Fall 2021
Governance and the Rule of Law
Chile’s vaccination campaign has been exemplary since it began in December 2020. This has allowed for a loosening of pandemic restrictions, although the country’s land borders remained closed due to the emergence of the Omicron variant. Chile faces great political uncertainty and instability during its recovery from COVID-19 due to the ongoing constitutional convention to write the new constitution, presidential elections, and an impeachment bid against President Piñera.
- 93.5% of the population over the age of 18 has received at least one dose of either the AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Moderna, CanSino, Sinopharm, Sinovac or Sputnik V vaccines. The success of Chile’s vaccination campaign, ranked among the top 10 per capita globally, has been attributed to early diversification of vaccine orders, participation in clinical trials, and the country’s existing public health infrastructure.
- In an effort to avoid the development of new strains of COVID-19, Chile has expanded its vaccination program to children ages 3-5 years old with the SinoVac vaccine. This advancement comes after the success of the country’s voluntary school-based vaccination campaign for children ages 6-11, which has fully vaccinated 67% of this population subgroup.
- The country has introduced a mobility pass for those age 12 and over, which is required to enter most indoor spaces and allows fully vaccinated individuals to gather in larger groups. The pass has served as an incentive for Chileans to get vaccinated, although the country has achieved their exceptional vaccination rate without a mandate due to a robust history of successful vaccination campaigns and a lack of politicization of the virus.
- Chile began offering booster doses in August for those vaccinated with Sinovac and has since expanded eligibility to all Chileans over 18 regardless of which vaccine they received. As of December 1st, Chileans aged 45 and over must receive a booster dose if they were initially vaccinated more than 6 months ago in order to maintain their mobility pass.
- As a result of the success of Chile’s vaccination campaign, the government has reduced some of its stringent health protection measures including terminating the use of regional quarantines and ending a curfew that began in March 2020. The government’s Paso a Paso reopening plan, consisting of five phases, presents capacity limits and activity restrictions based upon a region’s COVID-19 indicators and individuals’ vaccination status.
- After a rise in positivity rates due to the Delta variant, the country has experienced a decrease in COVID-19 cases in recent weeks. As a result, the capital city of Santiago moved from stage 3 to stage 4 of the Paso a Paso plan. The impact of the Omicron variant, which has been registered in Chile, remains to be seen, although the country has begun actively monitoring confirmed cases and their close contacts.
- In November Chile opened for both foreign and domestic air travel, and planned to open their land borders on December 1st. The arrival of the Omicron variant has postponed this decision, and the country has suspended travel from several Southern African nations. Foreign travelers must be vaccinated, and all travelers must quarantine upon arrival in Chile until they receive the results of a negative PCR test.
- The first round of Chile’s presidential and legislative elections, which occurred on November 21st, resulted in a rejection of the traditional centrist parties. On December 19th the country will decide between candidates who present two very distinct visions for Chile’s future: the far-right José Antonio Kast and leftist Gabriel Boric. Both candidates have moderated their platforms in an attempt to reach the 46% of the electorate who voted for other candidates. The rise of these two distinct candidates show that Chileans are exhausted from the uncertainty of the previous two years of social unrest and the pandemic and are thus looking for moderate change coupled with stability.
- In the midst of pandemic recovery, Chile is facing a moment of great political uncertainty. In addition to the presidential election, the country is in the midst of rewriting their constitution. The election of Kast would serve as a barrier to gaining enough support to vote in favor of approving the new constitution. However, the recent legislative elections did not result in an overwhelming number of left-wing candidates supporting the constitution, and thus the implementation of the constitution may also be tempered.
- Another factor creating political instability in the country is the recent impeachment vote against President Sebastián Piñera. In mid-November, the Senate voted not to remove the president amid claims of corruption regarding the sale of the Dominga mining project. However, the president is largely in a lame duck period until his term ends in March, which will make it difficult to pass legislation to address the needs of Chileans during the pandemic recovery.
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Growth and Innovation
Chile’s economy has rebounded from the pandemic, as GDP growth is expected to reach between 10.5% and 11.5% in 2021. However, increased consumption due to economic aid and pension withdrawals have created rising inflation in the country. Projections for 2022 predict that this economic growth will slow down drastically and that the country may possibly face a recession. Upcoming presidential elections have the potential to change the economic model but could impact future investment in the country.
- The Chilean economy has rebounded from the pandemic. 2021 GDP growth is predicted to reach between 10.5% and 11.5%, the largest in three decades, and October registered the fifth consecutive month with double-digit expansion rates. Private consumption is at historic highs as Chileans have increased capital due to three withdrawals of pension funds and government aid provided during the pandemic.
- These growth rates are unsustainable though, as projections for 2022 estimate slow and weak growth at 2%, and a possible recession in the latter half of the year. These projections are due to multiple factors including reduced consumption as fiscal spending decreases, an increase in capital outflow to foreign markets, decreasing investment, and political and economic uncertainty due to the Constituent Assembly and upcoming presidential elections.
- Due to the increases in demand and capital, inflation has reached a 13-year high in Chile of 6.7%, affecting the price of basic items such as food and gasoline. Inflation is predicted to continue into 2022. This marker adds to the worrying trend for future economic growth, and the Central Bank has responded by increasing interest rates multiple times in recent months.
- A proposal for a fourth withdrawal of pension funds did not pass a vote in Chile’s lower house. Despite pushback from President Piñera, three previous withdrawals of pension funds were approved to provide financial relief to Chileans during the pandemic. although President Piñera was opposed to all three. This fourth withdrawal faced even stronger opposition, including from the Central Bank, in fear that it would exacerbate inflation.
- Upcoming presidential elections have the potential to greatly impact Chile’s economic future, which has long been regarded as a market-friendly environment with the highest credit rating in Latin America. Leftist candidate Gabriel Boric proposes strengthening the role of the state in order to address long-standing inequality that has been exacerbated by COVID-19. Far-right candidate José Antonio Kast seeks to maintain the country’s commitment to neoliberalism. Critics of Boric point to the potential to drive away investors and erode positive international sentiment amid an increasingly challenging 2022 projection. Kast, who has expressed sympathies towards the Pinochet dictatorship, has been critiqued failing to address inequality.
- Congress approved the 2022 budget presented by President Piñera which will reduce government spending by 22.5%. The President has stated that it is not sustainable for Chile to continue having a large fiscal deficit while the opposition believes that the reduction in fiscal spending must be more gradual given that the country is still recovering from the pandemic.
- The government has extended payments of the Emergency Family Income (IFE) until December 2021 in response to backlash stating they have provided insufficient economic aid throughout the pandemic. President Piñera recently announced the extension of IFE Labor, which provides a subsidy to workers who find a new job in the formal sector. The end of the family subsidy as well as a lack of support for informal workers may worsen inequality as the country faces rising prices on basic goods.
- Chile has been focused on supporting micro, small and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs) as well as providing employment subsidies to low income workers, youth and women. While the long-term impact of these economic programs are yet to be seen, they are the largest employment of government policies in regards to an external shock in Chilean history.
- Establishments within the hard-hit food and restaurant industry have been gradually recovering, although they have not reached pre-pandemic operational levels. The greatest factor in their recovery will be continuity of operations as restaurants work to repay back debt acquired during the pandemic and increase their ability to hire back more workers; the increase in cases from the Delta variant may complicate this need.
- The tourism industry has expressed continued frustration with the country’s Protected Borders Plan, which they claim creates too many obstacles for foreign tourists. In particular, the vaccination validation process for foreign visitors can take several months to complete, and the industry claims Chile has the most restrictions globally for foreign travelers. The postponed reopening of land borders right at the beginning of the summer high season will only further damage an industry that is expected to lose $1.2 billion USD this year
- Developing autonomy in regards to vaccine development and production has been a priority for Chile, who recently announced that they will be opening facilities to produce both the Chinese Sinovac vaccine and the Italian Reithera vaccine. Chile is also the only country in the world where the quillay tree, used in Novavax’s vaccine, is harvested in large quantities, thus setting up the nation to play a key role in ensuring access to vaccines in the hard-hit Latin American region.
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Social and Cultural Inclusion
COVID-19 has exacerbated the socioeconomic inequalities in Chile that were the impetus for the 2019 social unrest that rocked the country. Many groups have been particularly impacted by the pandemic including migrants, indigenous communities, youth and women. The country has the opportunity to address the many concerns that led to the 2019 demonstrations as they write their new constitution under the leadership of Elisa Loncón, the first indigenous person in Chile to lead a body wielding political power.
- Despite 30 years of neoliberal economic growth in Chile, the middle class has been particularly hard hit by the pandemic because they did not have the saving capacities to protect themselves during the health crisis. The recovery from the pandemic and the writing of the new constitution provide an opportunity to ensure the middle class does not feel abandoned by the political elite through the creation of new social pacts that encourage cohesion and cooperation.
- Migrants, who were already a vulnerable group prior to the pandemic, have experienced even more difficulties finding work and affordable housing. The government has supported a policy of expelling migrants from their temporary encampments and encacting stricter immigration laws amidst an environment of growing xenophobia. Presidential candidate José Antonio Kast has employed anti-immigrant rhetoric throughout his campaign which has proved popular in a phase of pandemic recovery characterized by labor uncertainty and inflation.
- Chileans who reside in Argentina have been unable to re-enter the country for more than a year and a half as a result of the closed borders. They claim that the government’s move to only reopen borders to air travel discriminates against those who do not have the resources to fly to Chile. The Omicron variant has further postponed the planned reopening of the land border with Argentina.
- The realities of the indigenous and afro-descendant populations of Chile, including multidimensional poverty, rural location, low levels of education and difficulties accessing potable water, have made them much more vulnerable throughout the pandemic. Inidgenous communities’ struggle for land rights and self-determination have intensified and at times turned violent as the country recovers from the pandemic and begins to write a new constitution.
- Elisa Loncón, a Mapuche woman, is leading the constituent assembly and is the first indigenous person in Chile to lead a public body that holds political power. The Mapuche are skeptical that her leadership or their inclusion in the constitutional convention will lead to real change for them, but the disproportionate effects of the pandemic across marginalized groups emphasize the need for diverse political representation.
- Congress has voted to approve discussing a bill that would require the closure of shops and retail centers by 7 p.m. after members of the Alianza de Trabajadores de Comercio – Commercial Workers Alliance – have been demonstrating for months. Union members point to reduced shopping hours during the pandemic as evidence that consumption patterns can adjust to their proposal. They say that these changes would improve workers’ quality of life and their safety, particularly that of women, who make up 75% of retail employees.
- The pandemic has especially impacted women’s employment due to increased care duties, school closures and women’s overrepresentation in the economic sectors that were hard hit by the pandemic. While employment rates are rising in Chile, there is a 9% gap between the rate of recovery for men’s employment versus women’s employment, highlighting the need to reconcile the reality of women’s unpaid labor at home with their need to generate income. Hybrid work may provide one option, but also result in missed opportunities for women if they are not physically at their place of employment.
- Youth unemployment has also dramatically increased during the pandemic, and currently is at 20.5% due to a lack of job experience among young people, school commitments and family and health obligations during the pandemic. The government has introduced subsidies for employing youth that experts say should continue to address this issue.
- Homes with children and adolescents, especially low-income and female-headed households, were more likely to experience a decrease in income during the pandemic. Consequently, children were affected in a variety of ways including increased food insecurity, decreased medical care, mental health impacts and difficulties accessing continued quality education.
- Chilean schools have remained closed for some of the longest periods of time globally, as the country has implemented hybrid classes due to capacity restrictions and social distancing requirements.Beginning in March 2022, all schools must return to full in-person learning and only offer virtual classes when health protocols dictate a school closure. In-person learning is especially important to protect children from domestic violence, ensure equitable access to learning and to stimulate their cognitive development and mental health.
- Despite having one of the highest global vaccination rates, there are certain subgroups in Chile who have not been vaccinated due to misinformation, mistrust and cultural biases. In order to combat this, health professionals recommend using targeted and specific messaging for these groups that considers underlying sociocultural contexts and concerns.
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SUMMER 2021
Governance and the Rule of Law
Chile has emerged as a global leader in vaccination and cases have dropped significantly since a peak in late April. The country’s ongoing socio-political crisis has been exacerbated by COVID-19, however Chileans have not been dissuaded from expressing their views. Chileans voted overwhelmingly in favor of drafting a new constitution and have elected a Constitutional Convention consisting of majority-independent delegates hoping to address a range of social and economic issues.
- 60% of Chileans have received at least one vaccine dose and 70% are fully vaccinated. The success of Chile’s vaccination campaign, ranked among the top 10 per capita globally, has been attributed to early diversification of vaccine orders, participation in clinical trials, and the country’s existing public health infrastructure.
- Despite the success of their vaccination campaign, Chile experienced a record high number of daily COVID-19 infections in March and early April 2021, serving as a global reminder of the need to gradually lift health protection measures and vaccinate a majority of the population. Driving these numbers were the arrival of the Brazilian P1 variant, a lack of awareness regarding the timeline of the vaccine’s efficacy, and a failure to follow health precautions, especially among younger, unvaccinated Chileans.
- Despite a second peak in late spring and early summer, COVID-19 cases dropped significantly by mid-July. As vaccinations have become widespread and cases continue to drop, restrictions have started to lift across the country.
- The national reopening plan consists of 4 phases, with restrictions decreasing in each phase. The plan is applied on a regional level, and each region’s phase is determined by a number of key COVID-19 indicators. While some regions are in Phase 4 and almost entirely reopen, others are still in Phase 1 with almost a complete lockdown.
- The country has created a vaccine pass to allow fully vaccinated individuals to exit lockdown and move around the country. The pass, in the form of a unique QR code for each individual, grants different permissions depending on the reopening status of the region the individual is in.
- As Chile has signed agreements for more than enough vaccinations to treat their entire population, they have begun sending supplies to other Latin American nations that have difficulties procuring vaccines such as Ecuador and Paraguay. This situation highlights the disparities in vaccine access in Latin America along with the growing role vaccine diplomacy will play in international relations.
- President Piñera has faced low approval ratings and his government has been critiqued for mishandling the pandemic.The early success of the vaccination campaign led to some initial improvements in public perception, particularly regarding the government’s management of the pandemic, but rising case numbers and tensions surrounding a third withdrawal of pension funds have led to a 9% approval rating in April, his lowest since the start of the pandemic.
- The Chilean constitutional referendum, which has been regarded as a major accomplishment of the estallido social—popular uprising —, took place on October 25 after being postponed due to the pandemic. 78% of Chileans voted in favor of a new constitution to replace the 1980 constitution that is a legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship.
- Elections for the constituent assembly charged with writing the new constitution took place in May, after being pushed back from the original April date due to COVID-19. A majority of the elected delegates are independent, representing the country’s desire for change from both the right-wing and left-wing establishment.
- President Piñera’s ruling coalition failed to receive enough seats in the assembly to veto constitutional amendments. While ⅓ of the assembly is required to block amendments, Piñera’s coalition received only 37 of 155 seats. The coalition’s poor showing in the election echoes Chilean’s deep disapproval with President Piñera and his party.
- The next general elections will take place in November 2021, and two parties fielded candidates in mid-July. Gabriel Boric, a moderate lawmaker, beat out a Communisty party candidate to secure the nomination from the left-leaning coalition while Sebastian Sichel secured the nomination from the right-leaning coalition. Both candidates were considered underdogs in their respective races, once again highlighting Chileans’ desire for change.
- President Piñera and several other health officials, including former Health Minister Jaime Mañalich and current Minister Enrique Paris, are being investigated for their alleged mishandling of the pandemic including misrepresenting it to the public and recent accusations of corruption including tax fraud and prioritizing private interests over those of the public.
- Despite a variety of restrictions on public gatherings and curfews, the pandemic did not quelled Chile’s social unrest, as demonstrators called for President Piñera’s resignation and express dissatisfaction with the government’s inability to provide sufficient direct aid to individuals and families. The protests come as human rights organizations requested that the International Criminal Court investigate President Piñera and los carabineros, the Chilean police force, for crimes against humanity regarding the use of police violence during protests because they claim the Chilean justice system has demonstrated a lack of capacity to investigate this issue.
- In person instruction resumed in Chile on March 1st, but due to the extensive quarantine throughout the country, many schools were forced to close. As communities move out of Phase One of lockdown, the Ministry of Education has allowed schools to reopen, but many local leaders and teachers unions have emphasized that the health conditions have not improved enough to bring students back and have therefore chosen to keep schools closed.
Growth and Innovation
Decades of economic growth under a neoliberal model have been unequally distributed throughout Chile’s population. The government has been criticized for providing insufficient aid throughout the pandemic, resulting in new economic proposals to provide relief to Chileans. Although 2020 brought the country’s largest GDP contraction in almost 40 years, growth is predicted in 2021 due to the continued strength of the mining sector, increased social spending and a successful vaccination program.
- According to the Central Bank, the Chilean economy recorded a 5.8% decrease of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest recorded since 1982. GDP in 2021, which registered its highest growth since the pandemic began in March, is projected to increase between 5.5% and 6.5% due to the success of the vaccination program, pension withdrawals and other social protection measures, and the continued growth of the mining sector throughout the pandemic.
- In light of the pandemic’s continued impact on Chile, President Piñera announced an addition of $6 billion to the country’s $12 billion COVID fund as a means to support Chileans until 80% of the population has been vaccinated. This investment will be funded by an increase in the price of copper and by Chile’s sovereign wealth fund.
- The IMF has praised Chile’s economic response to the pandemic. The government’s multiyear fiscal plan, which amounts to 13% of GDP, as well as innovative policies from the Central Bank, have worked to insulate Chile from the worst effects of the pandemic. Although the government initially received backlash for providing insufficient support, they have since introduced additional programs to provide funding for small and medium-sized businesses and increase liquidity to households.
- In parallel to the negotiations surrounding the Agenda of the Common Minimums, a group of politicians has proposed a constitutional reform to establish a UBI without targeting requirements that would last throughout the duration of the pandemic. This project could be financed through a recent bill to increase the corporate tax rate and create a one-time tax on the “super rich,” but critics, including the President, worry this tax will encourage capital flight and will be difficult to implement.
- The government has created an Emergency Family Income (IFE) program to provide direct support to all except the richest 10% of Chilean households. The program provides minimum payments of $245 payments, with additional money for larger households, ensuring that no family falls below the poverty line. The Universal IFE will be distributed in June, July, August, and September.
- While unemployment is down to 10.4% from a high of 13.1% in July, it recorded a .1% increase in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the 4th quarter of 2020. Unemployment still remains at the highest level in 10 years, leaving many people dependent on food kitchens and governmental financial assistance.
- Chile has extended the Employment Protection Act until December 2021, which allows employers to temporarily suspend or reduce contracts while maintaining the labor relationship. During this time employees in the formal sector may access unemployment benefits of up to 70% of their salary rather than payment from their employers.
- Chile has provided continued economic support for the formal sector throughout the pandemic, including additional unemployment benefits and a subsidy for those who secure a new job in the formal sector as a part of the expanded COVID Fund. The informal sector does not qualify for these benefits, and restrictions on mobility through quarantine will disproportionately impact these workers as well.
- The Chilean government has focused throughout the pandemic on providing assistance to SMEs, as those businesses have been hit particularly hard by lockdown measures and decreased consumption. The additions to the COVID Fund include additional support to SMEs as one of five areas of focus.
- The Chilean Constitutional Court voted against a bid by President Piñera to block a third withdrawal of 10% from personal pension funds. All three historic withdrawals have been opposed by the president, but the most recent proposal had broad political support, as much of the cash assistance from the government is insufficient or has failed to reach those who need it while the country faces its highest COVID-19 numbers to date.
- These changes to the pension system, while providing relief for Chileans, may ultimately result in lower future pension payments and increased state intervention to maintain the system, which is managed by private firms. As the third withdrawal will leave 5 million of the 11 million Chileans enrolled in the pension system without any remaining funds, the government has proposed legislation to both deposit a bond for those who do not have funds along with replenishing savings for all pensioners.
- Chile’s massive vaccination campaign, which has depended overwhelmingly on the use of the Chinese Sinovac vaccine, has facilitated real-world studies of the vaccine’s efficacy. The findings demonstrate that the vaccine is effective at preventing disease – 56.5% efficacy according to the University of Chile’s study and 67% efficacy according to the government’s study – two weeks after the administration of the second dose.
- Chile, who lost the capacity to produce vaccines in 2002, is looking into a variety of means that would allow them to manufacture vaccines nationally, as the pandemic has highlighted the need for the country to have autonomy in regards to the development and production of vaccines. Options include installing a plant from the Chinese pharmaceutical company SinoVac on Chilean land and creating a vaccine manufacturing facility in the Atacama Desert.
Social and Cultural Inclusion
COVID-19 arrived in an already vulnerable Chile after months of social unrest and protests that have continued throughout the pandemic due to rampant inequality and a lack of public services. As a result, many middle and low income families are facing precarious economic situations. The pandemic continues to highlight the marginalization of women, indigenous groups and the poor.
- The pandemic has exacerbated the already deeply embedded inequalities present in Chilean society, as 2.4 million members of the middle class moved into conditions of poverty in 2020 due to unsustainable levels of debt, falling incomes and labor market deterioration. This situation is contrasted with the 8 wealthiest Chilean families, among which includes President Sebastian Piñera, who saw their fortunes increase by 73% in the last year, thus fueling the conversation surrounding a wealth tax to fund post-pandemic recovery.
- Since 2011 a growing number of Chileans have resided in informal settlements as a result of high land prices and rent rates. As the pandemic has pushed an increasing number of Chileans into poverty, the number of people living in informal settlements has almost doubled to over 80,000 families, highlighting the difficulties in accessing affordable housing in Chile.
- A recent study examined the link between socioeconomic status and COVID-19 mortality in the Santiago metropolitan region and found higher death rates among those aged 80 and younger in low income municipalities compared to those in wealthier areas. This situation is attributed to healthcare disparities, overcrowding in poor municipalities, and higher mobility rates among poor Chileans who were unable to work from home during lockdowns.
- Chilean health care workers face increased mental health problems during the pandemic as 30% report symptoms of depression and exhaustion as the healthcare system is overwhelmed with new COVID-19 cases.
- Rather than holding a large demonstration, the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) organized a “general health strike” composed of small cacerolzas and disconnecting from telework in order to denounce the Piñera administration’s response to unemployment numbers and infection rates. The union has called upon the government to support the working class through emergency UBI, a freeze on the price of food and an increase in the minimum wage.
- The northern region of Chile has experienced a rapid increase in migration resulting in a humanitarian crisis and multiple deaths as the local infrastructure is overwhelmed and unable to manage the spread of COVID-19.
- Mapuche communities face difficulties fighting COVID-19 due to insufficient resources such as healthcare and potable water. There is concern that this lack of access in combination with the government’s failure to provide adequate public protection during the pandemic will lead to greater levels of poverty and inequality.
- There are concerns that women will be marginalized during labor market reactivation, as the government plans to invest in fields such as construction where women are historically underrepresented, women have often been unable to work during the pandemic due to providing childcare, and areas with high female labor participation have not been reactivated.
- Elisa Loncón, a Mapuche woman, was selected to lead the process of rewriting the constitution. The group of delegates as a whole has gender parity, and a portion of seats were reserved for indigenous representatives. The disproportionate effects of the pandemic across marginzalized groups emphasized the need for such representation going forward.
- The election of a constitutional assembly with majority-independent candidates demonstrates the growing disconnect between political elites and everyday Chileans. Many citizens feel excluded and forgotten by the current government, and the new constitution is viewed as an opportunity to create a pluralistic society in which people of all classes, genders, and ethnicities are welcome.
- Many Chilean women have faced difficulties accessing sexual and reproductive health services and contraception during the pandemic, including reports of over 170 women receiving defective oral contraceptives. Recently, one woman went to court over an unplanned pregnancy as a result of these pills, and the ruling in favor of her right to an abortion has been lauded as significant step for women’s reproductive rights given that Chile has stringent abortion laws.
- Chile announced that pregnant women with underlying health conditions or employed in high-risk jobs will receive priority access to vaccines following updated medical advice regarding the vaccine’s efficacy and safety for use among pregnant women.
- Chilean prisons are overcrowded, and the government took measures to reduce the prison population. There are concerns however about reintegration of the prison population into the labor force due to reduced training programs in prisons and the increase in unemployment among the informal sector where many former prisoners find work.
SPRING 2021
Governance and the Rule of Law
Chile has emerged as a global leader in vaccination. Despite this progress, COVID-19 infections reached their highest daily numbers in late April 2021 and are overwhelming the precarious Chilean healthcare system. The country’s ongoing socio-political crisis has been exacerbated by COVID-19, as political fragmentation has made it difficult to pass legislation to address the pandemic. Chileans have not been dissuaded from expressing their views however; in October, they overwhelmingly voted in favor of summoning a constitutional convention and will vote in May 2021 for the constituents who will draft this constitution.
- 43% of Chileans have received at least one vaccine dose, and the country plans to vaccinate 80% of its population of 19 million by the end of June. The success of Chile’s vaccination campaign, ranked among the top 5 per capita globally, has been attributed to early diversification of vaccine orders, participation in clinical trials, and the country’s existing public health infrastructure.
- Despite the success of their vaccination campaign, Chile experienced a record high number of daily COVID-19 infections in March and early April 2021, serving as a global reminder of the need to gradually lift health protection measures and vaccinate a majority of the population. Driving these numbers were the arrival of the Brazilian P1 variant, a lack of awareness regarding the timeline of the vaccine’s efficacy, and a failure to follow health precautions, especially among younger, unvaccinated Chileans.
- COVID-19 case numbers have begun to slowly decline as of mid-April 2021, but the Chilean healthcare system remains overwhelmed, as an increasing number of beds are occupied by those under the age of 60, intensive care units are at capacity and health care workers are stretched thin.
- After placing more than 80% of the country on a month of strict lockdown, Chile has gradually begun easing restrictions in municipalities throughout the country, but some medical professionals have questioned this decision because of high COVID-19 positivity rates, insufficient resources allocated to testing and hospital capacity constraints. The country plans to mitigate these concerns by increasing contact tracing, employing mobile testing units, and urging Chileans to follow health guidelines.
- The Minister of Health, Enrique Paris, has noted that he is studying the creation of a vaccination green card to serve as a means to encourage people to get vaccinated. The card would be issued two weeks after an individual has received their second vaccine dose and has been proposed as the country experiences a slowdown in its massive vaccination campaign, particularly among young Chileans.
- As Chile has signed agreements for more than enough vaccinations to treat their entire population, they have begun sending supplies to other Latin American nations that have difficulties procuring vaccines such as Ecuador and Paraguay. This situation highlights the disparities in vaccine access in Latin America along with the growing role vaccine diplomacy will play in international relations.
- President Piñera has faced low approval ratings and his government has been critiqued for mishandling the pandemic.The early success of the vaccination campaign led to some initial improvements in public perception, particularly regarding the government’s management of the pandemic, but rising case numbers and tensions surrounding a third withdrawal of pension funds have led to a 9% approval rating, his lowest since the start of the pandemic.
- The Chilean constitutional referendum, which has been regarded as a major accomplishment of the estallido social—popular uprising —, took place on October 25 after being postponed due to the pandemic. 78% of Chileans voted in favor of a new constitution to replace the 1980 constitution that is a legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship.
- Due to the surge in COVID-19 cases, elections for local leaders and the constituent assembly charged with writing the new constitution were delayed from April 10 and 11 to May 15 and 16, 2021. This change allows time to vaccinate more people, although the country must balance public health concerns with the potential damage to democracy additional election delays may cause.
- President Piñera and several other health officials, including former Health Minister Jaime Mañalich and current Minister Enrique Paris, are being investigated for their alleged mishandling of the pandemic including misrepresenting it to the public and recent accusations of corruption including tax fraud and prioritizing private interests over those of the public.
- Despite a variety of restrictions on public gatherings and curfews, the pandemic has not quelled Chile’s social unrest, as demonstrators continue to call for President Piñera’s resignation and express dissatisfaction with the government’s inability to provide sufficient direct aid to individuals and families. The most recent street protests come as human rights organizations requested that the International Criminal Court investigate President Piñera and los carabineros, the Chilean police force, for crimes against humanity regarding the use of police violence during protests because they claim the Chilean justice system has demonstrated a lack of capacity to investigate this issue.
- The pandemic has exacerbated Chile’s ongoing socio-political crisis, which began in October 2019, and has resulted in political fragmentation, distrust in politicians and political parties, and difficulty passing legislation to address the pandemic. The government is perceived by many as ignorant of popular concerns, as society calls for transformation but feels as if their requests are blocked by a group of political elite that govern for their own personal convenience and interests.
- In person instruction resumed in Chile on March 1st, but due to the extensive quarantine throughout the country, many schools were forced to close. As communities move out of Phase One of lockdown, the Ministry of Education has allowed schools to reopen, but many local leaders and teachers unions have emphasized that the health conditions have not improved enough to bring students back and have therefore chosen to keep schools closed.
Growth and Innovation
Decades of economic growth under a neoliberal model have been unequally distributed throughout Chile’s population. The government has been criticized for providing insufficient aid throughout the pandemic, resulting in new economic proposals to provide relief to Chileans. Although 2020 brought the country’s largest GDP contraction in almost 40 years, growth is predicted in 2021 due to the continued strength of the mining sector, increased social spending and a successful vaccination program.
- According to the Central Bank, the Chilean economy recorded a 5.8% decrease of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest recorded since 1982. 2021 GDP, which registered in March 2021 its highest growth since the pandemic began, is projected to increase between 5.5% and 6.5% due to the success of the vaccination program, pension withdrawals and other social protection measures, and the continued growth of the mining sector throughout the pandemic.
- In light of the pandemic’s continued impact on Chile, President Piñera announced an addition of $6 billion to the country’s $12 billion COVID fund as a means to support Chileans until 80% of the population has been vaccinated. This investment will be funded by an increase in the price of copper and by Chile’s sovereign wealth fund.
- While the Chilean government has spent 10% of GDP on pandemic-related aid, only about 1/5 of those funds have gone directly to those most affected by COVID-19 due to red tape and targeting of aid programs. Amid criticism that the government support is insufficient, Congress and the President have begun discussing a new economic aid package, the Agenda of the Common Minimums, which proposes a universal basic income (UBI), higher tax collection and assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME).
- In parallel to the negotiations surrounding the Agenda of the Common Minimums, a group of politicians has proposed a constitutional reform to establish a UBI without targeting requirements that would last throughout the duration of the pandemic. This project could be financed through a recent bill to increase the corporate tax rate and create a one-time tax on the “super rich,” but critics, including the President, worry this tax will encourage capital flight and will be difficult to implement.
- While unemployment is down to 10.4% from a high of 13.1% in July, it recorded a .1% increase in the months of January-March compared to quarter 4 of 2020. Unemployment still remains at the highest level in 10 years, leaving many people dependent on food kitchens and governmental financial assistance.
- Chile has extended the Employment Protection Act until December 2021, which allows employers to temporarily suspend or reduce contracts while maintaining the labor relationship. During this time employees in the formal sector may access unemployment benefits of up to 70% of their salary rather than payment from their employers.
- Chile has provided continued economic support for the formal sector throughout the pandemic, including additional unemployment benefits and a subsidy for those who secure a new job in the formal sector as a part of the expanded COVID Fund. The informal sector does not qualify for these benefits, and recent restrictions on mobility through quarantine will disproportionately impact these workers as well.
- The Chilean government has focused throughout the pandemic on providing assistance to SMEs, as those businesses have been hit particularly hard by lockdown measures and decreased consumption. The additions to the COVID Fund include additional support to SMEs as one of five areas of focus.
- The Chilean Constitutional Court voted against a bid by President Piñera to block a third withdrawal of 10% from personal pension funds. All three historic withdrawals have been opposed by the president, but the most recent proposal had broad political support, as much of the cash assistance from the government is insufficient or has failed to reach those who need it while the country faces its highest COVID-19 numbers to date.
- These changes to the pension system, while providing relief for Chileans, may ultimately result in lower future pension payments and increased state intervention to maintain the system, which is managed by private firms. As the third withdrawal will leave 5 million of the 11 million Chileans enrolled in the pension system without any remaining funds, the government has proposed legislation to both deposit a bond for those who do not have funds along with replenishing savings for all pensioners.
- Chile’s massive vaccination campaign, which has depended overwhelmingly on the use of the Chinese Sinovac vaccine, has facilitated real-world studies of the vaccine’s efficacy. The findings demonstrate that the vaccine is effective at preventing disease – 56.5% efficacy according to the University of Chile’s study and 67% efficacy according to the government’s study – two weeks after the administration of the second dose.
- Chile, who lost the capacity to produce vaccines in 2002, is looking into a variety of means that would allow them to manufacture vaccines nationally, as the pandemic has highlighted the need for the country to have autonomy in regards to the development and production of vaccines. Options include installing a plant from the Chinese pharmaceutical company SinoVac on Chilean land and creating a vaccine manufacturing facility in the Atacama Desert.
Social and Cultural Inclusion
COVID-19 arrived in an already vulnerable Chile after months of social unrest and protests that have continued throughout the pandemic due to rampant inequality and a lack of public services. As a result, many middle and low income families are facing precarious economic situations. The pandemic continues to highlight the marginalization of women, indigenous groups and the poor.
- The pandemic has exacerbated the already deeply embedded inequalities present in Chilean society, as 2.4 million members of the middle class moved into conditions of poverty in 2020 due to unsustainable levels of debt, falling incomes and labor market deterioration. This situation is contrasted with the 8 wealthiest Chilean families, among which includes President Sebastian Piñera, who saw their fortunes increase by 73% in the last year, thus fueling the conversation surrounding a wealth tax to fund post-pandemic recovery.
- Since 2011 a growing number of Chileans have resided in informal settlements as a result of high land prices and rent rates. As the pandemic has pushed an increasing number of Chileans into poverty, the number of people living in informal settlements has almost doubled to over 80,000 families, highlighting the difficulties in accessing affordable housing in Chile.
- As a part of bolstering the COVID Fund, the Ingreso familiar de Emergencia – Emergency Family Income – will be continued into June 2021and will automatically be issued to those families who make up the 80% most vulnerable on the country’s Social Registry of Households. This expansion comes at a time in which the government has been criticized for placing too many restrictions on aid and a growing number of families have become dependent on food kitchens and found themselves in precarious economic situations.
- A recent study examined the link between socioeconomic status and COVID-19 mortality in the Santiago metropolitan region and found higher death rates among those aged 80 and younger in low income municipalities compared to those in wealthier areas. This situation is attributed to healthcare disparities, overcrowding in poor municipalities, and higher mobility rates among poor Chileans who were unable to work from home during lockdowns.
- Chilean health care workers face increased mental health problems during the pandemic as 30% report symptoms of depression and exhaustion as the healthcare system is overwhelmed with new COVID-19 cases.
- Rather than holding a large demonstration, the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) organized a “general health strike” composed of small cacerolzas and disconnecting from telework in order to denounce the Piñera administration’s response to unemployment numbers and infection rates. The union has called upon the government to support the working class through emergency UBI, a freeze on the price of food and an increase in the minimum wage.
- The northern region of Chile has experienced a rapid increase in migration resulting in a humanitarian crisis and multiple deaths as the local infrastructure is overwhelmed and unable to manage the spread of COVID-19.
- Mapuche communities face difficulties fighting COVID-19 due to insufficient resources such as healthcare and potable water. There is concern that this lack of access in combination with the government’s failure to provide adequate public protection during the pandemic will lead to greater levels of poverty and inequality.
- There are concerns that women will be marginalized during labor market reactivation, as the government plans to invest in fields such as construction where women are historically underrepresented, women have often been unable to work during the pandemic due to providing childcare, and areas with high female labor participation have not been reactivated.
- Many Chilean women have faced difficulties accessing sexual and reproductive health services and contraception during the pandemic, including reports of over 170 women receiving defective oral contraceptives. Recently, one woman went to court over an unplanned pregnancy as a result of these pills, and the ruling in favor of her right to an abortion has been lauded as significant step for women’s reproductive rights given that Chile has stringent abortion laws.
- Chile announced that pregnant women with underlying health conditions or employed in high-risk jobs will receive priority access to vaccines following updated medical advice regarding the vaccine’s efficacy and safety for use among pregnant women.
- Chilean prisons are overcrowded, and the government took measures to reduce the prison population. There are concerns however about reintegration of the prison population into the labor force due to reduced training programs in prisons and the increase in unemployment among the informal sector where many former prisoners find work.
FALL 2020
Governance and the Rule of Law
Socioeconomic inequality has made it difficult for the Chilean government to apply universal policies to combat COVID-19. The government’s response to combatting coronavirus, that many have categorized as disorganized and uncoordinated, has exacerbated deep-rooted social tensions as new protests have erupted throughout the country. The pandemic does not appear to have dissuaded Chileans from expressing their views in the constitutional referendum of October 25, which resulted in a resounding victory for the proposal to convene a constitutional convention in 2021 to draft a new constitution.
- Although still in the top 20 countries for cumulative COVID-19 case numbers, Chile has seen a four-fold decrease in its rate of COVID-19 infections since July.
- Chile has entered the Covax agreement which has been initiated by the World Health Organization to provide speed and access to participating countries once a vaccination is ready. The country has also signed multiple international agreements to acquire millions of doses of the future vaccine and is participating in clinical trials with AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and China’s Sinovac.
- Chile has drastically increased testing capacity to meet demand from hospitals and other healthcare providers and currently leads Latin America in testing at 251,000 tests per million inhabitants.
- Despite being one of Latin America’s fastest growing economies, income inequality is rampant in Chile and has fractured social cohesion.
- A large disparity exists between the level of public and private education and healthcare, leaving the poor most vulnerable to the virus.
- The Chilean constitutional referendum, which has been regarded as a major accomplishment of the estallido social—popular uprising —, took place on October 25 after having been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 78% of Chileans voted in favor of a new constitution to replace the 1980 constitution that is a legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship.
- Despite a ban on groups of more than 50 people due to COVID-19, the easing of quarantine in Santiago has coincided with protesters again taking to the streets to continue demonstrations that began in October 2019 against inequality, police brutality and systemic injustices that many believe stem from Chile’s governmental structure and constitution. Protestors are now calling for the resignation of President Piñera.
- Former Chilean Health Minister Jaime Mañalich faced a constitutional indictment for his handling of the COVID-19 crisis, and the Chamber of Deputies rejected the accusation. However, Mañalich now faces a court investigation for negligence and excess COVID-19 deaths.
- The Chilean Chamber of Deputies released a report accusing the government of misrepresenting the pandemic to the public and lacking a comprehensive plan to respond to the needs of vulnerable populations. President Piñera and several other health officials will be investigated along with Mañalich for their alleged mishandling of the pandemic.
- Chilean health care workers have gone on strike and are demanding that President Piñera increase the 2021 Municipal Health Budget. They have critiqued the government for failing to follow through on prior commitments to health care workers.
- President Piñera has a 16% approval rating, which marks a decrease from his 24% approval in September. Public approval of the government’s handling of the pandemic has decreased slightly to 41% from a high of 46% in September.
- Some schools in Chile have reopened for in person classes with the encouragement of President Sebastián Piñera, but significant numbers of students did not attend school due to parental fears and teachers’ accusations that the government is not prioritizing safety.
Growth and Innovation
Decades of economic growth under a neoliberal model have been unequally distributed throughout Chile’s population as middle and low income families continue to feel economic stress from the pandemic. Attempts to provide relief, such as withdrawals from the Chilean pension system, have created a debate around the role of the state and economic stability. While recent predictions and incremental improvements have created some optimism about the country’s recovery, the pandemic continues to threaten Chile’s economic viability.
- Due to Chile’s privatized system, pensions are meager; therefore, older citizens still need to work despite being most vulnerable to the virus.
- Since 1990, Chile has reduced poverty from 40% to 9%. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, however, much of the middle class faces unsustainable levels of debt, falling incomes and labor market deterioration.
- The Central Bank is predicting that as a result of COVID-19, gross domestic product (GDP) will contract between 4.5% and 5.5% which is lower than the 6.5% originally predicted. Some economists believe the withdrawal of pension funds may make this figure even smaller.
- The Chilean economy is showing signs of recovery such as a smaller third quarter GDP decrease and an increase in economic activity in certain sectors. However, the Central Bank cautions that the pandemic still remains the largest threat to the economy as institutions face decreased capacity to address long term economic distress.
- Public debt now makes up 38.2% of GDP in Chile due to lower tax collection, increased issuance of bonds, and transfers paid for COVID-19 emergency assistance.
- The Chilean congress voted to approve historic changes to the pension system by facilitating the withdrawal of 10% from personal pension funds in order to ease economic hardship during the pandemic. Legislation to approve a second withdrawal is awaiting Senate approval, however President Sebastian Piñera has rejected this plan and submitted an alternative proposal.
- There are concerns that changes to the pension system, while providing relief for families during the pandemic, will ultimately result in lower future pension payments and increased state intervention to maintain the system. Critics say that the pension withdrawals are necessary due to the lack of government intervention to help needy families.
- While unemployment is down to 12.3% from a high of 13.1% in July, it still remains at the highest level in 10 years, leaving many people dependent on food kitchens and governmental financial assistance.
- Chile implemented the Employment Protection Act on April 1, 2020 which allows employers to temporarily suspend or reduce contracts while maintaining the labor relationship. During this time employees may access unemployment benefits rather than payment from their employers. The law has been extended through January 2021 but does not provide protection for those employed in the informal sector.
- In September, 34.7% of Chilean businesses reported workers were suspended under the Employment Protection Act, a decrease by over 5% from August. The food service industry, artistic and recreational sectors, and manufacturing industries reported the highest number of suspended contracts.
- The Chilean government plans to create one million jobs over the course of six months through their Paso a Paso Chile Se Recupera economic recovery program, with a special focus on groups especially impacted by the pandemic such as young people, women, and people with disabilities.
- The Chilean government is providing assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) through their economic recovery plan, which have been hit particularly hard by lockdown measures and decreased consumption.
- The Chilean soapbark tree contains saponins, a component used in vaccines to boost immune responses. Saponins are being used in the Novavax vaccine, though there are concerns around extracting the raw material and depleting the supply of soapbark trees.
Social and Cultural Inclusion
COVID-19 arrived in an already vulnerable Chile after months of social unrest and protests due to rampant inequality and a lack of public services. Amid the continued social and labor demonstrations, human rights violations by Chile’s police force, Los Carabineros, have become of particular concern. The pandemic continues to highlight the marginalization of women, indigenous groups and the poor.
- The Chilean people questioned the government’s awareness of Chile’s poverty and its ability to respond to the crisis. The credibility of the Chilean government is again being challenged.
- Mapuche communities face difficulties fighting COVID-19 due to insufficient resources such as healthcare and potable water. There is concern that this lack of access in combination with the government’s failure to provide adequate public protection during the pandemic will lead to greater levels of poverty and inequality.
- The Chilean government’s mandatory quarantine for those over age 75 has exacerbated the marginalization of the elderly and feelings of social isolation.
- Domestic workers’ organizations expressed disagreement with the Employment Protection Act, which allows the employment relationship to be suspended within a time limit and employees to receive a fraction of their pay through unemployment insurance rather than their employer.
- Chilean health care workers face increased mental health problems during the pandemic as one in five report symptoms of depression and 75% are fearful of contracting the virus themselves.
- The pandemic has exacerbated the basic food and hygiene needs of the most vulnerable and highlights the need to make improvements to the social protection system.
- There are concerns that women will be marginalized during labor market reactivation, as the government plans to invest in fields where women are historically underrepresented such as construction, women have often been unable to work during the pandemic due to providing childcare, and areas where women do have high labor participation have not been reactivated.
- Many Chilean women have faced difficulties accessing sexual and reproductive health services and contraception during the pandemic.
- Chilean prisons are overcrowded, and the government took measures to reduce the prison population. There are concerns however about reintegration of the prison population into the labor force due to reduced training programs in prisons and the increase in unemployment among the informal sector where many former prisoners find work.
- The Chilean police, los Carabineros, have faced strong objections due to suppressing protests and committing human rights violations. There have been promises to reform the Carabineros’ practices such as training that occurred during the pause in social demonstrations during quarantine. Critics say there has been little change.
SUMMER 2020
Governance and the Rule of Law
Socioeconomic inequality has made it difficult for the Chilean government to apply universal policies to combat COVID-19. The government’s response to combatting coronavirus, that many have categorized as disorganized and uncoordinated, threatens to exacerbate deep-rooted social tensions.
- Despite being one of Latin America’s fastest growing economies, income inequality is rampant in Chile and has fractured social cohesion.
- A large disparity exists between the level of public and private education and healthcare, leaving the poor most vulnerable to the virus.
- Expanded executive power and authority threaten to derail a peaceful plan for constitutional and political reform in October.
- Chile has experienced one of the worst coronavirus outbreaks in Latin America and has one of the world’s highest per capita infection rates.
- Chile has drastically increased testing capacity to meet demand from hospitals and other healthcare providers.
- The current administration continues to be viewed as out of touch with its citizens and unaware of the conditions of poverty that many of its citizens face.
- A “fragile social truce” has only temporarily suppressed mass demonstrations (estallido social), but a prolonged economic and health crisis could exacerbate discontent.
- President Sebastián Piñera’s approval rating currently sits at 17%, while only 28% of citizens agree with the government’s handling of the pandemic.
- Tax increases to pay for stimulus spending following the pandemic may not be popular among the working class.
- The government has had a delayed response to provide financial assistance to middle-class and poor Chileans, initially prioritizing large private corporations.
- The pandemic has provided Chileans an opportunity to transform their privatized pension system, which has been a major source of contention.
- Low government debt and reserves may grant Chile flexibility to provide further stimulus measures, despite its preference to keep the deficit low.
Growth and Innovation
Decades of economic growth under a neoliberal model have been unequally distributed throughout Chile’s population, and its open economy faces huge external risks, specifically the deterioration in global demand for its exports, especially copper. Chile’s impressive, yet fragile middle class has felt the brunt of the economic impact due to the pandemic.
- Due to Chile’s privatized system, pensions are meager; therefore, older citizens still need to work despite being most vulnerable to the virus.
- Chilean labor laws offer few protections for workers, leaving them vulnerable to a continued shutdown.
- The Chilean government approved measures in order to facilitate the withdrawal of up to 10% from personal pension funds.
- Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to contract by 6.5% this year which will be the largest contraction since the recession in 1982-83, although below the expected Latin American Countries (LAC) average.
- Since 1990, Chile has reduced poverty from 40% to 9%. Today, however, much of the middle class has unsustainable levels of debt.
- Unemployment reached 12.2%, the highest level in 10 years, leaving many people dependent on food kitchens and governmental financial assistance.
- Copper production, which accounts for 15% of Chile’s GDP and half of exports, is expected to decrease by around 5%.
- In the past three months, the foreign exchange market has been highly volatile, resulting in the devaluation of the Chilean peso.
- Global demand for Chilean exports has deteriorated significantly, causing a decrease in Chilean income.
- The Chilean government is providing assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), which have been hit particularly hard by lockdown measures and decreased consumption.
- Export-oriented fish production, processing, and fishing vessels are susceptible to the impact of the pandemic. The outbreak of the virus has led to the closure of fishing facilities in Chile.
Social and Cultural Inclusion
COVID-19 arrived in an already vulnerable Chile after months of social unrest and protests due to rampant inequality and a lack of public services. Further protests have broken out in Santiago’s poorer neighborhoods demanding food and government assistance, while deteriorating living conditions overwhelm immigrants and working class and poor Chileans.
- The current crisis highlights inequality and poor public services, which may once again trigger social unrest.
- The Chilean Congress postponed the constitutional referendum to October, which was regarded by many as a relative victory for calls for structural reforms.
- Domestic workers’ organizations expressed disagreement with the Employment Protection Act, which allows the employment relationship to be suspended within a time limit.
- The Chilean Domestic Workers’ Union launched campaigns to demand preventive measures to help workers.
- The pandemic has exacerbated the basic food and hygiene needs of the most vulnerable.
- The Chilean people questioned the government’s awareness of Chile’s poverty and its ability to respond to the crisis. The credibility of the Chilean government is again being challenged.
- Domestic violence has increased during the pandemic. Chile is accelerating girls’ return to school.
- Health care practitioners need to work hard to maintain opportunities for contraception and abortion during the pandemic.
- Chilean prisons are overcrowded, and the government is taking measures to reduce the prison population.
- The pandemic hindered humanitarian assistance and threatened the lives of health and humanitarian workers stationed in Chile.
- Immigrants from Bolivia, Venezuela and Peru are stranded in Chile and need food, safe water, winter clothes, and shelter.
Select resources for Chile:
Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:
BBC News Mundo. (2021, 14 de octubre). Estado de emergencia en Chile: 3 claves para entender el centenario conflicto mapuche (y por qué Piñera decidió enviar al ejército al sur del país). https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58898514.
Cano, M. (2021, 17 de noviembre). El Senado chileno rechaza la destitución del presidente Sebastián Piñera. France 24. https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20211117-chile-senado-rechaza-destitucion-sebastian-pi%C3%B1era.
Cornejo, C. (2021, 6 de diciembre). Paso a Paso: Toda la Región Metropolitana avanza a Apertura Inicial este miércoles 8 de diciembre. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/paso-a-paso-toda-la-region-metropolitana-avanza-a-apertura-inicial-este-miercoles-8-de-diciembre/ZYLS2KET4BABZDKJVZYFV23GRQ/.
The Economist. (2021, October 28). Chile, once considered Latin America’s Finland, is in trouble. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/28/chile-once-considered-latin-americas-finland-is-in-trouble.
France 24. (2021, 25 de noviembre). Chile amplía vacunación contra el covid-19 para menores desde los tres años. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20211125-chile-ampl%C3%ADa-vacunaci%C3%B3n-contra-el-covid-19-para-menores-desde-los-tres-a%C3%B1os.
Freixas, M. (2021, 28 de octubre). Chile, pionero en la vacunación de niños menores de 12 años contra la COVID. ElDiario.es. https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/chile-pionero-vacunacion-ninos-menores-12-anos-covid_1_8431178.html.
Fuentes, T. S. (2021, 12 de octubre). La Convención Constitucional en la Encuesta CEP: Un análisis de sus resultados. Diario Constitucional. https://www.diarioconstitucional.cl/reportajes/la-convencion-constitucional-en-la-encuesta-cep-un-analisis-de-sus-resultados/.
Gobierno de Chile. (n.d.). Cifras Oficiales COVID-19. https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/cifrasoficiales/.
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Honorato, A. (2021, 17 de octubre). Chile: Convención Constitucional. CELAG. https://www.celag.org/nueva-etapa-para-la-convencion-constituyente-a-dos-anos-del-estallido-social/#.
LaBot Constituyente. (2021, 26 de noviembre). La ciudadanía pone límites a la Convención. https://robotlabot.substack.com/p/-la-ciudadania-pone-limites-a-la.
Ministerio de Salud. COVID-19: Región Metropolitana retrocede a Preparación. (2021, 25 de octubre). https://www.minsal.cl/covid-19-region-metropolitana-retrocede-a-preparacion/.
————. (2021, 2 de diciembre). Plan Fronteras Protegidas extranjeros no residentes turistas 1 diciembre. https://saludresponde.minsal.cl/plan-fronteras-protegidas-extranjeros-no-residentes-turistas-1-diciembre/.
————. (2021, 3 de diciembre). Chile supera las 5 millones de dosis de vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 administradas a niños entre 6 y 11 años. https://www.minsal.cl/chile-supera-las-5-millones-de-dosis-de-vacunas-contra-sars-cov-2-administradas-a-ninos-entre-6-y-11-anos/.
————. (2021, 9 de diciembre). COVID-19: Ministerio de Salud informa sobre protocolo ante variante Ómicron. https://www.minsal.cl/covid-19-ministerio-de-salud-informa-sobre-protocolo-ante-variante-omicron/.
Montes, R. (2021, 11 de diciembre). Elecciones presidenciales en Chile: Las claves de la segunda vuelta entre Gabriel Boric y José Antonio Kast. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-12-12/elecciones-presidenciales-en-chile-las-claves-de-la-segunda-vuelta-entre-gabriel-boric-y-jose-antonio-kast.html.
Navia, P. (2021, 22 de noviembre). Kast and Boric: Explaining the Chilean Paradox. Americas Quarterly. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/kast-and-boric-explaining-the-chilean-paradox/.
Padinger, G. (2021, 4 de noviembre). Nuevas voces, una Convención Constitucional en marcha y estado de excepción: Las claves de las elecciones en Chile. CNN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/11/04/chile-claves-elecciones-orix/.
Paúl, F. (2021, 22 de noviembre). La aparente paradoja en Chile entre el éxito de Kast en primera vuelta y los que votaron por una Constituyente de izquierda. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-59377209.
Skoknic, F., & Arellano, A. (2021, October 3). Pandora Papers: Familias Piñera y Délano sellaron millonaria compraventa de Minera Dominga en Islas Vírgenes Británicas. CIPER Chile. https://www.ciperchile.cl/2021/10/03/pandora-papers-familias-pinera-y-delano-sellaron-millonaria-compraventa-de-minera-dominga-en-islas-virgenes-britanicas/.
SWI swissinfo.ch. (2021, 25 de octubre). Presidente de Chile reconoce “rebrote” de covid y carga contra no vacunados. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/coronavirus-chile_presidente-de-chile-reconoce–rebrote–de-covid-y-carga-contra-no-vacunados/47057032.
TeleSUR. (2021, 7 de diciembre). Aprueban cuarta prórroga de estado de excepción en sur de Chile. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/chile-aprueban-cuarta-prorroga-estado-excepcion-sur-20211207-0021.html.
Torres, C. (2021, 2 de noviembre). Chile flexibilizó su protocolos para viajes dentro y fuera de sus fronteras. infobae. https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/11/02/chile-flixibilizo-su-protocolos-para-viajes-dentro-y-fuera-de-sus-fronteras/.
Vergara, E. (2021, 4 de noviembre). Candidatos presidenciales chilenos están en cuarentena. San Diego Union-Tribune En Español. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2021-11-04/chile-candidatos-presidenciales-en-cuarentena.
————. (2021, 5 de noviembre). Chile: Diputados rechazan juicio político a Piñera. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/0a4ef3f262745b42b9c920b6cdc8cecc.
Villa J., C. (2021, 6 de noviembre). Diputada Emilia Nuyado y el estado de excepción en la macrozona sur: “Acá se trata de complacer, muy claramente, a la derecha y a la ultraderecha.” Diario Uchile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/11/06/diputada-emilia-nuyado-y-el-estado-de-excepcion-en-la-macrozona-sur-aca-se-trata-de-complacer-muy-claramente-a-la-derecha-y-a-la-ultraderecha/.
Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:
Agencia EFE. (2021, 23 de noviembre). El Parlamento chileno aprueba presupuestos para 2022 con un recorte del 22,5 %. https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/economia/el-parlamento-chileno-aprueba-presupuestos-para-2022-con-un-recorte-del-22-5/10003-4682063.
————. (2021, 7 de diciembre). La inflación en Chile sigue disparada y tensa las estimaciones del Banco Central. https://www.efe.com/efe/america/economia/la-inflacion-en-chile-sigue-disparada-y-tensa-las-estimaciones-del-banco-central/20000011-4692513.
Banco Central de Chile. (2021, octubre). Informe de Estabilidad Financiera: Segundo Semestre 2021. https://www.bcentral.cl/documents/33528/3245688/IEF_2021_semestre2.pdf/2cf22294-5e9a-9ff0-52e2-ae0ed4e1d2e6.
Blandón Ramírez, D. (2021, 22 de noviembre). Libre mercado vs. Estado benefactor: Dos modelos opuestos van a segunda vuleta en Chile. France 24. https://www.france24.com/es/programas/econom%C3%ADa/20211122-chile-econ%C3%B3mia-segunda-vuelta-katz-boric.
Bloomberg. (2021, 4 de noviembre). El Central advierte riesgo en estabilidad financiera por retiro del 10% de las AFP. Diario La República. https://www.larepublica.co/globoeconomia/advierten-sobre-retiro-del-10-de-las-afp-y-alertan-sobre-salidas-de-capitales-al-extranjero-3257042.
Cisternas, M. L. (2021, 4 de noviembre). Presupuesto 2022: Los nudos críticos del proyecto ad portas de su votación en particular. Diario Uchile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/11/04/presupuesto-2022-los-nudos-criticos-del-proyecto-ad-portas-de-su-votacion-en-particular/.
Gómez, M. (2021, 21 de octubre). Alta inflación, bajo crecimiento: Claves de la economía en 2022. Pauta. https://www.pauta.cl/economia/mercado-pesimista-para-la-economia-en-2022.
Laing, A., & Martell, A. (2021, October 6). A Chilean tree holds hope for new vaccines—If supplies last. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/chilean-tree-holds-hope-new-vaccines-if-supplies-last-2021-10-06/.
Martínez, R. (2021, 9 de septiembre.). Universidad de Chile y Reithera se unen para la producción de vacunas en Parque Carén. Diario Uchile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/09/09/universidad-de-chile-y-reithera-se-unen-para-la-produccion-de-vacunas-en-parque-caren/.
Malinowski, M. (2021, October 13). Chile’s Back-to-Back Key Rate Shocks Hasten End to Stimulus. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-13/chile-surprises-investors-with-key-rate-hike-of-125-basis-points.
Ministerio de Salud. (2021, October 29). Ministro de Salud lidera reunión técnica para avanzar en la instalación de Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de vacunas en la región de Antofagasta. Ministerio de Salud – Gobierno de Chile. https://www.minsal.cl/ministro-de-salud-lidera-reunion-tecnica-para-avanzar-en-la-instalacion-de-planta-de-vacunas-en-la-region-de-antofagasta/.
Moreno Berroeta, L. (2021, 17 de noviembre). El complejo escenario económico que enfrentará el país (y el próximo Gobierno) en 2022 « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile. Diario Uchile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/11/17/el-complejo-escenario-economico-que-enfrentara-el-pais-y-el-proximo-gobierno-en-2022/.
El Mostrador. (2021, 26 de octubre). Gremio turístico lamenta retroceso en el Plan Paso a Paso de la RM. https://www.elmostrador.cl/generacion-m/2021/10/26/gremio-turistico-lamenta-retroceso-en-el-plan-paso-a-paso-de-la-rm/.
Nogales, D. (2021, 1 de diciembre). La economía chilena medida con el Imacec crece dentro de la expectativas en octubre, pero empieza a mostrar señales de desaceleración. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/la-economia-chilena-medida-con-el-imacec-crece-dentro-de-la-expectativas-en-octubre-pero-empieza-a-mostrar-senales-de-desaceleracion/2UBKALFJ4NGVPB6G3XVCGL4WDY/.
Olave, R. (2021, 18 de octubre). 10 preguntas para entender el fenómeno de la inflación en Chile. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/laboratoriodecontenidos/noticia/10-preguntas-para-entender-el-fenomeno-de-la-inflacion-en-chile/EZ5FHV3VHZFIZFZPCYG4RI325E/.
Picallo, M. (2021, 29 de octubre). Recuperación del sector gastronómico. Chef & Hotel. https://chefandhotel.cl/opinion/item/recuperacion-del-sector-gastronomico.
Ramírez, F. (2021, 8 de octubre). ¿Qué efectos puede tener un cuarto retiro o un retiro completo de los fondos de pensiones? Universidad de Chile. https://uchile.cl/noticias/180499/que-efectos-puede-tener-los-nuevos-retiros-de-fondos-de-pensiones.
SERNATUR Servicio Nacional del Turismo. (2021, 28 de octubre). Hay Chile para todos: Gobierno lanza campaña para incentivar a los chilenos a viajar dentro del país. https://www.sernatur.cl/hay-chile-para-todos-gobierno-lanza-campana-para-incentivar-a-los-chilenos-a-viajar-dentro-del-pais/.
SWI swissinfo.ch. (2021, 3 de diciembre). Cámara de Diputados de Chile rechaza un cuarto retiro de pensiones. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-pensiones_c%C3%A1mara-de-diputados-de-chile-rechaza-un-cuarto-retiro-de-pensiones/47164466.
Tapia, M. J. (2021, 27 de noviembre). Homologación de vacunas retrasa repunte del turismo: Extranjeros caerían un 87% y se perderían US$ 1.200 millones en divisas. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/homologacion-de-vacunas-retrasa-repunte-del-turismo-extranjeros-caerian-un-87-y-se-perderian-us-1200-millones-en-divisas/D6BZJ66MVFGXDPMTB6NMASBPSY/.
La Tercera. El espejismo que vive la economía chilena. (2021, 5 de noviembre). La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/opinion/noticia/el-espejismo-que-vive-la-economia-chilena/Q47DUEUU7FDVJBUJATWSAU2GO4/.
Thomson, E., Fuentes, V., & Malinowski, M. (2021, October 6). Left-Wing Rage Threatens a Wall Street Haven in Latin America. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-10-06/why-wall-street-fears-chile-s-post-covid-rage-politics.
Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:
Agencia Uno. (2021, 3 de noviembre). Aprueban idea de legislar el cierre del comercio a las 19:00. CNN Chile. https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/aprueban-idea-legislar-cierre-comercio-1900-horas_20211103/.
Armaza, C. (2021, septiembre 2). Cifras regionales de desempleo no bajan en población joven. Diario El Día. http://www.diarioeldia.cl/economia/cifras-regionales-desempleo-no-bajan-en-poblacion-joven.
Barozet, E., Contreras, D., Espinoza, V., & Mendez, M. L. (2021). Clases medias en tiempos de crisis: Vulnerabilidad persistente, desafíos para la cohesión y un nuevo pacto social en Chile. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). https://media.elmostrador.cl/2021/08/Informe-Clases-medias-en-tiempos-de-crisis_-Vulnerabilidad-persistente-desafios-para-la-cohesion-y-un-nuevo-pacto-social-en-Chile-1.pdf.
Bonnefoy, P., & Olivares, C. (2021, September 27). Why Haitians in Chile Keep Heading North to the U.S. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/world/americas/chile-haitian-migrants.html.
Burgos, R. (n.d.). Análisis de la incidencia del Covid-19 en población indígena y afrodescendiente en Chile. Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas. http://www.ciir.cl/ciir/analisis-covid-poblacion-indigena-y-afrodescendiente/.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2021). Panorama Social de América Latina, 2020. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/46687/S2100150_es.pdf.
Espinoza, R. (2021, 29 de septiembre 29). El rezago del empleo femenino. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/opinion/noticia/el-rezago-del-empleo-femenino/ZICJUV7WZZGLDAMS4PL2T54DFY/.
France 24. (2021, 12 de octubre). Mix of hope, skepticism among Mapuche as Chile rewrites constitution. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211012-mix-of-hope-skepticism-among-mapuche-as-chile-rewrites-constitution.
————. (2021, 18 de octubre 18). Miles se manifiestan en Chile dos años después del estallido social. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20211018-miles-se-manifiestan-en-chile-dos-a%C3%B1os-despu%C3%A9s-del-estallido-social.
————. (2021, 19 de noviembre). ¿Quién es José Antonio Kast, el político ultraderechista que quiere ser presidente de Chile?https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20211119-elecciones-chile-jos%C3%A9-antonio-kast-ultraderechista-presidente.
El Heraldo Austral. (2021, 13 de noviembre). A partir de marzo de 2022 la asistencia a clases presenciales será obligatoria. https://www.eha.cl/noticia/actualidad/a-partir-de-marzo-de-2022-la-asistencia-a-clases-presenciales-sera-obligatoria-12582.
Hermosilla, I., & Villalobos, F. (2021, 20 de octubre). Protocolo de medidas sanitarias: Padres piden eliminarlas en colegios. BioBio Chile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2021/10/20/protocolo-de-medidas-sanitarias-grupo-de-padres-pide-eliminarlas-en-colegios.shtml.
Latorre, R. (2021, 24 de septiembre). ¿Qué hacer con los no vacunados? El problema de los que aún se resisten a la inyección contra el Covid. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/que-hacer-con-los-no-vacunados-el-problema-de-los-que-aun-se-resisten-a-la-inyeccion-contra-el-covid/PMOKXGFVJFFAZGWX6KDWXQXA6U/.
Llorente, A. (2021, 11 de noviembre). Las mujeres se ven mucho más afectadas que los hombres en el trabajo híbrido. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-58797225.
Palma, N. (2021, 29 de septiembre). Mineduc anuncia flexibilización de aforos en colegios con 80% de vacunación y profesores manifiestan preocupación con la medida. Diario Uchile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/09/29/mineduc-anuncia-flexibilizacion-de-aforos-en-colegios-con-80-de-vacunacion-y-profesores-manifiestan-preocupacion-con-la-medida/.
Paúl, F. (2021, 27 de septiembre). La gran mayoría de Chile no comparte la violencia xenofóbica y racista del grupo que quemó las pertenencias de los migrantes. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58711170.
Salgado, D. (2021, 2 de noviembre). Suman más de un año sin venir al país: Chilenos en Argentina piden reapertura de frontera terrestre. BioBio Chile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-los-lagos/2021/11/02/suman-mas-de-un-ano-sin-venir-al-pais-chilenos-en-argentina-piden-reapertura-de-frontera-terrestre.shtml.
UNICEF, PNUD, & OIT. (2021, agosto). Impactos de la pandemia en el bienestar de los hogares de niños, niñas y adolescentes en Chile. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—americas/—ro-lima/—sro-santiago/documents/publication/wcms_816871.pdf.
Governance and Rule of Law Summer 2021:
Magnet, Odette. (2021, June 2). Chile’s unpopular president delivers solitary farewell. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/2/chile-unpopular-outgoing-president-delivers-solitary-farewell.
Ministerio de Salud. (n.d.) Paso a Paso. Gobierno de Chile. https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/pasoapaso#movilidad/.
Reuters. (2021, July 19). Two political upstarts notch upset wins in Chile’s presidential primaries. Thomson Reuters Foundation News. https://news.trust.org/item/20210719003931-9j2b0/.
Stuenkel, Oliver. (2021, May 20). Why Chile’s Constituent Assembly Matters to All of Latin America. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/05/20/why-chile-s-constituent-assembly-matters-to-all-of-latin-america-pub-84581.
Growth and Innovation Summer 2021:
Cambero, Fabian. (2021, May 13). Chilean government extends hardship payments once more. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-economy/chilean-government-extends-hardship-payments-once-more-idUSL1N2N0311.
IMF Executive Board. (2021, April 23). IMF Executive Board Conculed 2021 Article IV Consultation with Chile. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/23/pr21113-chile-imf-
The World Bank. (n.d.) The World Bank in Chile. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chile/overview.
Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2021:
Ontiveros, Eva. (2021, July 11). Elisa Loncón: From poverty to PhD to writing Chile’s constitution. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733539.
Governance and Rule of Law Spring 2021:
Calle Aguirre, M. C. (2021, 30 de abril). Sebastián Piñera, denunciado ante la CPI por los abusos policiales en las protestas de Chile. France 24. https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20210429-chile-pi%C3%B1era-cpi-crimenes-lesa-humanidad.
Carvajal G., C. (2021, 4 de mayo). Dra. María Soledad Martínez y nuevo aplazamiento de elecciones: “Esa decisión debe ser sopesada con el daño que se le hace a la democracia.” Diario UChile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/05/04/dra-maria-soledad-martinez-y-nuevo-aplazamiento-de-elecciones-esa-decision-debe-ser-sopesada-con-el-dano-que-se-le-hace-a-la-democracia/.
DiarioUChile. (2021, 26 de febrero). Justicia declara admisible querella contra presidente Piñera por delitos de corrupción en el contexto de la pandemia. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/02/26/justicia-declara-admisible-querella-contra-presidente-pinera-por-delitos-de-corrupcion-en-el-contexto-de-la-pandemia/.
Diaz-Cerda, V. (2021, 15 de febrero). Cómo Chile se convirtió en un improbable ganador en la carrera de la vacuna COVID-19. ElDiario.es. https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/chile-convirtio-improbable-ganador-carrera-vacuna-covid-19_1_7220004.html.
EFE. (2021, 25 de marzo). Chile: Cuarentena total en Santiago ante inminente colapso sanitario. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/chile-cuarentena-total-en-santiago-por-posible-colapso-sanitario-576167.
Gobierno de Chile. (n.d.). Paso a Paso Nos Cuidamos. https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/pasoapaso/.
————. (n.d.). Plan nacional de vacunación COVID-19. https://www.gob.cl/yomevacuno/.
Laing, A. (2021, March 11). Bloodied and burned, Chile statue caught in battle between protesters and police. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-protests-idUSKBN2B3255.
Lübbert, V., & Ortiz, G. (2021, 23 de marzo). Elecciones para el 10 y 11 de abril. Espacio Público. https://www.espaciopublico.cl/elecciones-parael-10-y-11-de-abril/.
Miller, L. (2021, March 25). Chile in “critical” grip of second Covid wave despite one of best vaccination rates. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/chile-critical-grip-second-covid-wave-one-best-vaccination-rates-rcna505.
Montes, R. (2021, 24 de abril). Chile, crónica de un país fracturado. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-04-24/chile-cronica-de-un-pais-fracturado.html.
Moreno Camargo, C. F. (2021, 8 de marzo). Presidente de Chile defiende las donaciones de vacunas contra la COVID-19 a Paraguay y Ecuador. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/presidente-de-chile-defiende-las-donaciones-de-vacunas-contra-la-covid-19-a-paraguay-y-ecuador/2168760.
El mostrador. (2021, 1 de mayo). Clases presenciales: 78% de los establecimientos en comunas en cuarentena declaró estar habilitados para apertura. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2021/05/01/clases-presenciales-78-de-los-establecimientos-en-comunas-en-cuarentena-declaro-estar-habilitados-para-apertura/.
Myers, D. K. (2021, April 28). Chile: Covid May Be Surging, but So Is Civil Society. Global Health NOW. https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2021-04/chile-covid-may-be-surging-so-civil-society.
Plaza Pública Cadem. (2021, marzo). Encuesta Plaza Pública tercera semana de marzo – Estudio N ° 375. https://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Track-PP-375-Marzo-S3_.pdf.
Plaza Pública Cadem. (2021, abril). Encuesta Plaza Pública cuarta semana de abril – Estudio N° 380. https://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Track-PP-380-Abril-S4.pdf.
Reuters. (2021, 29 de abril). Chile evalúa “carnet verde” para vacunados contra COVID-19; espera motive a personas más jóvenes. https://www.reuters.com/article/salud-coronavirus-chile-idLTAKBN2CG2E1.
Taylor, L. (2021, May 5). Reckless Rush to Reopen Threatens Chile’s Exemplary Vaccination Strategy. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reckless-rush-to-reopen-threatens-chiles-exemplary-vaccination-strategy/.
Veloso, L., & Pérez, N. (2021, 23 de marzo). Subsecretario de Educación descarta suspensión de clases ante alza de contagios y cuarentenas. BioBioChile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/especial/educacion/noticias/2021/03/23/subsecretario-de-educacion-descarta-suspension-de-clases-ante-alza-de-contagios-y-cuarentenas.shtml.
Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:
Alonso, C. (2021, 23 de marzo). Extensión del IFE, ampliación del bono clase media y medidas de liquidez para las pymes incluye nuevo plan económico del gobierno. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/extension-del-ife-ampliacion-del-bono-clase-media-y-medidas-de-liquidez-para-las-pymes-incluye-nuevo-plan-economico-del-gobierno/YQ5YEQ34INGWZEVDWPE4CU4DBU/.
Banco Central de Chile. (n.d.). Informe de Cuentas Nacionales de Chile: Cuarto trimestre 2020. https://www.bcentral.cl/web/banco-central/areas/estadisticas/cuentas-nacionales-trimestrales.
————. (2021, 3 de mayo). Imacec marzo 2021. https://www.bcentral.cl/web/banco-central/contenido/-/details/imacec-marzo-2021.
Bustos, C. A. (2021, 3 de mayo). Renta básica universal: Oposición se adelanta con propuesta propia y RN acusa tensión en negociaciones. Diario UChile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/05/03/renta-basica-universal-oposicion-se-adelanta-con-propuesta-propia-y-rn-acusa-tension-en-negociaciones/.
CNN Chile. (2021, 1 de mayo). Gobierno ingresa proyecto de bono de $200 mil para quienes no tengan fondos en las AFP. https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/gobierno-proyecto-200-mil-fondos-afp_20210501/.
Ferrer, C. (2021, 4 de mayo). Cómo avanza el “sueño” de producir vacunas nacionales: Las iniciativas que impulsan la UC, la U. de Chile y la de Antofagasta. Emol. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2021/05/04/1019854/Sueno-producir-vacunas-iniciativas-universidades.html.
Fitch Ratings. (2021, March 24). Fitch Affirms Chile’s IDR at “A-”; Outlook Stable. https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-chile-idr-at-a-outlook-stable-24-03-2021.
France 24. (2021, 28 de abril). Chile: Lo que debe saber sobre el tercer retiro anticipado de pensiones. https://www.france24.com/es/programas/econom%C3%ADa/20210428-economia-chile-tercer-retiro-pensiones.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. (2021, 26 de febrero). Boletín estadístico: Empleo trimestral edición N° 268. https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/ocupacion-y-desocupacion/boletines/2020/pa%C3%ADs/bolet%C3%ADn-empleo-nacional-trimestre-m%C3%B3vil-noviembre-2020-enero-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=40e5b44d_4.
Ministerio del Trabajo y Protección Social. (n.d.). Subsidio al empleo. https://www.subsidioalempleo.cl/.
Notife. (2021, 22 de abril). Chile aprobó un impuesto a las grandes fortunas para combatir el coronavirus. https://notife.com/790247-chile-aprobo-un-impuesto-a-las-grandes-fortunas-para-combatir-el-coronavirus/.
Prensa Presidencia. (2021, 22 de marzo). Presidente Piñera anuncia ampliación de Red de Protección Social. http://prensa.presidencia.cl/comunicado.aspx?id=173201.
SWI swissinfo.ch. Chile inicia debate sobre tercer retiro de pensiones en plena segunda ola. (2021, 24 de marzo). https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-pensiones_chile-inicia-debate-sobre-tercer-retiro-de-pensiones-en-plena-segunda-ola/46476784.
Tapia, M. (2021, 6 de abril). Vacunas contra el SARS-CoV2 muestran 56,5 por ciento de efectividad en la prevención de contagios. Universidad de Chile. https://uchile.cl/noticias/174186/resultados-primer-estudio-de-efectividad-de-las-vacunas-en-chile.
Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:
Agencia EFE. (2021, 4 de mayo). Las villas miseria explotan por la pandemia y la crisis habitacional. El Comercio Perú. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/coronavirus-en-chile-las-villas-miseria-explotan-por-la-pandemia-y-la-crisis-habitacional-covid-19-noticia/.
————. (2021, 15 de abril). Chile se suma al debate mundial del impuesto a los súper ricos. Noticias Gestión. https://gestion.pe/mundo/chile-se-suma-al-debate-mundial-del-impuesto-a-los-super-ricos-noticia/.
BBC News Mundo. (2021, 20 de marzo). La mujer chilena que quiere que le dejen abortar tras tomar anticonceptivos defectuosos. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56447130.
Central Unitaria de Trabajadores Chile. (2021, 1 de mayo). Cronología: Huelga General marca la señal de alerta si el Gobierno sigue sin escuchar la voz de los trabajadores(as). https://cut.cl/cutchile/2021/05/01/cronologia-huelga-general-marco-la-senal-de-alerta-si-el-gobierno-sigue-sin-escuchar-la-voz-de-los-trabajadoresas/.
EFE Diario. (2021, 11 de febrero). Chile rectifica y dice que sí vacunará a migrantes irregulares tras polémica. Listin Diario. https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/2021/02/11/656591/chile-rectifica-y-dice-que-si-vacunara-a-migrantes-irregulares-tras-polemica.
Guerrero, F. (2021, 3 de mayo). IFE Ampliado llegó a 4,7 millones de hogares en abril, superando entregas mensuales anteriores. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/ife-ampliado-llego-a-47-millones-de-hogares-en-abril-superando-entregas-mensuales-anteriores/ALD32TOKAFGMNBSLMQF5KHCWRE/.
Mardones, R. O. (2021, 22 de febrero). Colmed reitera críticas sobre proceso de vacunación: “Fue un error priorizar a personal del Estado antes que grupos de mayor riesgo.” Diario UChile. https://radio.uchile.cl/2021/02/22/colmed-reitera-criticas-sobre-proceso-de-vacunacion-fue-un-error-priorizar-a-personal-del-estado-antes-que-grupos-de-mayor-riesgo/.
Mena, G. E., Martinez, P. P., Mahmud, A. S., Marquet, P. A., Buckee, C. O., & Santillana, M. (2021). Socioeconomic Status Determines COVID-19 Incidence and Related Mortality in Santiago, Chile. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg5298.
Newman, L. (2021, May 1). Unions in Chile Lead demands for Emergency Aid as Pandemic Bites. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/1/unions-in-chile-lead-demands-for-emergency-aid-as-pandemic-bites.
Paredes, N. (2021, 6 de febrero). La crisis “sin precedentes” de la pequeña Colchane, el pueblecito chileno que tiene más migrantes que habitantes. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-55950140.
Reuters. (2021, 28 de abril). “Pioneering” Chile moves to cover pregnant women with COVID-19 vaccines. https://news.yahoo.com/pioneering-chile-moves-cover-pregnant-141853231.html.
Riaño, P. H. (2021, 20 de marzo). La guerra por la estatua del general Baquedano incendia Chile. ElDiario.es. https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/guerra-estatuas-general-baquedano-simbolo-incendia-chile_1_7322077.html.
Governance and Rule of Law Fall 2020:
Antonino, C. (2020, 18 de noviembre). COVID-19, Chile alcanza niveles récord: Más de 251,000 pruebas de PCR realizadas por millón de habitantes. Emergency Live. https://www.emergency-live.com/es/news/covid-19-chile-reaches-record-levels-in-latin-america-over-251000-pcr-tests-performed-per-million-inhabitants/.
Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. (2019, diciembre). Proceso Constituyente. https://www.bcn.cl/procesoconstituyente/.
Bonnefoy, P. (2020, October 25). ‘An End to the Chapter of Dictatorship’: Chileans Vote to Draft a New Constitution. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/25/world/americas/chile-constitution-plebiscite.html.
Center for Strategic & International Studies. (2020, October 5). The 2020 Chilean Plebiscite: Overview, Citizen Engagement, and Potential Impact.https://www.csis.org/analysis/2020-chilean-plebiscite-overview-citizen-engagement-and-potential-impact.
CNN Chile. (2020, 16 de noviembre). Se extiende paro de la salud: “Somos nosotros, los trabajadores, los que estamos decepcionados.” https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/paro-salud-extiende-miercoles-fenats_20201116/.
El Comercio. (2020, 20 de noviembre). Chile: Las protestas continúan y piden la renuncia del presidente Sebastián Piñera. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/en-vivo-chile-las-protestas-continuan-y-piden-la-renuncia-del-presidente-sebastian-pinera-mira-aqui-la-moneda-marchas-protestas-noticia/.
DW Akademie. (2020, 1 de octubre). Retorno parcial a clases en Chile pese al coronavirus: No llegó casi nadie. https://www.dw.com/es/retorno-parcial-a-clases-en-chile-pese-al-coronavirus-no-lleg%C3%B3-casi-nadie/a-55124544.
González, Alberto. (2020, 2 de noviembre). Duro informe de comisión investigadora por covid-19: Gobierno descuidó la propagación de la pandemia. BioBioChile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2020/11/02/duro-informe-de-comision-investigadora-por-covid-19-gobierno-descuido-la-propagacion-de-la-pandemia.shtml.
Jara, A. & Soto, C. (2020, 22 de septiembre). Chile suscribe nuevos acuerdos para conseguir vacuna contra coronavirus y Gobierno anuncia que ya reservó 14 millones de dosis de prototipo de Oxford. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/que-pasa/noticia/chile-suscribe-nuevos-acuerdos-para-conseguir-vacuna-contra-coronavirus-y-gobierno-anuncia-que-ya-reservo-14-millones-de-dosis-de-prototipo-de-oxford/4G6OPPSHHJAVLCBBRBVHXNPZ6E/.
MercoPress. (2020, November 9). Chilean President Pledges “Sufficient and Timely” Access to Covid Vaccines. https://en.mercopress.com/2020/11/09/chilean-president-pledges-sufficient-and-timely-access-to-covid-vaccines.
Montes, R. (2020, 10 de octubre). Las protestas violentas resurgen en Chile a dos semanas del plebiscito por una nueva Constitución. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-10-10/las-protestas-violentas-resurgen-en-chile-a-dos-semanas-del-plebiscito-por-una-nueva-constitucion.html.
Our World in Data. (2020, October 8). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) – the data. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data.
Plaza Pública Cadem. (2020, Noviembre). Encuesta Plaza Pública segunda semana de noviembre – Estudio N ° 357. https://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Track-PP-357-Noviembre-S2.pdf.
RT en Español. (2020, 11 de noviembre). El exministro de Salud de Chile Jaime Mañalich declara como imputado en el caso sobre negligencia y exceso de muertes durante la pandemia. https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/373172-exministro-salud-chile-investigacion-negligencia-pandemia.
RTL Luxembourg. (2020, July 1). Inequality: Coronavirus turns Chile’s middle classes into new poor. https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1542243.html.
Growth and Innovation Fall 2020:
Borrell, B. (2020, October 21). A COVID-19 Vaccine Could Rely on Rare Trees in Chile. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/10/single-tree-species-may-hold-key-coronavirus-vaccine/616792/.
Cambero, F. & Laing, A. (2020, November 11). Prolonged Pandemic Still ‘Biggest Risk to Chilean Financial System’—Central bank. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-economy-idUSL1N2HX13C.
ChileAtiende. (2020, 27 de agosto). Ley de protección al empleo. https://www.chileatiende.gob.cl/fichas/77784-ley-de-proteccion-al-empleo.
CNN Chile. (2020, 6 de octubre). Nivel de endeudamiento al alza: Banco Central informó nuevo máximo histórico en pandemia. https://www.cnnchile.com/economia/endeudamiento-al-alza-banco-central-maximo-historico_20201006/.
————. (2020, 19 de noviembre). Los detalles del proyecto del Gobierno para un segundo retiro del 10% de las AFP. https://www.cnnchile.com/economia/proyecto-gobierno-segundo-retiro-10-afp_20201119.
France 24. PIB de Chile atenúa caída en tercer trimestre (-9,1%) y deja atrás lo peor de la crisis. (2020, 18 de noviembre). https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20201118-pib-de-chile-atenúa-caída-en-tercer-trimestre-9-1-y-deja-atrás-lo-peor-de-la-crisis.
El Economista. (2020, 9 de octubre). Aplican multa histórica a dos Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones en Chile por irregularidades en los pagos. https://www.eleconomistaamerica.cl/empresas-eAm-chile/noticias/10818151/10/20/Aplican-multa-historica-a-dos-Administradoras-de-Fondos-de-Pensionesfondos-en-Chile-.html.
Gobierno de Chile. (2020, 27 de septiembre). Presidente Piñera lanza plan de subsidio al trabajo para recuperar y generar hasta un millón de empleos: “Crearemos las oportunidades para que todas las familias chilenas puedan desarrollar sus talentos.” https://www.gob.cl/noticias/presidente-pinera-lanza-plan-de-subsidio-al-trabajo-para-recuperar-y-generar-hasta-un-millon-de-empleos-crearemos-las-oportunidades-para-que-todas-las-familias-chilenas-puedan-desarrollar-sus-talentos/.
————. (n.d.). Paso a Paso Chile Se Recupera. https://www.gob.cl/chileserecupera/.
————. (n.d.). Reforma Pensiones. https://www.gob.cl/reformapensiones/.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas – Chile. (2020, 30 de septiembre). Boletín empleo nacional trimestre de junio a agosto. http://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/ocupacion-y-desocupacion/boletines/2020/pa%C3%ADs/bolet%C3%ADn-empleo-nacional-trimestre-m%C3%B3vil-junio-julio-agosto-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1757d932_4.
————. (2020, 30 de octubre). Boletín empleo nacional trimestre de julio a septiembre. https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/ocupacion-y-desocupacion/boletines/2020/pa%C3%ADs/bolet%C3%ADn-empleo-nacional-trimestre-m%C3%B3vil-julio-agosto-septiembre-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=c862de25_4.
Mander, B., & Stott, M. (2020, November 15). Chile’s famed pensions system faces an existential crisis. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/3c25b7e0-b31f-4d5b-9845-3514af2970a3.
Molina, T. (2020, 1 de octubre). Hacienda modera proyección de caída del PIB para 2020 y prevé un crecimiento de 5% para 2021. Emol. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2020/10/01/999505/Hacienda-caida-55-PIB-2020.html.
NBC News. (2020, August 25). Coronavirus Threatens Middle-Class Families in Chile as They Fear Slide to Poverty. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/coronavirus-threatens-middle-class-families-chile-they-fear-slide-poverty-n1236941.
Newsroom Infobae. (2020, 20 de octubre). Desempleo en Chile cae por segundo mes por plan de gasto laboral. https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/10/30/desempleo-en-chile-cae-por-segundo-mes-por-plan-de-gasto-laboral/.
Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020:
Child Rights International Network. (2020, June 10). The impact of coronavirus on Mapuche children in La Araucanía, Chile. https://home.crin.org/readlistenwatch/stories/impact-coronavirus-mapuche-children-chile.
Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales. (2020, 18 de mayo). Medidas por el COVID-19 y pueblos indígenas en América Latina. https://www.clacso.org/medidas-por-el-covid-19-y-pueblos-indigenas-en-america-latina/.
Diaz, M. F., Larroulet, P., & Espinoza, O. (2020, 15 de octubre). Cárceles, COVID-19, y reinserción de pospenados en Chile. El Espectador. https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/carceles-covid-19-y-reinsercion-de-pospenados-en-chile/.
Espinoza, N. (2020, 23 de octubre). En pandemia aumentan los embarazos, no por intención, no por mas actividad sexual, sino porque se disminuyό el acceso a métodos anticonceptivos. El Mostrador. https://www.elmostrador.cl/braga/2020/10/23/en-pandemia-aumentan-los-embarazos-no-por-intencion-no-por-mas-actividad-sexual-sino-porque-se-disminuyo-el-acceso-a-metodos-anticonceptivos/.
Pan American Health Organization. (2020, November 5). Countries Are Falling Short in Implementing Mental Health Services During COVID-19 Pandemic. http://www.paho.org/en/news/5-11-2020-countries-are-falling-short-implementing-mental-health-services-during-covid-19.
Ponce, I. O. (2020, 5 de noviembre). Inversión histórica en reactivación del empleo deja a las mujeres fuera del mercado laboral. El Mostrador. https://www.elmostrador.cl/braga/2020/11/05/inversion-historica-en-reactivacion-del-empleo-deja-a-las-mujeres-fuera-del-mercado-laboral/.
Universidad Alberto Hurtado. (2020, 10 de septiembre). Pobreza y pandemia: Propuestas para un Chile más digno y justo. https://www.uahurtado.cl/wp-images/uploads/2020/09/Documento-Pobreza-y-Pandemia.pdf.
Universidad de Chile. (2020, 22 de septiembre). El impacto de la pandemia en los adultos mayores. https://www.uchile.cl/noticias/168791/el-impacto-de-la-pandemia-en-los-adultos-mayores.
Varela, M. (2020, 30 de octubre). La violencia para contener las manifestaciones hunde la confianza de la ciudadanía en la policía chilena. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2020-10-31/la-violencia-para-contener-las-manifestaciones-hunde-la-confianza-de-la-ciudadania-en-la-policia-chilena.html.
Governance and Rule of Law Summer 2020:
AFP. (2020, July 1). Inequality: Coronavirus turns Chile’s middle classes into new poor.https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/1542243.html.
Castiglioni, R. (2020, May 1). Chile’s New (Fragile) Social Truce. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/chiles-new-fragile-social-truce/.
Clarin Mundo. (2020, 17 de julio). Chile: cómo funcionan las AFP, las instituciones financieras que manejan los aportes de los futuros jubilados. Últimas Noticias de Argentina y el Mundo – Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/mundo/chile-funcionan-afp-instituciones-finhttps://crln.org/cofadeh-3-25-2020-espanol/ancieras-manejan-aportes-futuros-jubilados_0_3Uu8URMUI.html.
Court, J., & Correa, J. (2020, June 24). Chile’s Political and Institutional Response to COVID-19. https://www.theregreview.org/2020/06/24/court-correa-chile-political-institutional-response-covid-19/.
El Desconcierto. (2020, 28 de mayo). La honestidad brutal de Mañalich: “Si usted tiene más de 70 años, la posibilidad de que fallezca en el infierno de una UCI es de 75%”. https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2020/05/28/la-honestidad-brutal-de-manalich-si-usted-tiene-mas-de-70-anos-la-posibilidad-de-que-fallezca-en-el-infierno-de-una-uci-es-de-75/.
Europa Press. (2020, 7 de agosto). Coronavirus.- Chile realiza más de 25.000 test de COVID-19 en un solo día, una cifra récord desde el inicio del pandemia. notimerica.com. https://www.notimerica.com/politica/noticia-coronavirus-chile-realiza-mas-25000-test-covid-19-solo-dia-cifra-record-inicio-pandemia-20200807195546.html.
Fuentes, V., & Sanders, P. (2020, June 16). Once a Covid Role Model, Chile Now Among the World’s Worst. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-16/once-a-covid-role-model-chile-now-among-the-world-s-worst-hit.
Gamboa, P. S. (2020, 13 de julio). Cadem: aprobación de Piñera cae al 17%, la más baja durante la crisis sanitaria. La Nación. http://www.lanacion.cl/cadem-aprobacion-de-pinera-cae-al-17-la-mas-baja-durante-la-crisis-sanitaria/.
Heine, J. (2020, January 8). Solving Chile’s Crisis Starts With Fixing Its Pension System. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/solving-chiles-crisis-starts-with-fixing-its-pension-system/.
Laing, A. (2020, July 14). Chilean president offers middle classes cash to head off pensions withdrawal. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-chile-pensions/chilean-president-offers-middle-classes-cash-to-head-off-pensions-withdrawal-idUSKCN24F2PM.
Ocasio, N. (2020, July 07). Chilean Arpilleras Sustain Political Momentum During Lockdown. https://nacla.org/news/2020/07/06/chilean-arpilleras-lockdown.
PAHO COVID-19 RESPONSE. (2020). https://paho-covid19-response-who.hub.arcgis.com/.
Svaluto Moreolo, C. (2017, May 01). Chile: Chilean pensions under pressure. https://www.ipe.com/chile-chilean-pensions-under-pressure/10018671.article.
Vergara, Á. (2020, June 3). Social Progress Deferred in Chile. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/03/social-progress-deferred-chile.
Growth and Innovation Summer 2020:
Cambero, F. (2020, July 15). Workers at Antofagasta’s Zaldivar copper mine in Chile enter mediation to stave off strike. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-copper-antofagasta/workers-at-antofagastas-zaldivar-copper-mine-in-chile-enter-mediation-to-stave-off-strike-idUSL2N2EM1BT.
Charles, J., & Brasileiro, A. (2020, July 16). COVID outbreak in Chile, Argentina shows challenges facing Latin America as it reopens. Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article244223757.html.
Diario Financiero. (2020, 31 de julio). Tasa de desempleo en Chile superó el 12% y se destruyeron 1,7 millones de puestos de trabajo en un año. La República. https://www.larepublica.co/globoeconomia/tasa-de-desempleo-en-chile-supero-el-12-y-se-destruyeron-17-millones-de-puestos-de-trabajo-en-un-ano-3038962.
El Desconcierto. (2019, 21 de noviembre). Los caminos constitucionales que proponen los expertos para reducir los elevados valores inmobiliarios. https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2019/11/20/los-caminos-constitucionales-que-proponen-los-expertos-para-reducir-los-elevados-valores-inmobiliarios/.
The Economist. (2020, July 18). Covid-19 hastens changes to Chile’s market-led economic model. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/07/18/covid-19-hastens-changes-to-chiles-market-led-economic-model.
El Economista. (2020, 31 de julio). Chile inicia el retiro de pensiones: pueden salir hasta $20,000 millones. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.net/economia/Chile-inicia-el-retiro-de-pensiones-pueden-salir-hasta-20000-millones–20200730-0013.html.
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas – Chile. (2020, 29 de mayo). Boletín empleo nacional trimestre de febrero a abril. https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/ocupacion-y-desocupacion/boletines/2020/pa%C3%ADs/bolet%C3%ADn-empleo-nacional-trimestre-m%C3%B3vil-febrero-marzo-abril-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=31a52923_4.
International Monetary Fund. (2020, May 29). Chile : Request for an Arrangement Under the Flexible Credit Line-Press Release; Staff Report; and Staff Supplement. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2020/05/29/Chile-Request-for-an-Arrangement-Under-the-Flexible-Credit-Line-Press-Release-Staff-Report-49467.
————. (2020, May 29). IMF Executive Board Approves Two-Year US$23.93 Billion Flexible Credit Line Arrangement for Chile. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/05/29/pr20227-imf-executive-board-approves-two-year-flexible-credit-line-arrangement.
Mercopress. Inequality and coronavirus pushing much of Chile’s middle class back to poverty. (2020, July 2). https://en.mercopress.com/2020/07/02/inequality-and-coronavirus-pushing-much-of-chile-s-middle-class-back-to-poverty.
Ministerio de Hacienda. (2020, 2 de abril).Plan Económico de Emergencia. Gobierno de Chile. https://cms.hacienda.cl/hacienda/assets/documento/descargar/70936b296ffe5.
El Mostrador. (2020, 16 de abril). Ripley y Paris se acogen a la Ley de Protección al Empleo y generan indignación en sindicatos y parlamentarios. El Mostrador. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2020/04/16/ripley-y-paris-se-acogen-a-la-ley-de-proteccion-al-empleo-y-generan-indignacion-en-sindicatos-y-parlamentarios/.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2020, June 4). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Fisheries, aquaculture and COVID-19: Issues and policy responses. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/fisheries-aquaculture-and-covid-19-issues-and-policy-responses-a2aa15de/.
Pliego Laboral – Unidad Social. (2019, 28 de octubre). https://cut.cl/cutchile/2019/10/28/pliego-laboral-unidad-social/.
Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2020:
Beaubien, J. (2020, July 2). How Chile Ended Up With One Of The Highest COVID-19 Rates. American University Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/02/885207834/covid-19-exploits-cracks-in-chilean-society.
Bennett, M. (2020, June 1). All Things Equal? Heterogeneity in Policy Effectiveness against COVID-19 Spread in Chile.Magdalenabennett. https://www.magdalenabennett.com/files/sub/mbennett_covid.pdf.
Botea, I., Rouanet, L., (2020, June 8). Empowering adolescent girls in the time of COVID-19. The World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/empowering-adolescent-girls-time-covid-19.
Burki, T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America. Several problems undermine the preparedness of countries in Latin America to face the spread of COVID-19. Newsdesk. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0.
Cuadrado, C., Monsalves, M. J., Gajardo, J., Bertoglia, M. P., Najera, M., Alfaro, T., … & Peña, S. (2020, May 9). Impact of small-area lockdowns for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. MedRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.20092106v1.full.pdf.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2020, 16 de junio). Informe COVID-19 CEPAL-FAO Cómo evitar que la crisis del COVID-19 se transforme en una crisis alimentaria. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45702/4/S2000393_es.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2020, 3 de junio). Sistemas alimentarios y COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: El rol de las medidas de protección social. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45720/1/ca9435_es.pdf.
Gentilini, Ugo; Almenfi, Mohamed; Orton, Ian; Dale, Pamela. (2020). Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19 : A Real-Time Review of Country Measures. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33635.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2020, 7 de mayo). Día de la Cruz Roja: homenaje a los voluntarios en medio de la pandemia. UNICEF. https://www.icrc.org/es/document/dia-de-la-cruz-roja-homenaje-los-voluntarios-en-medio-de-la-pandemia.
Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública. (2020, 16 de junio). Carabineros totaliza 3 millones de fiscalizaciones y 100 mil detenciones desde el inicio de la pandemia. Gobierno de Chile. https://www.interior.gob.cl/noticias/2020/06/16/carabineros-totaliza-3-millones-de-fiscalizaciones-y-100-mil-detenciones-desde-el-inicio-de-la-pandemia/.
Ministerio de Trabajo y Previsión Social. (2020). ¿Cómo puedo proteger laboralmente a los trabajadores de mi empresa durante la emergencia sanitaria?. Gobierno de Chile. https://cdn.digital.gob.cl/public_files/Campa%C3%B1as/Corona-Virus/documentos/02.06_Instructivo_Empleador-VF_2.pdf.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2020). School Education During COVID-19: Were Teachers and Students Ready? Country Note: Chile. https://www.oecd.org/education/Chile-coronavirus-education-country-note.pdf.
————. (2020). Youth and COVID-19: Response, Recovery and Resilience. OECD ilibrary. https://www.oecd.org/education/Chile-coronavirus-education-country-note.pdf.
————. (2020). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus. Managing international migration under COVID-19. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/managing-international-migration-under-covid-19-6e914d57/.
————. (2020). Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. OECD ilibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6089164f-en/1/2/2/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/6089164f-en&_csp_=1ac29f0301b3ca43ec2dd66bb33522eb&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book.
Prensa Presidencia. (2020, 16 de junio) Presidente Piñera firma proyecto que amplía Ingreso Familiar de Emergencia para beneficiar a hasta 5,6 millones de personas: “Llega mucho más allá de los grupos vulnerables e incluye a la clase media”. Gobierno de Chile. https://prensa.presidencia.cl/comunicado.aspx?id=152600.
Santos, N. (2020, July 7). Chilean Arpilleras Sustain Political Momentum During Lockdown. The North American Congress on Latin America. https://nacla.org/news/2020/07/06/chilean-arpilleras-lockdown.
UN Women. (2020, 12 de junio). Trabajadores Remuneradas del Hogar en América Latina y el Caribe Frente a la Crisis del COVID-19. United Nations. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45724/1/Informe_CEPAL-ONUmujeres-OIT_es.pdf.
Vergara, Á. (2020, June 3). Social Progress Deferred in Chile. https://nacla.org/news/2020/06/03/social-progress-deferred-chile.