week of November, the country opened up all its frontiers to international travel.
Both at the national and local level, governments are attempting to promote the devalued peso as an advantage for foreign travelers. The Central Bank will allow visitors to create temporary bank accounts to exchange dollars for pesos at a more lucrative rate. Meanwhile the Buenos Aires authorities are coordinating with the national government to offer 12-month visas for remote workers. The goal is to provide economic incentives to boost tourism in urban areas.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Despite the controversies regarding transparency in the administration of COVID-19 vaccines, the reopening of schools and human rights concerns that marked the beginning of 2021, the vaccination campaign has progressed successfully, schools have returned to in person learning, the government continues to provide financial assistance to households, and has been recognized by the UN for their gender-sensitive COVID-19 policies. However, the population demands better social assistance programs and the creation of jobs as they continue to be affected by the economic instability of the country.

The National Administration of Medicine, Food and Technology (ANMAT) announced the approval of the Sinopharm vaccine for the inoculation of children between the ages of 3 and 11. Since inoculation of this age group began on October 12th, approximately more than 5 million children have received the first dose.
More than 979,000 doses have been administered on children between the ages of 12 and 17 who have preexisting health conditions and an additional 4,270,138 doses have been administered among children without risk factors. In total, approximately 65% of children between the ages of 3 and 17 have completed their vaccination. The continued vaccination of this age group, which are currently receiving Pfizer and Moderna doses, will be crucial in the following weeks as the country begins to amend its sanitary protocol in response to the new variant Omicron.
In the meeting “BEYOND COVID-19: a feminist plan for sustainability and social justice” convened by UN Women, Mercedes D’Alessandro, recognized that unpaid domestic and care work has been fundamental in sustaining economic productivity during COVID-19 and crucial to future economic recovery. D’Alessandro also highlights that most of the state transfers have been directed towards aiding women including policies such as Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia and la Tarjeta Alimentar, in addition to extra payments received from the universal allowance for children.
The Directorate of Territorial Actions with the support of the Ministry of Health has launched the program Integrar Salud to strengthen accessibility to public healthcare services and reduce sanitary risks through mobile primary healthcare clinics that provide care, diagnosis and treatment for populations who live in situations of high vulnerability. The program focuses on general child, adolescent and adult health as well as sexual and reproductive health. The mobile clinics provide COVID-19 vaccination, STD testing, contraceptives, PAP smears, mammograms, health workshops, among other services.
Led by the National Ministry of Social Development, the “Mi Pieza” program aims to provide economic assistance for the expansion or improvement of women’s housing conditions in poor neighborhoods. Through an investment of 8 billion pesos the program will finance repairs to roofs, walls, floors or openings, interior partitioning, minor plumbing and/or electrical repairs and home enlargements. It is available to Argentine women or women with permanent residence, over the age of 18, who live in poor neighborhoods of The National Registry of Popular Neighborhoods (ReNaBaP) and have a Family Housing Certificate.
The first round of the “Mi Pieza” program, held in October, has already awarded approximately 35,000 women with funds to repair or renovate their homes. Of these recipients, 43.5% reported living in a critical situation of overcrowding, potentially aggravated by the disproportionate responsibility of care work placed on women during COVID-19. The second round of the program was held on December 1st and a third round is scheduled for February 2022. Therefore, registration for this program will remain open with no set end date.
Throughout 2020 and 2021, the implementation of existing education laws to facilitate the transition to virtual learning and access the necessary technology guaranteed the right to education not only for traditional student populations but also for those deprived of their liberty. Working with schools and the Ministry of Education allowed the Federal Penitentiary Service (SFP) to adapt its curriculum, which enabled 4,866 people in the SFP to attend primary school, 3,588 people to attend secondary school and 45 to access tertiary education. Due to the improvement of COVID-19 cases across the country, in person classes have resumed for students throughout the education system including those in the SFP.
The Ministry of Productive Development hosted a hackathon in November titled “Technological solutions to combat gender violence.” The event aimed to provide a space for collaboration among specialists from different fields, to address the strengths and challenges of preventing and managing situations of gender violence, in addition to the contributions technology and innovation can provide. During the hackathon, the Secretary of Security and Criminal Policy of the Ministry of Security, announced the creation of the Urge platform which will be a registry exclusively for complaints of gender-based violence.
In light of the conmemoration of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, activists, feminist collectives, and organizations, mobilized to highlight the severity of gender based violence within the country. According to a report published by the Observatory on Gender Violence “Ahora que sí nos ven”, between January 1st and November 20th, 2022, there were a total of 229 femicides, 168 attempts and seven transfemicides registered. The report also highlights that the most common perpetrators are current or former male partners, family members and members of security forces, in an attempt to break the stereotype that gender based violence only occurs outside of the home and at the hands of a stranger.
The Ministry of Culture in collaboration with Facebook created a set of free online training for artists, musicians, actors, writers, and artisans who wish to further develop digital skills. The training is available for those who sign up for or have an account on the Market of Cultural Industries (MICA) Platform. Through the training sessions, MICA users will learn how to produce creative content, manage social media platforms, create online communities and monetize digital content. This presents a unique opportunity for the artist community whose livelihood has been affected by COVID-19 as they have not been able to promote their art through traditional channels like art and media festivals.
Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, a Buenos Aires based photographer Irina Werning, began documenting the tradition of girls with long hair by photographing a 12-year-old girl named Antonella Bordon. Werning continued the project throughout the COVID-19 lock down, not only documenting Antonella’s relationship with her hair but also capturing the effects of COVID-19 on Antonella’s education. Although Antonella had access to a mobile phone, her experience highlights that of many children across Argentina whose access to education was affected by the challenges presented by that virtual learning. Additionally, her experience not only highlights the long-term effects of COVID-19 and the lockdown on children’s education but also the effects on their emotional wellbeing.

SPRING 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

Argentina had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America. However, the relaxation of lockdown measures in Buenos Aires and other areas have contributed to the rapid increase of cases throughout the country. The country began their vaccination campaign in December 2020. Since then, more than 8 million people have been vaccinated, and the government has increased their transparency measures after the Vaccine “VIP’ scandal in February 2021.

The first phase of vaccination began in December 2020 with frontline healthcare workers. Additionally, individuals over the age of 70 now qualify to receive the vaccine. Every province will determine their own strategy of dissemination of vaccines following the guidelines of Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones, the national vaccination campaign.
The government has launched digital services that will enhance transparency regarding the management of COVID-19. The new platform Cuidar Escuelas will allow teachers and school administrators to report suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases, in hope of informing decisions regarding the safety of school as the COVID-19 situation evolves.
All citizens will have access to vaccination data through the Mi Argentina application, the 7 million citizens that already use it have access to information on who has been vaccinated and what dose they have received. Each user will also have access to a digital vaccination card that details the dates, location and name of the doses received.
In addition, detailed information on the progress of vaccination is published by the Ministry of Health on the government’s website. The Monitor Público de Vacunación, is updated daily and provides data on the total number of vaccines administered broken down by province, gender, group, and the number of first and second doses administered.
Under presidential decree, new COVID-19 restrictions were outlined for the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, including a curfew from 8pm to 6 am, return to virtual classes, and limited use of public transportation for essential workers or to obtain health services. Initially intended to last through April 30th, the restrictions have now been extended through May 21st.
As the total number of cases reaches 3 million, the government has received additional medical supplies including personal protection equipment and mechanical ventilators to distribute across the country, some of which have been donations from the Chinese government and others purchased by the Argentine government.
Led by opposition mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, the government of the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires has challenged the suspension of in person classes. The Superior Court of Justice of Buenos Aires declared the decision by the president a direct violation of the autonomy of Buenos Aires.
The final decision regarding the reopening of schools in Buenos Aires rests in the hands of the National Supreme Court. In the meantime, President Alberto Fernández has extended the new COVID-19 restrictions until May 21, 2021 and has reiterated schools should remain closed in Buenos Aires.
The Argentine pharmaceutical company Laboratorios Richmond has produced the first test batches of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine and sent them to Russia’s Gamaleya Institute for quality inspection. Upon approval the laboratory expects to begin production as early as June.
Despite initial concerns expressed by Argentine scientists and health experts, concerning the efficacy of the Sputnik V vaccine, Argentina’s vaccination campaign has relied heavily on this vaccine as the first country in Latin America to use the vaccine. The most recent assessment by the Gamaleya Institute based on data from 3.8 million people that have received both doses of the vaccine indicate it has proven 97.6% effective.
At the end of April, the Minister of Health Carla Vizzotti and the presidential adviser Cecilia Nicolini met with a representative of the United States Embassy to discuss the shipment of 900,000 doses of AstraZeneca. Originally produced in Argentina by mAbxience laboratory, they were sent to Mexico and then the United States to be packaged, where they still remain.
Vizzotti and Nicolini also met with representatives of AstraZeneca to demand information on the progress of production, quality control and an estimated timeline of delivery for the 22 million doses purchased. The government also has resumed talks with Pfizer, who had previously offered 13.3 million doses in June 2020 via negotiations with former Minister of Health Ginés González García.

Growth and Innovation

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. The government and central bank have implemented several measures to aid the economy, including renegotiating a $44 billion dollar debt deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), implementing price freezes and opening lines of credit for SMEs.

With an economy in constant need of revival, the economic damage wreaked by COVID-19 on Argentina will be severe. In December 2020, the Central Bank of Argentina and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) forecasted a contraction in GDP for 2020 of 10.9% and 10.5%, respectively.
In comparison to the 19% contraction in the second quarter of 2020 which experienced the tightest COVID-19 restrictions, the fourth quarter of 2020 experienced the smallest economic decline of the year with a 4.3% contraction. The contraction of the first quarter of 2021, will be affected by the increasing number of cases and the efficacy of the vaccination campaign.
As negotiations with the IMF continued in March 2021, IMF negotiators Luis Cubeddu and Julie Kozack as well as the Economy Minister Martin Guzman, have expressed having found common ground on areas including inflation, exports and domestic capital markets. This development follows a statement from Vice President Cristina Kirchner in which she said the government cannot not pay the $44 billion debt.
The IMF will also grant Argentina $4,354 million in Special Drawing Rights (SDR). This international reserve asset will provide the country additional liquidity and strengthen its reserves, therefore aiding the country’s recovery of the effects of COVID-19.
Argentina is attempting to renegotiate upcoming debt payments with the Paris Club, a group of 22 creditor nations, however, the process has been put on hold by the group’s request that Argentina finalize their deal with the IMF first. Successfully postponing and renegotiating debt with the IMF and the Paris Club are crucial to the economic stability and recovery of the country.
The Central Bank’s efforts to fight inflation by slowing the expansion of the money supply has led to a decrease in market liquidity which has created a greater demand in funding from the local bond market. Additionally, due to COVID-19 spending, the difficulty of cutting back on government spending has also contributed to this demand. The Central Bank estimates that this year inflation will reach 50%.
In December 2020, Argentina approved a one-time tax on the rich, requiring that individuals who own at least $3.4 million in assets pay 3.5 percent of their total net worth. The tax intended to finance the ongoing COVID-19 response is expected to collect a total of $3.5 billion.
During the month of February 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture approved an initiative to bring technical assistance to food and beverage small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with the goal of helping them improve their competitiveness and boost exports.
The National Institute of Industrial Technology and the bank Credicoop opened up credit lines for 700 million pesos, to finance assistance programs and the technological development of industrial SMEs beginning February 2021.
As the Brazilian P1 variant continues to spread throughout the Southern Cone, Argentina, previously reluctant to close its borders with Brazil, is experiencing a demand for tougher restrictions at the border from leaders and scientists. Potential measures discussed by health officials and regional governors include strengthening border security, implementing stricter rules for travelers and truckers as well as speeding up vaccination for border personnel.
In Patagonia, local frontline health workers held a four-week roadblock to the shale fields demanding a salary increase in order to keep up with the increasing inflation of the country which has already surpassed 40%.
With the expected increase in demand of natural gas as the winter months approach, the roadblocks which have caused a 10% decrease in production in the Neuquen Basin will force the government to import fuel, expected to decrease the trade balance by $200 million.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The beginning of 2021 has been marked by controversies regarding transparency in the administration of COVID-19 vaccines, the reopening of schools and human rights concerns. The government continues to provide financial assistance to households and provide funding for education and the arts.

In January 2021, the Voluntary Pregnancy Interruption Law was enacted after being approved by the Argentine Senate in December. The law legalizes abortions during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, and this decision has come at a time when gender inequalities and domestic violence have been exacerbated by COVID-19 conditions.
The 2021 education budget will fund three types of policies: school infrastructure, educational inclusion, and information and communication technologies and other digital resources.
Social programs like the Emergency Family Income (IFE) and the Program for Emergency Assistance to Work and Production (ATP) were formulated to expand the coverage of social protection to reach groups who had not received aid.
The Health Minister Ginés González García resigned in February 2021 after reports surfaced revealing many individuals used their social and political connections to receive the vaccine ahead of time. The Director of the Americas Division at Human Rights Watch denounced this act as a human rights violation, saying the vaccination process should be transparent and based on health criteria.
Human rights organizations have denounced the strict quarantine enforced in the northern province of Formosa. After protests by Formosa inhabitants during the beginning of March, a federal judge ordered Formosa authorities to terminate the obligatory quarantine of individuals who enter the province with a negative PCR test result. There has also been concern about a group of pregnant Wichi women who reportedly hide in the Formosa forest in fear that they will be taken by authorities to compulsory quarantine centers.
The laboratories at the Carlos Malbrán Institute detected the Brazilian Amazonas P.1 and Río de Janeiro P.2 COVID-19 variants. The Minister of Health of Buenos Aires Daniel Gollán assured that the cases were few and had been contained.
Marches in honor of International Women’s Day took place across the country, with some groups converging in front of the Parliament in Buenos Aires. Participants denounced the disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on women including the increase in the domestic tasks and the rise in femicide cases. There have been more than 60 cases of femicide since the start of 2021.
In response to the dispute over the reopening of schools, teacher unions including the Union de Trabajadores de la Educación (UTE), Asociación Docente de Enseñanza Media y Superior (ADEMYS) and the Asociación Trabajadores del Estado (ATE Capital) have supported the president’s decision to close schools. They organized a 72-hour teacher strike demanding that the government of Buenos Aires prioritize public health and adhere to the sanitary measures outlined in the presidential decree 241.

According to the UN, Argentina has had one of the most gender-sensitive COVID-19 responses. They highlighted the work of the first Director of Economy, Equality and Gender, Mercedes D’Alessandro, who is working towards improving women’s role in the economy, including better work conditions and access to male dominated fields.
Beginning in April, a new teleworking law will allow remote workers to request flexible hours if they are caring for people with disabilities, elderly people or children younger than 13.
The Ministry of Health in coordination with the Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity held a workshop to bring awareness to and address the inequalities and discrimination members of the transgender community experience in work environments. The objective of the conference was to critically assess current behaviors, discourse and practices that threaten job access, stability and the right to dignified treatment for the transgender community.

The government has recognized food employees as essential workers and has promised to vaccinate 70,000 to 80,000 employees who work in food stands, community kitchens and churches, in order to prevent the increasing number of cases from affecting food assistance.
Of the total number of people over the age of 18 with certified disability 52.4% have been prioritized for vaccination, those with the highest risk of infection due to medical conditions or who live in centers or medical institutions are already being vaccinated. The Ministry of Health and the National Agency for Disability, assure that other subgroups will be granted priority as vaccine availability increases and they continue to analyze risk conditions.

FALL 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

Argentina had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America. However, the relaxation of lockdown measures in Buenos Aires and other areas have contributed to the rapid increase of cases throughout the country. The country is anticipating the arrival of millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses from various laboratories.

Despite initially having one of the most comprehensive government responses to COVID-19 in Latin America, cases continue to rise as the country surpasses 1 million cases.
Buenos Aires’ Mayor, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, announced the relaxation of some lockdown measures for religious services, construction work within three months of completion, and open-air restaurant and café services.
The Argentine government announced a two-week period of stricter quarantine restrictions for 18 of the 23 provinces in order to minimize the spread of COVID-19, as the total number of cases continue to rise rapidly.
In Argentina, testing continues to be an issue, and, compared to regional standards, rates of testing are quite low.
While Argentina has one of the most robust health care systems in the region, it was not ready to face a large-scale outbreak, especially in poorer areas.
The Government and the Ministry of Public Works launched the COVID-19 Federal Sanitary Network, which is in charge of the construction, renovation, and expansion of hospitals, health centers, and isolation spaces, totaling 60 projects in 53 cities of 14 provinces.
The Minister of Public Works and the Minister of Tourism and Sports have announced the creation of 18 Modular Sanitary Centers to increase the availability of sanitary services during the summer months. They will be located in 10 provinces.
In late October the Senate passed a bill declaring all research and acquisition of the COVID-19 vaccines to be of public interest, legally facilitating procedures of development, manufacturing, and purchase of the vaccine.
Argentina is participating in Phase 3 of vaccine trials with Sinopharm (China), BioNTech (Germany), and Pfizer (United States). The country will also receive 22 million doses of the AstraZeneca (Oxford University) vaccine and 10 million doses of the Sputnik V (Russia) vaccine. Argentina is hoping to receive the Sputnik V and Pfizer vaccines as early as December and January.
On August 4, the Argentine government and major creditors reached a deal to restructure $65 billion in sovereign debt, after previously defaulting for the ninth time in its history.
To revive confidence in the peso and encourage local savings, the government is issuing about $1.8 billion worth of a dollar-linked bond.
President Fernández will have to simultaneously defeat COVID-19 pandemic and restart an Argentine economy that was already immersed in a severe crisis.

Growth and Innovation

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. The government and central bank have implemented several measures to restructure the country’s foreign currency debt, including renegotiating a $44 billion dollar debt deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

With an economy in constant need of revival, the economic damage wreaked by COVID-19 on Argentina will be severe.
Child poverty remains a large concern and estimates warn that by the end of the year 63% of children could be living in poverty, affecting approximately 8.3 million children and adolescents
Before the arrival of COVID-19, the economy was already due to contract for a third consecutive year in 2020. Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to contract by as much as 12% in 2020, eclipsing the notorious 2001 economic crisis.
The 2018 currency crisis triggered a deep and long-lasting recession and increased Argentina’s dollar-denominated debt burden.
After its initial meeting with Argentina in October, the IMF returned to resume negotiations with the government for the repayment of their $44 billion loan. The Argentine government will ask the IMF for an extended fund facility program that will give the country a grace period of four-and-a-half years but will also require structural economic changes.
A group of Peronist senators sent a letter to the IMF insisting that the fund accept its responsibility in the country’s economic crisis and demanding that the IMF abstain from placing conditions on the new repayment program. Along with demands for lower interest rates, the senators also demanded a longer repayment schedule and a longer grace period.
In efforts to boost sales and international reserves Argentina has temporarily cut export taxes on industrial, mining and agricultural products.
The Argentine congress passed a bill that will provide tax incentives for technology startups for a period of 10 years. The government hopes this tax incentive will stimulate the economy by boosting employment and increasing technology exports.
The software company Metro launched a new system, Metro Live, that counts the number of people in an area, generates social distancing rates, and issues alerts in real time that allow business to monitor and enforce social distancing guidelines.
Television, telephone, and internet companies have asked the government to reconsider decree DNU 690. This decree stipulates telecommunication companies must set fixed prices that are reasonable and fair and establishes telecommunications as essential public services thus guaranteeing citizens rights to these services during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Long distance trains will resume their services beginning November 23, departing from Buenos Aires to the cities of Mar del Plata, Bahía Blanca, Bragado, Junín and Rosario. The train service will follow proper COVID-19 sanitary guidelines and will limit ticket availability to online purchases only.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Demonstrations over the past months have protested domestic violence, abortion, and prolonged lockdown measures. In addition to financial assistance provided to households, the government has begun to launch additional aid for education and the arts.

Domestic violence and femicides have increased during the lockdown. Calls to the national domestic violence hotline have increased by 40%. The Ni Una Menos movement has organized various protests calling for political leaders to end to patriarchal violence, solve the economic crisis, and approve abortion legalization.
Pro-choice campaigners continue to pressure President Alberto Fernández to keep his commitment to legalizing abortion in Argentina. Many campaigners are motivated by concerns of complications from clandestine abortions that can leave patients in intensive care units that are essential during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In Buenos Aires thousands of people gathered to protest the extended lockdown. Although limited activity has been allowed in several provinces, many people continue to defy restrictions as they grow tired of the lockdown, including in Mar del Plata where restaurant owners have begun seating people indoors.
The eighth banderazo protest took place nationwide, as participants protested a variety of issues including government policies and a Supreme Court ruling on Senate appointments. In Bariloche, three demonstrators dressed in Ku Klux Klan attire to express their opposition to the COVID-19 vaccine.
Considering the restriction and suspension of cultural activities affecting the art sector, the Minister of Culture will launch the program Mercado Nacional De Artesanías Tradicionales E Innovadoras Argentinas (MATRIA), a grant to support artisans from urban and rural areas.
In mid-September, the executive branch presented the Budget Bill for the year 2021 to Congress. Investment in education will increase by approximate 29% compared to the current budget credit. More than half of the education budget will go to universities.
The education budget will fund three types of programs policies: school infrastructure, educational inclusion, information and communication technologies, and other digital resources.
Social programs like the Emergency Family Income (IFE) and the Program for Emergency Assistance to Work and Production (ATP) were formulated to expand the coverage of social protection to reach groups who had not received aid.
As a result of millions of jobs lost and an increase in gender violence due to COVID-19, land occupations by citizens without homes have increased significantly throughout Argentina.
In late October, homeless families were violently evicted by provincial police from the Guernica encampment in Buenos Aires Province. A court had ordered their eviction, however the police officers arrived a day earlier, setting their makeshift homes on fire and firing rubber bullets at the squatters as they protested and resisted.
An interinstitutional campaign has been launched to bring awareness to the increase in violence against children and adolescents during the months of lockdown. The campaign called “Of the boys and the girls #WeareResponsible” is a collaboration between governmental agencies, UNICEF, and civil society organizations.
In early October, residents of Mar de Plata planted 504 Argentine flags on Bristol Beach to commemorate the hundreds of thousands who have died of COVID-19 in the country.
Vera Alejandra Álvarez, a lead researcher at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), was awarded the prize L’Oréal-UNESCO for women in science for her work on the development of films, gels, and polymeric coatings for the production of COVID-19 protection materials.

SUMMER 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

Argentina has had one of the most rapid and comprehensive responses to COVID-19 in Latin America, which has undoubtedly saved many lives. However, the prolonged lockdown is proving difficult to sustain and increasingly unpopular amongst Argentines.

Despite its fragile economic and social situation, Argentina has had one of the most comprehensive government responses to COVID-19 in Latin America.
The central government has been in tight coordination with governors and mayors regarding lockdown measures, facilitating a unified response.
Overall, Argentina’s coronavirus caseload and death rate are significantly lower than other larger Latin American countries.
Newly elected Peronist President Alberto Fernandez maintains strong approval and the majority of Argentines supported the government’s initial handling of the pandemic.
After a period of unprecedented national political unity, rifts have begun to appear amid growing demands of relaxation of quarantine measures.
Caseloads have begun to increase, especially in the AMBA, as the government has come under pressure to reopen facing criticism from opposition lawmakers
Around 88% of all confirmed Argentine cases are in the densely populated AMBA (home to around 30% of the population), where it has proved difficult to social distance, enabling the spread.
In Argentina, testing continues to be an issue, and, compared to regional standards, rates of testing are quite low.
While Argentina has one of the most robust health care systems in the region, it was not ready to face a large-scale outbreak, especially in poorer areas.
On August 4, the Argentine government and major creditors reached a deal to restructure $65 billion in sovereign debt, after previously defaulting for the ninth time in its history.
President Fernández will have to simultaneously defeat COVID-19 pandemic and restart an Argentine economy that was already immersed in a severe crisis.

Growth and Innovation

The COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina at an extremely difficult time as newly elected President Alberto Fernández was grappling with deteriorating economic conditions. Implications due to the country’s extensive lockdown signals a bleak economic outlook.

With an economy in constant need of revival, the economic damage wreaked by COVID-19 on Argentina will be severe.
Villas, or informal neighborhoods, specifically in the AMBA have exposed severe structural inequalities in access to basic services while simultaneously dealing with the highest caseload rate in the country.
Child poverty remains a large concern and estimates warn that by the end of the year 58% of children could be living in poverty.
In the Buenos Aires metro area, over 50% of the population does not have enough food or money at home to last more than two or three days.
Before the arrival of COVID-19, the economy was already due to contract for a third consecutive year in 2020.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to contract by as much as 15% in 2020, eclipsing the notorious 2001 economic crisis.
The 2018 currency crisis triggered a deep and long-lasting recession and increased Argentina’s dollar-denominated debt burden.
In 2018, Argentina received a $58 billion dollar International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan, the largest in history, despite the institution being deeply loathed by Argentines.
The social needs caused by the COVID-19 crisis will place pressure on state finances, which are already stretched to the limit.
The government’s decision to nationalize Vicentin SAIC, one of the largest and financially challenged agribusiness companies, was met with swift criticism and protests.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

In the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA), the country’s hardest hit region, women continue to support increasing demand for food assistance. Simultaneous movements have taken place over the past months protesting domestic violence, abortion, and prolonged lockdown measures.

La Poderosa, a villa-led feminist movement is working to combat the effects of the pandemic and regularly organizes protests.
Under lockdown in Buenos Aires, women-organized community kitchens (ollas populares) are sustaining neighborhoods as more people seek their help.
Non-profit organizations such as Asociación Civil por la Igualdad y Justicia (ACIJ) and Madres sin Techo are facing difficulty meeting demand to supply ollas populares and other food assistance programs.
Domestic violence and femicides have increased during the lockdown. Calls to the national domestic violence hotline have increased by 40%.
The Ni Una Menos movement has organized various protests calling for political leaders to end to patriarchal violence, solve the economic crisis, and approve abortion legalization.
The pandemic put anticipated legislative progress on Argentina’s abortion reform on hold, but activists have kept up the momentum.
On July 9, Independence Day, thousands of Argentines protested prolonged lockdown measures, restrictions on businesses, and corruption.
The prohibition of non-essential economic activities in and around the capital has prompted a strong reaction, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and self-employed workers.

Select resources for Argentina:

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2022:

Associated Press. (2021, November 14). Argentina’s Opposition Scores Win in Midterm Elections. US News. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-11-14/argentine-midterms-could-make-president-a-lame-duck

Gobierno de Argentina. (2021, September 21). ¿Cuáles vacunas estamos aplicando en el país? https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/cuales

————. (2021, November 10). Comenzará a aplicarse la dosis de refuerzo contra COVID-19 en personal de salud y mayores de 70 años. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/comenzara-aplicarse-la-dosis-de-refuerzo-contra-covid-19-en-personal-de-salud-y-mayores-de

————. (2021, November 11). Modificaciones en los protocolos de prevención de la COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/modificaciones-en-los-protocolos-de-prevencion-de-la-covid-19

————.(2022, January 26). Medidas vigentes para el ingreso y el egreso al territorio nacional. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/migraciones/ddjj-migraciones#:~:text=Deber%C3%A1n%20presentar%3A%20Test%20de%20ant%C3%ADgenos,14%20d%C3%ADas%20antes%20del%20ingreso

————. (2022, February 28). Monitor Público de Vacunación. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/aplicadas

Infobae. (2021, November 11). El Gobierno donará casi 1 millón de vacunas contra el COVID-19 a Mozambique, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Infobae. (2021, November 22). El Gobierno donará más de un millón de vacunas contra el coronavirus: “Tenemos las dosis para este año y para el 2022″. https://www.infobae.com/salud/2021/11/22/la-argentina-va-a-donar-mas-de-un-millon-de-vacunas-de-astrazeneca-contra-el-coronavirus/

Ministerio de Salud Argentina. (n.d.). Plan Estratégico para la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en Argentina. https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/recurso/plan-estrategico-para-la-vacunacion-contra-la-covid-19-en-argentina

Misculin, N. (2021, November 11). Argentina’s Hinterland, Where Cows Outnumber People, Could Tip Balance in Congress. Reuters. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-11-11/argentinas-hinterland-where-cows-outnumber-people-could-tip-balance-in-congress

La Nacion. (2022, February 28). Vacunación Covid 19 en Argentina: cuántas dosis se aplicaron al 28 de febrero. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/vacunacion-covid-19-en-argentina-cuantas-dosis-se-aplicaron-al-28-de-febrero-nid28022022/

News Wires. (2021, November 15). Argentina’s president calls for dialogue with opposition as Senate majority in peril. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20211115-argentine-president-s-coalition-loses-majority-in-midterm-elections

Our World in Data. (2021, September 30). Share of people vaccinated against COVID-19. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations

PAHO. (2021, September 21). PAHO selects centers in Argentina, Brazil to develop COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. https://www.paho.org/en/news/21-9-2021-paho-selects-centers-argentina-brazil-develop-covid-19-mrna-vaccines

Pagina 12. (2021, November 26). Carla Vizzotti anunció un pase sanitario para eventos masivos. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/385427-carla-vizzotti-anuncio-un-pase-sanitario-para-eventos-masivo

Roca, M. (2021, November 6). Marcelo Figueiras, el fabricante local de la Sputnik V: “Tenemos que tener un centro nacional de vacunas”. Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/def/2021/11/06/marcelo-figueiras-el-fabricante-local-de-la-sputnik-v-tenemos-que-tener-un-centro-nacional-de-vacunas/

Growth and Innovation Spring 2022:

Banco Central de la República Argentina. (2021, October 2). Medidas adoptadas por el BCRA que benefician a sectores productivos. http://www.bcra.gob.ar/Noticias/medidas-bcra-beneficio-sector-productivo.asp

Buenos Aires Times. (2021, November 5). Argentina makes US$390-million interest payment to IMF. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/argentina-makes-us390-million-interest-payment-to-imf.phtml

Buenos Aires Times. (2021, November 5). Argentina reopens borders to foreign tourists. https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-reopens-borders-to-foreign-tourists.phtml

————. (2021, November 28). ‘It’s not Cristina’: Argentina’s VP breaks silence, pushes IMF decision to Congress. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/its-not-cristina-argentinas-vp-breaks-silence-pushes-imf-decision-to-congress.phtml

Elliot, L., Stott, E. (2021, November 10). Argentina and the IMF: the looming clash over its $57bn bailout. https://www.ft.com/content/ce0d1647-0bd7-4bb4-b787-d1301a8a3bc0

France 24. (2022, February 9). Thousands protest Argentina’s debt deal with IMF. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220209-thousands-protest-argentina-s-debt-deal-with-imf.

Infobae. (2021, November 27). La carta de Cristina Kirchner: un mensaje al presidente, a la oposición y al propio FMI. https://www.infobae.com/economia/2021/11/27/la-carta-de-cristina-kirchner-un-mensaje-al-presidente-a-la-oposicion-y-al-propio-fmi/

Jueguen, F. (2021, September 21). Sergio Massa presentó una amnistía fiscal a pequeños contribuyentes y una extensión de la moratoria. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/massa-presento-una-polemica-amnistia-fiscal-a-pequenos-contribuyentes-y-una-extension-de-la-nid21092021/

Gillespie, P., Do Rosario, J. (2021, December 1). Argentine Officials to Meet IMF in Washington Over Record Deal. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-01/argentine-officials-to-meet-imf-in-washington-over-record-deal

Gillespie, P. (2021, December 2). Argentina Pitches Its Weak Currency to Attract ‘Digital Nomads’. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-02/argentina-pitches-weak-currency-to-draw-remote-workers

Gobierno de Argentina. (n.d). PreViaje. https://previaje.gob.ar/

————. (2022, February 21). La industria argentina tuvo en 2021 una de las recuperaciones más aceleradas del mundo. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-industria-argentina-tuvo-en-2021-una-de-las-recuperaciones-mas-aceleradas-del-mundo

Otaola, J, Bianchi, W. (2021, November 24). Argentine bonds sink to ‘default levels’ as political risk rises. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/argentine-bonds-sink-default-levels-political-risk-rises-2021-11-24/

Smith, C., Elliot,L. (2022, February 3). IMF defends deal with Argentina to restructure $44.5bn of debt. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/9884bf86-a110-43d0-ace2-2d7055b95a99

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2022:

Aire Digital. (2021, November 25). Violencia de género: en Argentina hay un ataque femicida cada 19 horas. https://www.airedesantafe.com.ar/sociedad/violencia-genero-argentina-hay-un-ataque-femicida-cada-19-horas-n239312

————. (2021, September 17). La educación en contextos de encierro durante la pandemia por COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-educacion-en-contextos-de-encierro-durante-la-pandemia-por-covid-19

————. (2021, October 1). El Gobierno anunció la vacunación de chicas y chicos de 3 a 11 años. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-gobierno-anuncio-la-vacunacion-de-chicas-y-chicos-de-3-11-anos

————. (2021, November 8). The Hackathon “Technological solutions to combat gender violence” was launched. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/se-lanzo-el-hackaton-soluciones-tecnologicas-para-combatir-la-violencia-de-genero

————. (2021, November 11). La ministra Vizzotti visitó un operativo del programa Integrar Salud en Caseros. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-ministra-vizzotti-visito-un-operativo-del-programa-integrar-salud-en-caseros

————. (2021, November 29). Continúa el “Ciclo de formación para artistas”. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/continua-el-ciclo-de-formacion-para-artistas

————. (2021, November 29). El 1° de diciembre se realizará el segundo sorteo para el programa Mi Pieza. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-1deg-de-diciembre-se-realizara-el-segundo-sorteo-para-el-programa-mi-pieza

————. (2022, February 28). Monitor Público de Vacunación. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/aplicadas

Infobae. (2022, Febrero 10). ¿Por qué es necesario vacunar a los niños contra el COVID-19? https://www.infobae.com/america/ciencia-america/2022/02/10/por-que-es-necesario-vacunar-a-los-ninos-contra-el-covid-19/

Larsson, N. (2021, November 20). No school, no haircut: one girl’s journey through one of the world’s longest Covid lockdowns. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/nov/20/no-school-no-hair-cut-one-girls-journey-through-one-of-the-worlds-longest-covid-lockdowns-irina-werning

Raszewski, E. (2021, September 21). Argentina talks up ‘last stage’ of pandemic as controls loosened. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-loosens-covid-19-restrictions-will-ease-open-borders-2021-09-21/

Governance and Leadership Fall 2021:

Buenos Aires Times. (2021, November 29). Argentina introduces mandatory 10-day quarantine for arrivals from Africa. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-orders-10-day-quarantine-for-arrivals-from-africa.phtml
Gobierno de Argentina. (2021, September 21). ¿Cuáles vacunas estamos aplicando en el país? https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/cuales

————. (2021, November 28). COVID-19: El Gobierno insta a completar esquemas de vacunación ante la aparición de la variante Omicron. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/covid-19-el-gobierno-insta-completar-esquemas-de-vacunacion-ante-la-aparicion-de-la

————. (2021, December 2). ¿Cuántas personas fueron vacunadas hasta ahora? https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna
————. (2021, December 3). Monitor Público de Vacunación. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/aplicadas

Infobae. (2021, November 22). El Gobierno donará más de un millón de vacunas contra el coronavirus: “Tenemos las dosis para este año y para el 2022″. https://www.infobae.com/salud/2021/11/22/la-argentina-va-a-donar-mas-de-un-millon-de-vacunas-de-astrazeneca-contra-el-coronavirus/
Misculin, N. (2021, November 11). Argentina’s Hinterland, Where Cows Outnumber People, Could Tip Balance in Congress. Reuters. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-11-11/argentinas-hinterland-where-cows-outnumber-people-could-tip-balance-in-congress

Our World in Data. (2021, December 2). Share of people vaccinated against COVID-19. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations

Pagina 12. (2021, November 26). Carla Vizzotti anunció un pase sanitario para eventos masivos. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/385427-carla-vizzotti-anuncio-un-pase-sanitario-para-eventos-masivo

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Buenos Aires Times. (2021, November 5). Argentina makes US$390-million interest payment to IMF. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/argentina-makes-us390-million-interest-payment-to-imf.phtml

Buenos Aires Times. (2021, November 5). Argentina reopens borders to foreign tourists. https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-reopens-borders-to-foreign-tourists.phtml

The Economist. (2021, November 18). Will electoral defeat favour moderation in Argentina? https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/11/18/will-electoral-defeat-favour-moderation-in-argentina

Elliot, L., Stott, E. (2021, November 10). Argentina and the IMF: the looming clash over its $57bn bailout. https://www.ft.com/content/ce0d1647-0bd7-4bb4-b787-d1301a8a3bc0

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Gobierno de Argentina. (2021, September 16). D’Alessandro expuso en el encuentro de ONU Mujeres “Más allá del Covid-19: un plan feminista por un mundo sostenible con justicia social”. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/dalessandro-expuso-en-el-encuentro-de-onu-mujeres-mas-alla-del-covid-19-un-plan-feminista————. (2021, September 17). La educación en contextos de encierro durante la pandemia por COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/la-educacion-en-contextos-de-encierro-durante-la-pandemia-por-covid-19

————. (2021, November 29). Continúa el “Ciclo de formación para artistas”. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/continua-el-ciclo-de-formacion-para-artistas

————. (2021, December 2). Monitor Público de Vacunación. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/aplicadas
Larsson, N. (2021, November 20). No school, no haircut: one girl’s journey through one of the world’s longest Covid lockdowns. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/nov/20/no-school-no-hair-cut-one-girls-journey-through-one-of-the-worlds-longest-covid-lockdowns-irina-werning

Raszewski, E. (2021, September 21). Argentina talks up ‘last stage’ of pandemic as controls loosened.https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-loosens-covid-19-restrictions-will-ease-open-borders-2021-09-21/

Governance and Leadership Spring 2021:

Clarín. (2021, April 30). El Presidente anunció que continúan las restricciones hasta el 21 de mayo y ratificó que mantendrán cerradas las escuelas.

https://www.clarin.com/politica/presidente-anuncio-nuevas-medidas-ratifico-escuelas-mantendran-cerradas_0_0JL3DCaVi.html.
CNN Español. (2021, May 2). Así va la vacunación contra covid-19 en Latinoamérica. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/02/22/asi-va-la-vacunacion-contra-el-coronavirus-en-america-latina/.

García, M., Timerman, J. (2021, April 26). Argentina necesita una vacuna contra la grieta. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/04/26/espanol/opinion/argentina-pandemia-crisis.html.
Gobierno de Argentina. (2021, March 17). El Gobierno nacional lanzó nuevos servicios digitales para la gestión de la pandemia de COVID- 19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-gobierno-nacional-lanzo-nuevos-servicios-digitales-para-la-gestion-de-la-pandemia-de-0

————. (2021, March 25). Monitor Público de Vacunación. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/aplicadas

————. (2021, April 28). Argentina received a new donation from the government of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/argentina-recibio-nueva-donacion-del-gobierno-de-la-republica-popular-china.

Horwitz, L., et al. (2021, March 22). Timeline: Tracking Latin America’s Road to Vaccination. https://www.as-coa.org/articles/timeline-tracking-latin-americas-road-vaccination#chart-progress-of-vaccine-rollout

Infobae. (2021, April 16). Punto por punto: qué dice el decreto del Gobierno que oficializa las nuevas restricciones. https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/04/16/con-restricciones-mas-duras-para-los-locales-gastronomicos-el-gobierno-prepara-el-dnu-que-regira-desde-manana/.

————. (2021, April 29). Carla Vizzotti se reunió con la Encargada de Negocios de Estados Unidos para destrabar un envío de las vacunas de AstraZeneca. https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/04/29/carla-vizzotti-se-reune-con-la-agregada-de-negocios-de-estados-unidos-para-destrabar-un-envio-de-las-vacunas-de-astrazeneca/.

Jastreblansky, M. (2021, April 28). AstraZeneca y Pfizer: el Gobierno revé su estrategia para conseguir las vacunas que no llegaron. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/astrazeneca-y-pfizer-el-gobierno-reve-su-estrategia-para-conseguir-las-vacunas-que-no-llegaron-nid28042021/.

Lo Bianco, M. (2021, May 2). ‘Hospitals are full’ as Argentina COVID-19 cases hit 3 million. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina/hospitals-are-full-as-argentina-covid-19-cases-hit-3-million-idUSKBN2CJ0KX.

Our World in Data. (2021, March 25). Argentina: Coronavirus Pandemic Country Profile. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/argentina?country=~ARG

Reuters. (2021). COVID-19 TRACKER: Latin America and the Caribbean.

https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/regions/latin-america-and-the-caribbean/

————. (2021, April 20). Argentina produces Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine in regional first. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-produces-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-regional-first-2021-04-20/.

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Bianchi, W., Otaola, J. (2021, March 23). Argentina economic plunge eases in fourth quarter; recession marks third year. https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-economy-gdp/update-1-argentina-analysts-forecast-economic-drop-of-4-4-in-q4-last-year-idUSL1N2LL283

Doll, I. (2021, April 28). Money Printer Goes Quiet and Argentine Government Gets Squeezed. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-28/money-printer-goes-quiet-and-argentine-government-gets-squeezed.

Gilbert, J. (2021, April 27). Argentina’s Shale Industry Rattled by Social Unrest in Patagonia. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/argentina-s-shale-industry-rattled-by-social-unrest-in-patagonia.

Gillespie, P. (2021, March 25). IMF and Argentina Find Common Ground Amid VP’s Bombshell Remark. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-25/imf-and-argentina-find-common-ground-amid-vp-s-bombshell-remark?utm_source=google&utm_medium=bd&cmpId=google

Gobierno de Argentina. (2021, February 16). Agricultura brinda asistencia técnica en normas de calidad alimentaria a 200 pymes del país. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/agricultura-brinda-asistencia-tecnica-en-normas-de-calidad-alimentaria-200-pymes-del-pais

————. (2021, February 16). Financiamiento preferencial para pymes industriales y cooperativas. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/financiamiento-preferencial-para-pymes-industriales-y-cooperativas.

La Nación. (2021, January 31). Inflación. El Gobierno prorroga el congelamiento de precios por dos meses. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/inflacion-el-gobierno-prorroga-precios-maximos-dos-nid2586707

————. (2021, February 23). ¿Los ricos deben pagar por la pandemia? La Argentina cree que sí; otros países lo están analizando. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/los-ricos-deben-pagar-pandemia-la-argentina-nid2610108

O’Boyle, M. (2021, April 18). Argentina Seeks Paris Club Deal Amid IMF Talks, Guzman Says.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-18/argentina-seeks-paris-club-deal-amid-imf-talks-guzman-says.

El Observador. (2021, March 24). El ministro de Economía de Argentina celebró la movilidad del FMI que le dará US$ 4.350 millones extra a su país. https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/el-ministro-de-economia-de-argentina-celebro-la-movida-del-fmi-que-le-puede-dar-us-4-350-millones-extra-a-su-pais–2021324153554

Reuters. (2020, December 4). Argentina 2020 economic drop seen tightening to 10.9%: central bank poll. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-economy-poll/argentina-2020-economic-drop-seen-tightening-to-10-9-central-bank-poll-idUSKBN28E386

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Aljazeera. (2021, February 20) Argentina health minister resigns over COVID vaccine scandal. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/20/argentina-health-minister-resigns-over-covid-vaccine-scandal
Boerr, M. (2021, March 24). Tras la apertura, cientos de formoseños se sienten “liberados” y cruzan el puente para reencontrarse con sus familiares. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/tras-la-apertura-cientos-de-formosenos-se-sienten-liberados-y-cruzan-el-puente-para-reencontrarse-nid24032021/

Castro, M. (2021, March 8). Cuarto día de protestas en Formosa, Argentina, tras anuncio de regreso a la Fase 1 de cuarentena. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/03/08/formosa-protestas-argentina-cuarentena-orix/
Clarín. (2021, March 15). Desde Juntos por el Cambio denunciaron a Horacio Pietragalla por las embarazadas escondidas en el monte de Formosa.https://www.clarin.com/politica/juntos-cambio-denunciaron-horacio-pietragalla-embarazadas-escondidas-monte-formosa_0_DZl1A_7IE.html

Gardel, L. (2021, April 19). Polémica entre Ciudad y Nación por las clases presenciales: qué es lo que ocurrió y quiénes vuelven a la escuela en CABA. https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/polemica-entre-ciudad-y-nacion-por-las-clases-presenciales-que-es-lo-que-ocurrio-y-quienes-vuelven-a-la-escuela-en-caba/.

Gobierno de Argentina. (2021). Teletrabajo. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/justicia/derechofacil/leysimple/teletrabajo.

————. (2021, April 28). Avanza la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en las personas con discapacidad y condiciones de riesgo. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/avanza-la-vacunacion-contra-la-covid-19-en-las-personas-con-discapacidad-y-condiciones-de-0.

————. (2021, April 29). Se realizó encuentro para implementar en Salud el acceso y la permanencia laboral de personas travestis, transexuales y transgénero. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/se-realizo-encuentro-para-implementar-en-salud-el-acceso-y-la-permanencia-laboral-de.

Human Rights Watch. (2021, March 26). Argentina: Formosa adopta medidas abusivas en su respuesta al Covid-19. https://www.hrw.org/es/news/2021/03/26/argentina-formosa-adopta-medidas-abusivas-en-su-respuesta-al-covid-19

La Nación. (2021, February 21). Vacunas vip: Human Rights Watch criticó a la Argentina por abusos a los Derechos Humanos. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/vacunas-vip-human-rights-watch-denuncio-argentina-nid2609147

Nugent, C. (2021, April 20). After a Terrible Year for Women in the Economy, These Places Are Working Toward a Feminist Recovery From COVID-19. https://time.com/5954727/economic-recovery-women-covid-19/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=editorial&utm_term=world_&linkId=116962921.

Rossi, P., Vassolo, A. (2021, April 24). Coronavirus: el Gobierno destinará más de 70.000 vacunas para referentes sociales que trabajan en comedores. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/coronavirus-el-gobierno-planea-vacunar-a-mas-de-70000-referentes-sociales-que-trabajan-en-comedores-nid24042021/.

El Universal. (2021, February 8). Detectan en Argentina variantes brasileñas del Covid-19. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/detectan-en-argentina-variantes-brasilenas-del-covid-19

UTE. (2021, April 19). Paro Docente con adhesión masiva. https://ute.org.ar/paro-docente-con-adhesion-masiva/.

Governance and Leadership Fall 2020:

Buenos Aires Times. (2020, October 10). Fernández puts 14-day restrictions on movement in 18 provinces. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/fernandez-puts-14-day-restrictions-on-movement-in-18-provinces.phtml

————. (2020, October 31). Congress approves bill saying Covid-19 vaccine is in public interest. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/congress-approves-bill-saying-covid-19-vaccine-is-in-public-interest.phtml
Dyer, A., Torres, S. (2020, October 2) Argentina and Colombia, a Tale of Two Lockdowns. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/argentina-and-colombia-tale-two-lockdowns

Gobierno de Argentina. (2020, September 28). El Gobierno Nacional presentó la Red Sanitaria Federal COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-gobierno-nacional-presento-la-red-sanitaria-federal-covid-19

————. (2020, October 29). Katopodis y Lammens anunciaron la construcción de 18 Centros Modulares Sanitarios en puntos turísticos del país. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/katopodis-y-lammens-anunciaron-la-construccion-de-18-centros-modulares-sanitarios-en-puntos
Horwitz, L., et al. (2020, October 21). The Coronavirus in Latin America.https://www.as-coa.org/articles/coronavirus-latin-america

Lammertyn, M., Lobianco, M. (2020, October 5). ‘No isolation, few tests’: Argentina has world’s highest COVID-19 positive rate. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN26Q2WK

Merco Press. (2020, November 8). Argentina will receive some 22 million doses of AstraZeneca vaccines. https://en.mercopress.com/2020/11/08/argentina-will-receive-some-22-million-doses-of-astrazeneca-vaccines

Mur, R. (2020, August 05). Argentina anuncia su salida de la suspensión de pagos. https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20200805/482680896927/argentina-anuncia-su-salida-de-la-suspension-de-pagos.html

Otaola, J., Raszewski, E. (2020, October 6). Argentina lures wary investors with dollar-linked bond as IMF arrives. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1N2GX0VI
Our World in Data. (2020, November 16). Argentina: Coronavirus Pandemic Country Profile. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/argentina?country=~ARG

Growth and Innovation Fall 2020:

Bloomberg. (2020, November 9). Argentina to Request Extended Fund Facility Program From IMF. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-09/argentina-will-ask-the-imf-for-an-extended-fund-facility-program

Buenos Aires Times. (2020, November 11). IMF to launch talks with Argentina over new loan next week.

https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/imf-to-launch-talks-with-argentina-over-new-loan-next-week.phtml

Filgueira, M. (2020, October 6). Hecho en Argentina. La empresa de software que ayuda a empresas a volver a la normalidad. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/negocios/hecho-argentina-la-empresa-software-ayuda-empresas-nid2461112

Financial Times. (2020, November 10). Argentina investors still nervous after state efforts to support peso. https://www.ft.com/content/f31e240c-5c5e-4980-9041-ade78eeff0cb
————. (2020, November 16). Peronist senators in Argentina demand concessions from IMF. https://www.ft.com/content/1a154e62-1dc5-47bf-b307-5060b353ee39

Gobierno de Argentina. (2020, August 21). ARGENTINA DIGITAL Decreto 690/2020. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/233932/20200822

Heath, M. (2020, September 15). Argentina’s GDP to fall 12% in 2020 due to COVID-19, central bank poll says. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-economy-poll-idUSKBN25W0A8

Jastreblansky, M. (2020, October 6). Coronavirus en la Argentina: el Gobierno evalúa aperturas controladas y preocupa la temporada de Verano. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/como-siguen-medidas-sanitarias-aperturas-controladas-inquietud-nid2471563
Latin America Reports. (2020, October 13). Argentina to incentivize tech sector in hopes of boosting recovery. https://latinamericareports.com/argentina-to-incentivize-tech-sector-in-hopes-of-boosting-recovery/4712/

La Nación. (2020, November 13). Coronavirus en la Argentina: vuelven a funcionar los trenes de larga distancia.

https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/coronavirus-argentina-vuelven-funcionar-trenes-larga-distancia-nid2508888

ONU. (2020, June 25). La pobreza en Argentina aumentará del 35,6% al 40,2% debido al coronavirus. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1476542

Otaola, J., Raszewski, E. (2020, October 6). Argentina lures wary investors with dollar-linked bond as IMF arrives. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1N2GX0VI

Rumi, M. (2020, September 8). Telecomunicaciones. Las empresas piden revisar el decreto y analizan judicializarlo. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/dnu-empresas-telefonia-tv-paga-internet-piden-nid2444239

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020:

Bo, T. (2020, June 04). Femicide in Argentina: Not One Less protest held despite lockdown. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/femicide-argentina-protest-held-lockdown-200604101610130.html

Branigan, C. (2020, July 16). Feminists Fight Covid on Buenos Aires’ Urban Margins. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/16/feminists-covid-argentina

Buenos Aires Times. (2020, October 29). Violent eviction of Guernica squatters camp draws criticism. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/violent-eviction-of-guernica-squatters-camp-draws-criticism.phtml

————. (2020, November 14). What we learned this week: November 7 to 14.

https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/7th-november-14th-november-what-we-learned-this-week.phtml

Deutsche Welle. (2020, October 8). Argentina: Violence against children rises in pandemic. https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-violence-against-children-rises-in-pandemic/av-55209181

Gobierno de Argentina. (2020, October 2). Ministerio De Cultura Decisión Administrativa 1818/2020. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/235727/20201005

————. (2020, November 13). Se entregó la 14.° edición del Premio L’Oréal-UNESCO “Por las Mujeres en la Ciencia”. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/se-entrego-la-14deg-edicion-del-premio-loreal-unesco-por-las-mujeres-en-la-ciencia

Latin American News Dispatch. (2020, November 16). DEMANDS FOR LAND AND HOUSING CONTINUE AFTER GUERNICA EVICTION. https://latindispatch.com/2020/11/16/demands-for-land-and-housing-continue-after-guernica-eviction/

La Nación. (2020, November 8). 8N. Con apoyo opositor, se realizó el octavo banderazo contra el Gobierno. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/con-apoyo-opositor-gobierno-enfrenta-octavo-banderazo-nid2503750
Karczmarczyk, M., Kessler, G., Langou, G., & Paolera, C. (2020, September). Impacto social del COVID-19 en Argentina. Balance del primer semestre del 2020. https://www.cippec.org/publicacion/impacto-social-del-covid-19-en-argentina-balance-del-primer-semestre-del-2020/

Pagni, A. (2020, September 27). Activists renew call for abortion reform in Argentina. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/activists-renew-call-for-abortion-reform.phtml

Governance and Leadership Summer 2020:

Al Jazeera. (2020, June 19). Argentina: COVID-19 cases spike as pandemic grips poor ‘villas’. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/argentina-covid-19-cases-spike-pandemic-grips-poor-villas-200619162334234.html

Diéguez, G. (2020, April 29). La pandemia del COVID 19: Cuatro reflexiones en torno al rol del Estado y las capacidades de gestión pública. https://www.cippec.org/textual/la-pandemia-del-covid-19-cuatro-reflexiones-en-torno-al-rol-del-estado-y-las-capacidades-de-gestion-publica/

García, M. J., & Timerman, J. (2020, July 29). ¿Por qué no explota Argentina? https://www.nytimes.com/es/2020/07/28/espanol/opinion/argentina-estallido-2001-coronavirus.html

Goñi, U. (2020, July 14). Covid-19 restrictions are shattering Argentina’s short-lived political truce. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/14/covid-19-restrictions-are-shattering-argentinas-short-lived-political-truce

Horwitz, L., et al. (2020, July 15). The Coronavirus in Latin America. https://www.as-coa.org/articles/coronavirus-latin-america

Jones, Mark P. (2019, November 4). Alberto Fernández and the Pandemic: From Co-president of Half of Argentines to President of All. https://www.csis.org/analysis/alberto-fernandez-and-pandemic-co-president-half-argentines-president-all

Misculin, N. (2020, July 17). Argentina confirms highest daily coronavirus case load after easing restrictions.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-reopenin/argentina-confirms-highest-daily-coronavirus-case-load-after-easing-restrictions-idUSKCN24I2D1

Mur, R. (2020, August 05). Argentina anuncia su salida de la suspensión de pagos. https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20200805/482680896927/argentina-anuncia-su-salida-de-la-suspension-de-pagos.html

Perfil. (2020, July 16). Se estanca la imagen de Alberto Fernández y la aprobación de la cuarentena. https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/se-estanca-imagen-alberto-fernandez-y-aprobacion-cuarentena.phtml

Tchintian, C. (2020, April 3). La pandemia desafía la grieta. https://www.cippec.org/textual/los-liderazgos-a-prueba/

Torres, S., & Gedan, B. (2020, June 12). COVID-19 en América Latina: Llegó para Quedarse. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/covid-19-en-america-latina-llego-para-quedarse

Growth and Innovation Summer 2020:

Buscaglia, M. (2020, July 19). La economía pospandemia y las oportunidades que habrá para la Argentina. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/dla-economia-pospandemia-y-las-oportunidades-que-habra-para-la-argentina-nid2399398

El Intransigente. (2020, July 21). ¿Cuándo empieza la negociación con el FMI? https://elintransigente.com/2020/08/cuando-empieza-la-negociacion-con-el-fmi/

Fernandez, M. (2020, July 18). Deeper, harder, slower: Analysts forecast Argentina’s worst economic crisis since 2001. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/deeper-harder-slower-analysts-forecast-argentinas-worst-economic-crisis-since-2001.phtml

Giraudy, A., Niedzwiecki, S., & Pribble, J. (2020, June 24). How Political Science Explains Countries’ Reactions to COVID-19. https://americasquarterly.org/article/how-political-science-explains-countries-reactions-to-covid-19/

Grainger, J. (2020, June 30). Economy plunges more than expected after lockdown. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/economy-plunges-more-than-expected-after-lockdown.phtml

Mander, B. (2020, April 28). Covid-19 has silver linings for Argentina’s president. https://www.ft.com/content/0c43684d-3aae-4b0d-a368-1bcfb401b85c

Mortimer, V. (2020, July 06). Community Kitchens Sustain Argentina’s Working-Class Neighborhoods. https://www.latinousa.org/2020/07/06/communitykitchensargentina/

LA NACIÓN. (2020, July 30). Una década en crisis: La larga recesión argentina que todavía no termina.https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/la-crisis-economica-ultima-decada-larga-recesion-nid2407604

Oglietti, G., Oliva, N., & Mencías, J. (2020, May 11). Estimación del impacto económico del coronavirus en Argentina 2020. https://www.celag.org/estimacion-del-impacto-economico-del-coronavirus-en-argentina-2020/

ONU. (2020, June 25). La pobreza en Argentina aumentará del 35,6% al 40,2% debido al coronavirus | Noticias ONU. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1476542

Rodríguez, L. (2020, June 27). UN: Argentina could lose 850,000 jobs in 2020 amid virus crisis. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/un-argentina-could-lose-850000-jobs-in-2020-amid-virus-crisis.phtml

Salinas, C., & Odisio, J. (2019, November 19). Tribuna: Macri, el FMI y la descomunal deuda pública argentina. https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/11/19/opinion/1574190845_751495.html

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2020:

Anderson, C. (2020, July 09). Activists Keep Argentina’s Abortion Reform on the Agenda Despite Covid-19. https://nacla.org/news/2020/07/08/argentina-abortion-reform-covid

Bo, T. (2020, June 04). Femicide in Argentina: Not One Less protest held despite lockdown. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/femicide-argentina-protest-held-lockdown-200604101610130.html

Branigan, C. (2020, July 16). Feminists Fight Covid on Buenos Aires’ Urban Margins. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/16/feminists-covid-argentina

Carbajal, M. (2020, March 2). Plan de los 1000 días: Alberto Fernández anunció la iniciativa para el cuidado de la mujer y sus hijas e hijos. PAGINA12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/250397-plan-de-los-1000-dias-alberto-fernandez-anuncio-la-iniciativ.

CMS Medios. (2020, August 5). Natalia Oreiro y Coral Campopiano en una campaña contra la violencia de género. Filo News. https://www.filo.news/genero/Natalia-Oreiro-y-Coral-Campopiano-en-una-campana-contra-la-violencia-de-genero-20200805-0061.html.

Centenera, M. (2020, July 27). Alimentación sana y protección a la infancia en los barrios más pobres de Argentina. EL PAÍS. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/07/23/planeta_futuro/1595497615_427415.html.

El Observador. (2020, July 10). Día de la independencia argentina: marchas contra el gobierno y agresiones a periodistas. El Observador. https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/dia-de-la-independencia-argentina-marchas-contra-el-gobierno-y-agresiones-a-periodistas-20207921857

See archived resources

Agencia EFE. (2021, February 12). Argentina se alista para retornar a las clases presenciales entre resistencias. https://es-us.noticias.yahoo.com/argentina-alista-retornar-clases-presenciales-175649584.html.

Besson, H. (2021, January 27). Vacuna Sputnik V en Argentina, entre el hermetismo y las dudas. https://www.milenio.com/internacional/vacuna-sputnik-v-en-argentina-entre-el-hermetismo-y-las-dudas.

Bo, T. (2020, June 4). Femicide in Argentina: Not One Less protest held despite lockdown. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/femicide-argentina-protest-held-lockdown-200604101610130.html.

Branigan, C. (2020, July 16). Feminists Fight Covid on Buenos Aires’ Urban Margins. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/16/feminists-covid-argentina.

————. (2020, October 29). Violent eviction of Guernica squatters camp draws criticism. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/violent-eviction-of-guernica-squatters-camp-draws-criticism.phtml.

————. (2020, November 11). IMF to launch talks with Argentina over new loan next week. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/imf-to-launch-talks-with-argentina-over-new-loan-next-week.phtml.

————. (2020, November 14). What we learned this week: November 7 to 14. https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/7th-november-14th-november-what-we-learned-this-week.phtml.

————. (2021, February 22). Vizzotti: One million doses of Sinopharm vaccine due ‘in next few days’. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/vizzotti-one-million-doses-of-sinopharm-vaccine-due-in-next-few-days.phtml.

————. (2021, March 27). Argentina records highest daily Covid caseload in two months. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentina-records-highest-daily-covid-caseload-in-two-months.phtml.

Clarín. (2021, January 22). Cuándo empiezan las clases 2021 en cada provincial. https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/vuelta-clases-empezara-ciclo-lectivo-provincia_0_Frw3tt3s3.html.

CNN. (2021, February 2). Argentina asks Russia for more vaccine doses. https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-updates-02-02-21/h_611946c68ca690e78c1a40bcc38b6f09.

El Comercio. (2021, March). Marchas contra la violencia machista en Argentina en el Día Internacional de la Mujer. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/dia-internacional-de-la-mujer-argentina-marchas-contra-la-violencia-machista-en-argentina-en-el-8-de-marzo-dia-de-la-mujer-fotos-alberto-fernandez-nndc-noticia/.

Desantis, D. et al. (2021, March 25). ‘Alarm bells’: Brazil’s COVID-19 chaos sparks fear, countermeasures from neighbors. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-neighbors/alarm-bells-brazils-covid-19-chaos-sparks-fear-countermeasures-from-neighbors-idUSKBN2BH1D2.

Deutsche Welle. (2020, October 8). Argentina: Violence against children rises in pandemic. https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-violence-against-children-rises-in-pandemic/av-55209181.

————. (2020, December 5). Argentina: expertos estiman inflación del 50 por ciento para 2021. https://www.dw.com/es/argentina-expertos-estiman-inflaci%C3%B3n-del-50-por-ciento-para-2021/a-55834065.

Dube, R., Kantchev, G. (2021, January 18). Argentina Is a Testing Ground for Moscow’s Global Vaccine Drive. https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentina-is-a-testing-ground-for-moscows-global-vaccine-drive-11610965529.

Dyer, A. & Torres, S. (2020, October 2) Argentina and Colombia, a Tale of Two Lockdowns. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/argentina-and-colombia-tale-two-lockdowns.

Financial Times. (2020, November 10). Argentina investors still nervous after state efforts to support peso. https://www.ft.com/content/f31e240c-5c5e-4980-9041-ade78eeff0cb.

————. (2020, November 16). Peronist senators in Argentina demand concessions from IMF. https://www.ft.com/content/1a154e62-1dc5-47bf-b307-5060b353ee39.

Gillespie, P. & Martin, E. (2021, February 8). IMF Official Says Argentina Deal by May Is an Ambitious Timeline. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-08/imf-official-says-argentina-deal-by-may-is-an-ambitious-timeline.

Gobierno de Argentina. (2020, August 21). ARGENTINA DIGITAL Decreto 690/2020. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/233932/20200822.

————. (2020, September 28). El Gobierno Nacional presentó la Red Sanitaria Federal COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/el-gobierno-nacional-presento-la-red-sanitaria-federal-covid-19.

————. (2020, October 2). Ministerio De Cultura Decisión Administrativa 1818/2020. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/235727/20201005.

————. (2021, January 28). Preguntas frecuentes sobre la vacuna contra la COVID-19. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/coronavirus/vacuna/preguntas-frecuentes#13.

————. (2021, March 22). Avanza vacunación COVID-19 y la provincia de Buenos Aires alcanzó el millón de vacunados. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/avanza-vacunacion-covid-19-y-la-provincia-de-buenos-aires-alcanzo-el-millon-de-vacunados.

————. (2021, March 22). Ministra Vizzotti recibió otras 500.000 dosis de la vacuna Sputnik V. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/ministra-vizzotti-recibio-otras-500000-dosis-de-la-vacuna-sputnik-v.

Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. (2021, March 8). Presencialidad de estudiantes que pertenecen o conviven con grupos de riesgo. http://www.abc.gov.ar/presencialidad-de-estudiantes-que-pertenecen-o-conviven-con-grupos-de-riesgo.

Grugel, J., Riggirozzi, P. (2021, January 27). Argentina’s legalisation of abortion is only the beginning of the battle for reproductive rights in Latin America. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2021/01/27/argentinas-legalisation-of-abortion-is-only-the-beginning-of-the-battle-for-reproductive-rights-in-latin-america/.

The Guardian. (2021, February 7). Argentina: human rights outrage at province’s ‘abusive’ quarantine. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/07/argentina-province-formosa-quarantine-covid-coronavirus.

Heath, M. (2020, September 15). Argentina’s GDP to fall 12% in 2020 due to COVID-19, central bank poll says. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-economy-poll-idUSKBN25W0A8.

Horwitz, L., et al. (2021, February 10). The Coronavirus in Latin America. https://www.as-coa.org/articles/coronavirus-latin-america.

Karczmarczyk, M., Kessler, G., Langou, G., & Paolera, C. (2020, September). Impacto social del COVID-19 en Argentina. Balance del primer semestre del 2020. https://www.cippec.org/publicacion/impacto-social-del-covid-19-en-argentina-balance-del-primer-semestre-del-2020/.

Laje, D. (2021, February 19). Should the rich pay for the pandemic? Argentina thinks so. Other countries are taking a look. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronarvirus-argentina-wealth-tax/2021/02/19/96fd1ec4-711b-11eb-93be-c10813e358a2_story.html.

Lammertyn, M. & Lobianco, M. (2020, October 5). ‘No isolation, few tests’: Argentina has world’s highest COVID-19 positive rate. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN26Q2WK.

Latin America Reports. (2020, October 13). Argentina to incentivize tech sector in hopes of boosting recovery. https://latinamericareports.com/argentina-to-incentivize-tech-sector-in-hopes-of-boosting-recovery/4712/.

Mur, R. (2020, August 5). Argentina anuncia su salida de la suspensión de pagos. https://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20200805/482680896927/argentina-anuncia-su-salida-de-la-suspension-de-pagos.html.

————. (2020, November 13). Coronavirus en la Argentina: vuelven a funcionar los trenes de larga distancia. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/coronavirus-argentina-vuelven-funcionar-trenes-larga-distancia-nid2508888.

ONU. (2020, June 25). La pobreza en Argentina aumentará del 35,6% al 40,2% debido al coronavirus. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1476542.

Otaola, J. & Raszewski, E. (2020, October 6). Argentina lures wary investors with dollar-linked bond as IMF arrives. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1N2GX0VI.

Pagni, A. (2020, September 27). Activists renew call for abortion reform in Argentina. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/activists-renew-call-for-abortion-reform.phtml.

Reuters. (2021, February 7). Argentina´s Fernandez eyes ´flexible´ IMF deal, possible farm tax hikes. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-politics/argentinas-fernandez-eyes-flexible-imf-deal-possible-farm-tax-hikes-idUSKBN2A70NR.

————. (2021, February 10). Argentina surpasses two million confirmed cases of coronavirus. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-idUSKBN2AA2Y4.

————. (2021, February 21). Argentina approves Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-argentina-vaccine/argentina-approves-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-idUSKBN2AL0P9.

UNICEF Argentina. (2020, August 28). De los chicos y las chicas #SomosResponsables, una campaña contra la violencia durante la pandemia. https://www.unicef.org/argentina/comunicados-prensa/de-los-chicos-y-las-chicas-somos-responsables-infancia-sin-violencia.

VOA News. (2020, October 9). Popular Argentina Beach Becomes Site of Memorial to Coronavirus Victims. https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/popular-argentina-beach-becomes-site-memorial-coronavirus-victims.

The Washington Post. (2020, October 27). Argentina locked down early and hard. Now cases are exploding. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronavirus-argentina-million-quarantine-lockdown/2020/10/26/65eefde2-149c-11eb-bc10-40b25382f1be_story.html.