FALL 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

In a post-pandemic society, Colombia is currently experiencing many new economic and environmental policy changes. Additionally, the nation is continuing to expand and repair foreign relations, especially with countries such as Venezuela. As the country continues to feel the effects of the pandemic, the government also continues to press for higher vaccination rates.

• In April of 2021, Colombians began protesting a tax reform measure that would lower the threshold at which salaries are taxed. Although the tax bill was withdrawn in May, protests have continued throughout the summer as Colombians express their discontent with the government and inequality throughout the country. Although the protests have been largely peaceful, some have turned violent. 
• The government and security forces have quickly and harshly responded to the protests. The Inter-American Commision on Human Rights, an arm of the Organization of American States, has released a report condemning the response as “excessive and disproportionate.”
• Over 50 people have died and thousands have been injured in classes between security forces and protestors. The government claims to be investigating abuses and supports the rights of peaceful protestors, but maintains that it will stand against “vandalism and low intensity urban terrorism.”
• Protestors have demanded that the national police force be moved out from under the control of the Defense Ministry and that the government end the deployment of troops to respond to the protests.
• In mid-June, protest leaders agreed to temporarily halt protests in order to diffuse some violence and limit the spread of COVID. However, the protestors are made up of many fragmented groups, and those who agreed to halt protests do not represent or speak for all involved. 
• Local protest leaders have turned to town halls and community-based solutions to address their complaints. Local protests often include issues that are specific to that community or region and cannot be addressed on a national level. City governments have shown willingness to work with protestors to solve issues, and some, such as Bogota, have created places for protestors who feel that the national protest leaders don’t represent them to air their concerns. 
• In March of 2021, Colombia was the first Latin American nation to receive vaccines from COVAX, after being one of the last countries in the region to start vaccinating citizens. In 2020, Colombia joined COVAX, an accelerated World Health Organization vaccine research program that provides partner nations with additional vaccines. 
• The Ministry of Health released a 69 page national vaccination plan, prioritizing first responders, elderly, and at risk populations. The guidelines governing vaccine distribution to Colombian citizens’ apply equally to Venezuelan migrants, making the nation a leader on migrant populations rights’ the Western Hemisphere. 
• Colombia is in the middle of a third wave of COVID-19 cases. The country had close to 600 deaths a day in June and reached a record number of new cases. The government blames recent protests for the outbreak while protestors blame the government’s slow vaccination roll out. 
• President Duque created a temporary protection status for almost 1 million Venezuelan migrants on March 1, 2021, after providing migrants equal access to the vaccine. This action gains positive international recognition for human rights, offsetting the negative attention concerning the recent uptick in politically motivated massacres. 
• Colombia´s Health Provider Institutions along with their Health Promoting Entities administered the first vaccine on February 17, in the department of Sucre, ahead of their original February 20th announced start date. 
• The government’s total vaccination goal this year is 35 million people. However, as of the start of July, only 8.07 million have been vaccinated. According to leaders, the inefficient regional health sectors are to blame for this shortfall. 
• According to Decree 109  areas such as the Cauca, Sucre, and Chocó, which are populated with disadvantaged populations that have suffered from high rates of COVID-19 related deaths, will not receive one round of vaccine distribution because of their health sector’s inefficiency at distributing the vaccine.
• Quarantine measures provide criminals with more latitude and allow criminal groups to consolidate control in isolated communities. Furthermore, the economic depression caused by the pandemic increases desperation and hence participation in illicit activities. Violence and murders have increased as law enforcement focused on combating protests.
• The 2016 Peace Accords, which ended a 50 year period of domestic violence, are at risk as armed groups increase activity on the border and the assassination of social leaders continues. National insecurity and instability during the pandemic intensifies the fear of a precarious future governability. 
• 2022 presidential candidates will announce their bids early as the social distancing guidelines present barriers to their campaigns. Political coalitions are focusing less on public campaigning because of the pandemic, which potentially creates a gap between the will of the people and the future government.  
• Corruption is still rampant during the pandemic, and investigations into campaign donations related to emergency supplies during the pandemic are underway. The electronic system of public hiring, Secop, is a tool that can potentially combat corrupt actors by creating a uniformed hiring process. 
• Increased internet fraud has become a cybersecurity concern for the Colombian government as rates are up by 30%, complicating the use of technology to administer the vaccine and COVID-19 response. 
• In the fourth quarter of 2020, center-right senator Roy Barreras initiated the impeachment process against President Duque. Barreras justified his action on the basis of Duque´s mismanagement of the pandemic.  
• The country has seen an increase in violence throughout the year. President Duque’s helicopter was attacked while carrying the president and several other officials, although none were injured. Additionally, car bomb explosions at a military base in Cucata injured 36 people. International organizations such as Al Jazeera and the Red Cross have reported increases in crime across the country. These attacks are thought to be related to ex-FARC armed groups who are not satisfied with the peace accords. 
• 20 retired Colombian soldiers have been implicated in the murder of President Jovenel Moïse of Haiti. However, the role of the Colombians is unclear and the scandal has largely been used as a distraction from the protests and COVID-19 spike.

See Select Resources for Governance and the Rule of Law

---

Growth and Innovation

With many foreign as well as domestic investments into the many sectors of the country’s economy, Colombia has seen a series of innovations as well as growth. It has seen stabilization and rebound in employment and overall economic growth post COVID. Additionally, many new environmental policies are leading to a more conscious climate strategy with many new systems in place to achieve this.

• A Worker Social Welfare plan created in 2020 finally begins in March 2021 as a measure to increase worker security and formalization of the economy, combating the growth of the informal economy during the pandemic.  
• Strict lockdown measures have created significant economic troubles as businesses have been forced to close and residents have stayed home. According to the Colombian government, 3.5 million people were pushed into poverty in 2020 and the portion of families who could afford three meals a day dropped from 88% before the pandemic to 67% after the pandemic. 
• Soon after President Duque’s announcement to provide legal status for 1 million Venezuelan migrants, he announced a $161.8 million USD loan from the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) for the Colombian health care system.
• Though at one point Colombia had some of the highest COVID death numbers in Latin America, foreign direct investment (FDI) has not stalled. Chinese investments in transportation will support President Duque’s goal to receive 11.5 billion in FDI this year.
• The Ministry of Health created a phone application, called Mi Vacuna, to help notify citizens of their vaccine eligibility and appointments. The app went live in February 2021, costing the Ministry 10 million pesos. 
• Throughout the pandemic, rideshare technology such as the Chinese app DiDi has increased the security of Colombians in large cities such as Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali. Increased ridership helps to reactivate the economy. 
• The Association of Service Stations of North Santander (ASESNORT) petitioned the president to build a petroleum export canal to supply the border region’s population with needed energy resources. 
• Despite having made great advances against inequality and the wealth gap throughout the past 20 years, the pandemic is exacerbating inequality at record rates as the economy continues to suffer. 
• The Sustainable Solidarity Law or Ley Solidaridad Sostenible, a tax reform which sparked massive violent protests, was rescinded on May 3, 2021. The reform would have lowered the tax floor to tax persons making less than $700 weekly, causing further economic distress after the 6.5% GDP decline last year during the pandemic. 
• Evictions, layoffs, pauses on accessible education, and economic challenges forcing many into the informal sector have created a dangerous socioeconomic situation across the region.
• Road blockades, a common strategy among protestors, have cost an estimated $3.2 billion to the economy, according to the Finance Ministry. Businesses have shut down and hundreds of thousands of jobs have been lost due to the unrest. 
• Faced with rising poverty rates and a lack of resources, many youth have turned to protests both to express their frustrations and fulfill basic needs. Some camps for demonstrators provide food, shelter, and entertainment for young people that have almost nothing on their own.

See Select Resources for Growth and Innovation

---

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Colombia has been trying to support the benefits of the whole society such as cultural development as well as environmental changes. However, the country still faces many challenges with police brutality and domestic relations with indigenous people. Additionally, the drug trade across the country has increased especially surrounding the border.

• Protests against inequality have highlighted the differences in the lives of Colombia’s wealthy elite and the working classes that live in poverty. Those protesting are overwhelmingly young and poor, while wealthy Colombians have taken up arms to fight against protestors in their neighborhoods. 
• The United Nations identified the COVID-19 pandemic and the sustained assassinations against civil society leaders as two of Colombia’s primary problems requiring immediate action in 2021. Despite Colombian protests, multinational investments and COVID-19 aid continue to flow to Colombia. 
• The massive indigenous movement called Minga Indígena brought hundreds of thousands indigenous and farmers to Bogata throughout late October 2020, causing the city government to implement safety measures on the Transmilenio, the Colombian transit system, and provide PPE. 
• Barranquilla instituted a mobility restriction ahead of the Carnaval holiday season,  a core tradition in the city. Official 2021 festivities were online, but Semana Santa will have in person elements that all cities are concerned about.
• In preparation for Semana Santa, the Colombian government with the support of local and national authorities implemented curfews and pico y cédula, a program that limits citizens public access based on their identification numbers, a highly ridiculed action because of the perceived arbitrary application of a curfew at 10:00pm.
• The pandemic has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis on the Colombian-Venezuelan border. Overcrowded shelters lack electricity, drainage, and food. Limited resources mean that local community groups prioritize its local underserved indigenous communities over Venezuelan immigrants. 
• Rural farmworkers and coca growers are suffering as the government shifts focus from implementing territorial promises from the 2016 Peace Accord to pandemic control in urban areas. Consequently the year began with the highest rates of violence since the Accords were signed. 
• Some rural families have found ways to support one another, like the Familia Gaona who have turned their farming expertise into advice for struggling families on YouTube.
• Two Colombian designers implemented Humanitarian Branding, a branding campaign that uses distribution networks of large Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) to provide COVID-19 and gender based violence resources to rural underserved communities, such as the Yuka in Manaure Cesar. 
• The Ministry of Education has ordered public school teachers to restart in person classes by mid-July. However, the teacher’s union has pushed back, citing rising COVID cases and insufficient protections. Remote learning has grown increasingly difficult as internet signals cut out and devices required for internet connection have been stolen or broken. Over half of school-aged children in Latin America are out of school with no remote learning access.  
• Gang violence has faced a rival as unemployment rises, schools are shut, and rehabilitation programs have lost funding. Despite years of reduced crime rates, the city of Cali has become an epicenter for violence. Gangs have taken advantage of the instability brought by protests to settle scores, interfere with rivals, and recruit out-of-school children.

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion

---

SPRING 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

The Colombian government responded strictly to COVID-19 during the early stages of the pandemic, enacting movement restrictions at national and local levels. However, the government continues to stall on the rollout of the vaccine, procuring vaccines and administering them months after neighboring countries. As the nation reopens, the government struggles to rejuvenate the economy and manage social unrest regarding civil society massacres. Armed groups remain in the countryside imposing their own arbitrary COVID-19 restrictions. In 2021, police brutality has sparked international concern while recent executive immigration reforms have brought international praise.

• In April of 2021, Colombians began protesting a tax reform measure that would lower the threshold at which salaries are taxed. Although the tax bill was withdrawn in May, protests have continued throughout the summer as Colombians express their discontent with the government and inequality throughout the country. Although the protests have been largely peaceful, some have turned violent. 
• The government and security forces have quickly and harshly responded to the protests. The Inter-American Commision on Human Rights, an arm of the Organization of American States, has released a report condemning the response as “excessive and disproportionate.”
• Over 50 people have died and thousands have been injured in classes between security forces and protestors. The government claims to be investigating abuses and supports the rights of peaceful protestors, but maintains that it will stand against “vandalism and low intensity urban terrorism.”
• Protestors have demanded that the national police force be moved out from under the control of the Defense Ministry and that the government end the deployment of troops to respond to the protests.
• In mid-June, protest leaders agreed to temporarily halt protests in order to diffuse some violence and limit the spread of COVID. However, the protestors are made up of many fragmented groups, and those who agreed to halt protests do not represent or speak for all involved. 
• Local protest leaders have turned to town halls and community-based solutions to address their complaints. Local protests often include issues that are specific to that community or region and cannot be addressed on a national level. City governments have shown willingness to work with protestors to solve issues, and some, such as Bogota, have created places for protestors who feel that the national protest leaders don’t represent them to air their concerns. 
• In March of 2021, Colombia was the first Latin American nation to receive vaccines from COVAX, after being one of the last countries in the region to start vaccinating citizens. In 2020, Colombia joined COVAX, an accelerated World Health Organization vaccine research program that provides partner nations additional vaccines. 
• The Ministry of Health released a 69 page national vaccination plan, prioritizing first responders, elderly, and at risk populations. The guidelines governing vaccine distribution to Colombian citizens’ apply equally to Venezuelan migrants, making the nation a leader on migrant populations rights’ the Western Hemisphere. 
• Colombia is in the middle of a third wave of COVID-19 cases. The country had close to 600 deaths a day in June and reached a record number of new cases. The government blames recent protests for the outbreak while protestors blame the government’s slow vaccination roll out. 
• President Duque created a temporary protection status for almost 1 million Venezuelan migrants March 1, 2021, after providing migrants equal access to the vaccine. This action gains positive international recognition for human rights, offsetting the negative attention concerning the recent uptick in politically motivated massacres. 
• Colombia´s Health Provider Institutions along with their Health Promoting Entities administered the first vaccine on February 17, in the department of Sucre, ahead of their original February 20th announced start date. 
• The government’s total vaccination goal this year is 35 million people. However, as of the start of July, only 8.07 million have been vaccinated. According to leaders, the inefficient and underdeveloped regional health sectors are to blame for this shortfall. 
• According to Decree 109  areas such as the Cauca, Sucre, Chocó, which are populated with disadvantaged populations that have suffered from high rates of COVID-19 related deaths, will not receive one round of vaccine distribution because of their health sector’s inefficiency at distributing the vaccine.
• Quarantine measures provide criminals with more latitude and allow criminal groups to consolidate control in isolated communities. Furthermore, the economic depression caused by the pandemic increases desperation and hence participation in illicit activities. Violence and murders have increased as law enforcement focused on combating protests.
• The 2016 Peace Accords, which ended a 50 year period of domestic violence, are at risk as armed groups increase activity on the border and the assassination of social leaders continues. National insecurity and instability during the pandemic intensifies the fear of a precarious future governability. 
• 2022 presidential candidates will announce their bids early as the social distancing guidelines present barriers to their campaigns. Political coalitions are focusing less on public campaigning because of the pandemic, which potentially creates a gap between the will of the people and the future government.  
• Corruption is still rampant during the pandemic, and investigations into campaign donations related to emergency supplies during the pandemic are underway. The electronic system of public hiring, Secop, is a tool that can potentially combat corrupt actors by creating a uniformed hiring process. 
• Increased internet fraud has become a cybersecurity concern for the Colombian government as rates are up by 30%, complicating the use of technology to administer the vaccine and COVID-19 response. 
• In the fourth quarter of 2020, center-right senator Roy Barreras initiated the impeachment process against President Duque. Barreras justified his action on the basis of Duque´s mismanagement of the pandemic.  
• The country has seen an increase in violence throughout the year. President Duque’s helicopter was attacked while carrying the president and several other officials, although none were injured. Additionally, car bomb explosions at a military base in Cucata injured 36 people. International organizations such as Al Jazeera and the Red Cross have reported increases in crime across the country. These attacks are thought to be related to ex-FARC armed groups who are not satisfied with the peace accords. 
• 20 retired Colombian soldiers have been implicated in the murder of President Jovenel Moïse of Haiti. However, the role of the Colombians is unclear and the scandal has largely been used as a distraction from the protests and COVID-19 spike.

---

Growth and Innovation

Despite any progress made, inequality is increasing through the pandemic as jobs are lost, restrictions continue, and access to health care is minimal. However, some cities and local governments are finding creative ways to track the virus. The national government is working to reinvigorate the economy through foreign direct investment and tourism.

• A Worker Social Welfare plan created in 2020 finally begins in March 2021 as a measure to increase worker security and formalization of the economy, combating the growth of the informal economy during the pandemic.  
• Strict lockdown measures have created significant economic troubles as businesses have been forced to close and residents have stayed home. According to the Colombian government, 3.5 million people were pushed into poverty in 2020 and the portion of families who could afford three meals a day dropped from 88% before the pandemic to 67% after the pandemic. 
• Soon after President Duque’s announcement to provide legal status for 1 million Venezuelan migrants, he announced a $161.8 million USD loan from the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) for the Colombian health care system.
• Though at one point Colombia had some of the highest COVID death numbers in Latin America, foreign direct investment (FDI) has not stalled. Chinese investments in transportation will support President Duque’s goal to receive 11.5 billion in FDI this year.
• The Ministry of Health created a phone application, called Mi Vacuna, to help notify citizens of their vaccine eligibility and appointments. The app went live in February 2021, costing the Ministry 10 million pesos. 
• Throughout the pandemic, rideshare technology such as the Chinese app DiDi has increased the security of Colombians in large cities such as Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali. Increased ridership helps to reactivate the economy. 
• The Association of Service Stations of North Santander (ASESNORT) petitioned the president to build a petroleum export canal to supply the border region’s population with needed energy resources. 
• Despite having made great advances against inequality and the wealth gap throughout the past 20 years, the pandemic is exacerbating inequality at record rates as the economy continues to suffer. 
• The Sustainable Solidarity Law or Ley Solidaridad Sostenible, a tax reform which sparked massive violent protests, was rescinded on May 3, 2021. The reform would have lowered the tax floor to tax persons making less than $700 weekly, causing further economic distress after the 6.5% GDP decline last year during the pandemic. 
• Evictions, layoffs, pauses on accessible education, and economic challenges forcing many into the informal sector have created a dangerous socioeconomic situation across the region.
• Road blockades, a common strategy among protestors, have cost an estimated $3.2 billion to the economy, according to the Finance Ministry. Businesses have shut down and hundreds of thousands of jobs have been lost due to the unrest. 
• Faced with rising poverty rates and a lack of resources, many youth have turned to protests both to express their frustrations and fulfill basic needs. Some camps for demonstrators provide food, shelter, and entertainment for young people that have almost nothing on their own.

---

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Vulnerable citizens and communities, like Venezuelan migrants, Afro-Colombians, victims of domestic violence, informal workers, and Indigenous people are suffering as the government neglects its commitment to support them and provide social services. Civil society organizations are taking the lead to provide information, resources, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Children and their families are weathering the changing landscapes as the nation rapidly brings students back into the classrooms. Recent protests have highlighted growing inequality between rural and urban areas made worse by the pandemic.

• Protests against inequality have highlighted the differences in the lives of Colombia’s wealthy elite and the working classes that live in poverty. Those protesting are overwhelmingly young and poor, while wealthy Colombians have taken up arms to fight against protestors in their neighborhoods. 
• The United Nations identified the COVID-19 pandemic and the sustained assassinations against civil society leaders as two of Colombia’s primary problems requiring immediate action in 2021. Despite Colombian protests, multinational investments and COVID-19 aid continue to flow to Colombia. 
• The massive indigenous movement called Minga Indígena brought hundreds of thousands indigenous and farmers to Bogata throughout late October 2020, causing the city government to implement safety measures on the Transmilenio, the Colombian transit system, and provide PPE. 
• Barranquilla instituted a mobility restriction ahead of the Carnaval holiday season,  a core tradition in the city. Official 2021 festivities were online, but Semana Santa will have in person elements that all cities are concerned about.
• In preparation for Semana Santa, the Colombian government with the support of local and national authorities implemented curfews and pico y cédula, a program that limits citizens public access based on their identification numbers, a highly ridiculed action because of the perceived arbitrary application of a curfew at 10:00pm.
• The pandemic has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis on the Colombian-Venezuelan border. Overcrowded shelters lack electricity, drainage, and food. Limited resources mean that local community groups prioritize its local underserved indigenous communities over Venezuelan immigrants. 
• Rural farmworkers and coca growers are suffering as the government shifts focus from implementing territorial promises from the 2016 Peace Accord to pandemic control in urban areas. Consequently the year began with the highest rates of violence since the Accords were signed. 
• Some rural families have found ways to support one another, like the Familia Gaona who have turned their farming expertise into advice for struggling families on YouTube.
• Two Colombian designers implemented Humanitarian Branding, a branding campaign that uses distribution networks of large Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) to provide COVID-19 and gender based violence resources to rural underserved communities, such as the Yuka in Manaure Cesar. 
• The Ministry of Education has ordered public school teachers to restart in person classes by mid-July. However, the teacher’s union has pushed back, citing rising COVID cases and insufficient protections. Remote learning has grown increasingly difficult as internet signals cut out and devices required for internet connection have been stolen or broken. Over half of school-aged children in Latin America are out of school with no remote learning access.  
• Gang violence has faced a rival as unemployment rises, schools are shut, and rehabilitation programs have lost funding. Despite years of reduced crime rates, the city of Cali has become an epicenter for violence. Gangs have taken advantage of the instability brought by protests to settle scores, interfere with rivals, and recruit out-of-school children.

---

FALL 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

Overall, the Colombian government has responded strictly to the virus, enacting movement restrictions at national and local levels. Armed groups remain in the countryside imposing their own arbitrary restrictions. Such measures trigger resistance to both forms of governance. Meanwhile, the announcement of former President Uribe’s house arrest has caused increased social unrest.

• President Iván Duque Márquez, a controversial leader, has become more popular since the onset of the pandemic as attention shifts from corruption to disease control.
• Law enforcement is faced with having to intervene on the streets to stop large gatherings and celebrations that go against the government’s orders.
• Due to many violations, Duque and the Minister of Health have had to re-evaluate social discipline measures and release media campaigns in order to quell mass resistance to virus restrictions.
• Corruption is still running rampant during the pandemic, and investigations to look into campaign donations related to emergency supplies during the pandemic are underway.
• Protests erupted during various stages of lockdowns, business closings, and movement restrictions in Bogotá, and other major cities, over government restrictions and enforcement as citizens begged for the reopening of the economy.  
• Controversies over pandemic protests led the Mayor of Bogotá to denounce them for violence and vandalism in a decree that limited resistance movement efforts.
• Bogotá’s mayor initiated movement restrictions by gender towards in early stages of government restrictions to control the number of people performing essential services, but it is controversial due to discrimination against women and the LGBTQ community.
• The government has vowed to ensure that survivors of domestic violence have virtual access to legal aid, such as counsel and case hearings.
• The Indigenous community network is taking it upon itself to manage violent and organized crime and has called for a unified COVID-19 response strategy in rural regions.
• Despite a month-long ceasefire by the National Liberation Army (ELN) in April, armed groups have set their own dramatic virus control measures, threatening brutal consequences for noncompliance.
• Many indigenous and social leaders who have been protected by government protective details have lost their protections during the pandemic, leaving their communities and leadership exposed to violence. 
• In late July, Colombia’s new legislative term began, signaling the potential for new commitment to solving political tensions caused by COVID-19, as some organizations, like the Mision de Observacion Electoral (MOE), have suggested that Congress did not adapt to the changing context of the pandemic.
• Former President Juan Manuel Santos has publicly invited current President Iván Duque to form a National Accord to fight the pandemic in line with the values put forth by the 2016 Peace Accord in order to ensure the recovery of all citizens. 
• The landmark decision to detain former President Álvaro Uribe to house arrest in early August sparked large public gatherings in major cities–some in protest and others in celebration of his arrest–that may cause an uptick in cases of COVID-19.
• As social unrest surrounding President Uribe’s arrest unfolds, some fear that the divisions between the Left and Right in Colombia will be exacerbated by conflicting opinions of the controversial leader, whom President Duque supports, driving polarization during a global pandemic.

---

Growth and Innovation

Despite any progress made, inequality is increasing as jobs are lost, restrictions continue, and access to health care is minimal. However, some cities and local governments are finding creative ways to track and discipline the virus.

• Because many citizens are worried about the increasing prices of potable water and other utilities, tariffs on water were halted for the summer to increase access, as water is essential to virus prevention.
• The country has decided to invest roughly 11% of this year’s total gross domestic product (GDP) on efforts to support social programs for the virus and virus prevention efforts.
• Some cities, namely Medellín and Bogotá, have used apps to track food insecurity and virus symptoms. Though these methods have  helped stop the spread; some are worried about personal data security.
• Media campaigns around the virus, such as the Cali ad campaign that portrays a soccer referee giving restriction violations yellow and red cards on the street, are a popular way of reaching citizens.
• Closures in La Candelaria (Bogotá) generated concern for informal sector workers who rely on tourism, as well as for small business owners who run hostels, bars, and restaurants.
• Shortages of medical supplies and hospitals in rural areas and poor urban areas have proven to disproportionately affect Indigenous people, Afro-Colombians, and Venezuelan migrants.
• Venezuelans who move across the border for health services and to purchase essentials have faced difficulties with harsh border control throughout pandemic restrictions.
• Hunger and poverty are rampant, but communities such as Soacha, have encouraged locals to signal distress with red rags in windows, triggering neighbors and leaders to supply food and essentials.
• Despite having made great advances against  inequality and the wealth gap throughout  the past 20 years, the pandemic is exacerbating inequality at record rates as the economy continues to suffer. 
• Evictions, layoffs, pauses on accessible education, and economic challenges forcing many into the informal sector have created a dangerous socioeconomic situation across the region.
• Despite high levels of unemployment across the country since March, June saw some industries with increased employment in construction, agriculture, and commercial vehicles. The country still faces losses in transportation and others, but the minimal gain is positive.

---

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Vulnerable citizens, like Venezuelan migrants, Afro-Colombians, victims of domestic violence, informal workers, and Indigenous people are suffering as the government neglects its commitment to supporting them and providing social services.

• Even in a pandemic, targeted murders of social activist leaders and threats to leaders in Indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities have increased.
• Indigenous populations in the Amazon region are at high risk both due to insufficient medical supplies and hospitals and an economic dependence on Peru and Brazil amidst closed borders. The Pan American Health Organization has called for collaboration between health ministries and indigenous and social groups to create specific plans for combatting the virus in these communities. 
• Afro-Colombian and Indigenous leaders sent a letter to President Duque in March demanding equal rights and protections of ethnic groups amidst the pandemic, as they continue to fight discrimination.
• Venezuelan immigrants who remain in Colombia are suffering from a lack of resources as many aren’t registered legally. Human rights advocates say their statelessness shouldn’t matter.
• Many immigrants have chosen to return to Venezuela due to extreme measures and unequal treatment by the Colombian government as well as social struggles during the pandemic.
• Rural farmworkers and coca growers are suffering as the government shifts focus from implementing territorial promises from the 2016 Peace Accord to pandemic control in urban areas.
• Some rural families have found ways to support one another, like the Familia Gaona who have turned their farming expertise into advice for struggling families on YouTube.
• Prisons have allowed incarcerated individuals to have 15-minute virtual visits with family members in order to avoid anxieties over isolation and contagion.
• In an effort to combat the increase in domestic violence cases due to quarantine measures, a network of grocery stores and pharmacies has become a safe space for women to report violence. 
• In an effort to reach all students with distance learning, the Ministry of Education has launched various digital programming like “Profe en tu casa” in a partnership with Señal Colombia, as well as interdisciplinary TV and radio learning efforts. 

Some department governments have also partnered with local TV stations to create dynamic learning opportunities, like the collaboration between the Atlantico department, Canal TeleCaribe, and the University of Simón Bolívar called “Escuela en Casa TV.”

---

Select resources for Colombia:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Asuntos Legales. (2021, March 1) Presidente Duque firmó el Estatuto de Protección Temporal a migrantes venezolanos. https://www.asuntoslegales.com.co/actualidad/presidente-duque-firmo-el-estatuto-de-proteccion-temporal-a-migrantes-venezolanos-3132859.

BBC News. (2021, July 8). Colombia protests: Rights body criticises ‘disproportionate’ response. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733541

BBC News Mundo. (2021, April 28). Miles de personas marchan en Colombia en protesta por la reforma tributaria en medio de un grave repunte de casos de coronavirus. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56897151.

Guerrero Guevara, L. G. (2020, July 28). Editorial: El Congreso de la República bajo pandemia. Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular, CINEP / Programa por la paz. https://www.cinep.org.co/Home2/component/k2/814-editorial-el-congreso-de-la-republica-bajo-pandemia.html.

Her, L. [@2018LuisHer.] (2021, February 22). #ReporteVacunasColombia—21 de Febrero 4:00 pm 6.687 Dosis Aplicadas hoy 33.140 Total Dosis Aplicadas 10.243 Dosis Por Aplicar. Https://t.co/Ucg5TnZbWk [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/2018LuisHer/status/1363653973895483393.

Human Rights Watch. (2020, July 15). Colombia: Armed Groups’ Brutal Covid-19 Measures. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/15/colombia-armed-groups-brutal-covid-19-measures. 

Infobae. (2021, January 5). Así será el proceso de vacunación para combatir el coronavirus en Colombia. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/01/05/asi-sera-el-proceso-de-vacunacion-para-combatir-el-coronavirus-en-colombia/.

————. (2021, February 6). La posible coalición que propone Gustavo Petro para ganar las elecciones presidenciales en 2022. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/02/06/la-posible-coalicion-que-propone-gustavo-petro-para-ganar-las-elecciones-presidenciales-en-2022/.

————. (2021, February 17). Comenzó la vacunación contra el covid-19 en Colombia, una enfermera la primera inmunizada. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/02/17/comienza-la-vacunacion-contra-el-covid-19-en-colombia/.

————. (2021, April 17). Durante la pandemia, el 30% de los colombianos ha sido víctima de fraudes digitales. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/04/17/durante-la-pandemia-el-30-de-los-colombianos-ha-sido-victima-de-fraudes-digitales/.

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. (2021, February 20). “Una luz de esperanza en medio de la oscuridad”: Primera vacunada en Santa Marta. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Una-luz-de-esperanza-en-medio-de-la-oscuridad-primera-vacunada-en-Santa-Marta.aspx.

————. (2021, March 19). Minsalud will distribute vaccines according to the effectiveness of each department. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Minsalud-distribuira-vacunas-de-acuerdo-con-la-eficacia-de-cada-departamento.aspx.

National Public Radio. (2021, March 3). Colombia Offers Legal Status To Migrants Who Fled Venezuela: NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/03/03/973198194/colombia-offers-legal-status-to-migrants-who-fled-venezuela.

New York Times. (2020, September 13). Colombia Sees Surge in Mass Killings Despite Historic Peace Deal. www.nytimes.com/2020/09/13/world/americas/colombia-massacres-protests.html.

Noriega, Christina. (23 June 2021). Protesters in Colombia turn to town hall meetings for solutions. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/23/protesters-in-colombia-turn-to-town-hall-meetings-for

Our World in Data. (2021, May 4). Number of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/people-fully-vaccinated-covid.

El País. (2021, March 17). Colombia llesusgó al millón de vacunados contra el covid-19. https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/llego-al-millon-de-vacunados-contra-el-covid-19.html.

Partido Farc. (2020, October 24). Por la vida y la paz, excombatientes de las Farc marchan hacia Bogotá. https://partidofarc.com.co/farc/2020/10/24/por-la-vida-y-la-paz-excombatientes-de-las-farc-marchan-hacia-bogota/.

Presidencia de la República-Colombia. (2020, October 2). Especial Televisivo ´Prevención y Acción´. https://youtu.be/By32fA0iPtc.

Restrepo, Carlos. (2020, October 4) Corrupción: La Otra Pandemia Que Afecta Al País. El Tiempo. www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/coronavirus-en-colombia-aumento-de-la-corrupcion-en-el-pais-541345.

Riveros, H. (2021, February 20). Políticos ansiosos. La Silla Vacía. https://lasillavacia.com/politicos-ansiosos-80281.

Sánchez Garzoli, G., & Moreno, M. (2020, July 31). Congress Should be Alarmed by Colombia’s Crumbling Peace. WOLA. https://www.wola.org/analysis/congress-should-be-alarmed-by-colombias-crumbling-peace/.

Tiempo. (2021, February 21). Van 39.827 vacunados contra el covid-19 en el país. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/salud/coronavirus-vacunados-contagios-y-muertes-de-covid-en-colombia-21-de-febrero-568497.

Turkewitz, Julie & Romero, Simon. (2021, July 11). Murder Mystery: What were Colombian military vets doing in Haiti? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/11/world/americas/haiti-colombian-mercenaries.html?searchResultPosition=1

Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 15). Colombia protest leaders halt demonstrations as Covid-19 cases rage. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/colombia-protest-leaders-halt-demonstrations-as-covid-19-cases-rage-11623792129

Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). (2021, May 3). Colombia Peace—Monitoring Progress in Peace Implementation. https://colombiapeace.org/.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Cobb, J. S. (2021, May 3). Colombia’s president withdraws tax reform after protests. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombias-president-withdraws-tax-reform-after-protests-2021-05-02/.

Corrillos. (2021, March 20). Colombia recibió crédito por USD 161 millones para atender la salud. https://corrillos.com.co/2021/03/colombia-recibio-credito-por-usd-161-millones-para-atender-la-salud/.

Mesa, J. D. Q. (2021, January 14). “Mi Vacuna” se suma a por lo menos a 33 aplicaciones del Estado, ¿qué tan necesaria es? www.elcolombiano.com. https://www.elcolombiano.com/tecnologia/mi-vacuna-la-aplicacion-del-gobierno-para-vacunacion-en-colombia-DH14465530.

MiVacuna COVID-19. (n.d.). https://www.sispro.gov.co/central-prestadores-de-servicios/Pages/MIVACUNACOVID19.aspx.

La Opinión. (2020, October 7) Estaciones De Servicio Plantean Apoyar Con Gasolina a Estados Fronterizos. www.laopinion.com.co/cucuta/estaciones-de-servicio-plantean-apoyar-con-gasolina-estados-fronterizos-203740.

Portafolio, C. E. E. (2021, February 2). Piso de protección: ¿el camino para bajar la informalidad? Portafolio.co. https://www.portafolio.co/economia/piso-de-proteccion-el-camino-para-bajar-la-informalidad-548782.

Rueda, Manuel. (2021, June 25). Colombia loosens COVID restrictions to save the economy as deaths soar. The World. https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-06-25/colombia-loosens-covid-restrictions-save-economy-deaths-soar

Stott, Michael. (2020, October 7). Foreign Investment in Colombia Holds Firm, Says Trade Minister. Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/9fa69fba-a4a2-48bc-a928-ef5c1793fe9b.

Tiempo. (2020, December 21). La Tecnología Hace Posible una Mejor Movilidad Durante la Pandemia. Patrocinado. ELTIEMPO.COM. https://www.eltiempo.com/contenido-comercial/la-tecnologia-hace-posible-una-mejor-movilidad-durante-la-pandemia-555782.

Turkewitz, J., Villamil, S., & Rios, F. (2020, July 11). In Latin America, the Pandemic Threatens Equality Like Never Before. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/world/americas/coronavirus-latin-america-inequality.html?login=email. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

A.S. (2021, March 23). Toque de queda y pico y cédula en Semana Santa: Municipios, fechas y horarios de las medidas—AS Colombia. https://colombia.as.com/colombia/2021/03/24/actualidad/1616545956_865878.html.

Así es la vida. (2020, June 9). Branding Humanitario: La propuesta de dos colombianos que ganó reconocimiento del MIT. https://mariorsalcedov.wordpress.com/2020/06/09/branding-humanitario-la-propuesta-de-dos-colombianos-que-gano-reconocimiento-del-mit/.

BBC News Mundo. (2021, April 29). 3 factores para entender las protestas en Colombia y la indignación contra la reforma tributaria. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56932013/.

El Colombiano. (2021, March 25). Bogotá tendrá toque de queda nocturno en Semana Santa. https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/toque-de-queda-y-medidas-en-bogota-en-semana-santa-DI14850021.

Ethnic Commission for Peace and Defense of Territorial Rights. (2020, March 30). Ref. Rights of Ethnic Peoples in the Context of the Current Pandemic / Application for assistance from Cuba. https://colombiapeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TRANSLATED-Carta-001-A-Presidente-Ivan-Duque-de-Comision-Etnica-frente-a-Pandemia-30-03-2020.pdf. 

Infobae (2021, March 11). Radican tutela para que los estudiantes regresen a clases presenciales. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/03/11/radican-tutela-para-que-los-estudiantes-regresen-a-clases-presenciales/.

Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia. (2021, February). Casanare inició el proceso de alternancia educativa con el acompañamiento del Ministerio de Educación. https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/portal/salaprensa/Noticias/403923:Casanare-inicio-el-proceso-de-alternancia-educativa-con-el-acompanamiento-del-Ministerio-de-Educacion.

The New Humanitarian. (2020, September 23). The crisis on the Venezuela-Colombia border. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2020/09/23/Venezuela-Colombia-border-coronavirus-migration-Indigenous.

Noticias ONU. (2021, January 7). Colombia: En 2021, la prioridad debe ser la protección de los excombatientes y las comunidades afectadas por el conflicto. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/01/1486282.

Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (n.d.). Voces desde el territorio | Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. https://colombia.iom.int/voces-desde-el-territorio.

Rein Corporation. (n.d.). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación (ETCR). (n.d.). http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co:80/es/reincorporacion/paginas/los-etcr.aspx.

Revista Semana. (2020). Campesinos ‘youtubers’: El secreto de la ‘Nubia e hijos’ para ser un éxito [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEoURnscypQ. 

Robayo, Louis. (2021, June 22). In Pictures: Colombia protests sharpen Cali class war. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/6/22/in-pictures-colombia-protests-sharpen-calis-class-war

Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/colombia.

Sanchez-Garzoli, G. (2020, May 19). The State of Human Rights in Colombia: Military Espionage, COVID-19, and Ongoing Abuses. https://www.wola.org/2020/05/colombia-human-rights-urgent-action-may-2020/.

El Tiempo. (2020, October 21). Marchas, movilizaciones, protestas y plantones hoy 21 de octubre en Bogotá. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/paro-nacional-marchas-movilizaciones-protestas-y-plantones-hoy-21-de-octubre-en-bogota-544382.

Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 9). In Colombian city, gangs thrive amid protests and anarchy. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-colombian-city-gangs-thrive-amid-protests-and-anarchy-11623244716?mod=article_inline

————. (2021, July 4). Latin America’s long school shutdown is leading to crisis. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/latin-americas-long-school-shutdown-is-leading-to-crisis-11625396400?page=1

Washington Office on Latin America. (2020, June 26). Colombia Update: Attacks on Social Leaders, Forced Eradication Operations, and Ongoing Abuses Amid the Pandemic. https://www.wola.org/2020/06/colombia-june-2020-urgent-action/.

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Al Jazeera. (2021, June 16). Colombia investigating after car bomb injures 36 at military base. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/16/colombia-investigating-after-car-bomb-injures-36-at-military-base

Asuntos Legales. (2021, March 1) Presidente Duque firmó el Estatuto de Protección Temporal a migrantes venezolanos. https://www.asuntoslegales.com.co/actualidad/presidente-duque-firmo-el-estatuto-de-proteccion-temporal-a-migrantes-venezolanos-3132859

————. (2021, July 8). Colombia protests: Rights body criticises ‘disproportionate’ response. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733541

BBC News Mundo. (2021, Abril 28). Miles de personas marchan en Colombia en protesta por la reforma tributaria en medio de un grave repunte de casos de coronavirus. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56897151. 

Guerrero Guevara, L. G. (2020, July 28). Editorial: El Congreso de la República bajo pandemia. Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular, CINEP / Programa por la paz. https://www.cinep.org.co/Home2/component/k2/814-editorial-el-congreso-de-la-republica-bajo-pandemia.html. 

Her, L. [@2018LuisHer.] (2021, February 22). #ReporteVacunasColombia—21 de Febrero 4:00 pm 6.687 Dosis Aplicadas hoy 33.140 Total Dosis Aplicadas 10.243 Dosis Por Aplicar. Https://t.co/Ucg5TnZbWk [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/2018LuisHer/status/1363653973895483393

Human Rights Watch. (2020, July 15). Colombia: Armed Groups’ Brutal Covid-19 Measures. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/15/colombia-armed-groups-brutal-covid-19-measures.  

Infobae. (2021, January 5). Así será el proceso de vacunación para combatir el coronavirus en Colombia. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/01/05/asi-sera-el-proceso-de-vacunacion-para-combatir-el-coronavirus-en-colombia/

————. (2021, February 6). La posible coalición que propone Gustavo Petro para ganar las elecciones presidenciales en 2022. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/02/06/la-posible-coalicion-que-propone-gustavo-petro-para-ganar-las-elecciones-presidenciales-en-2022/

————. (2021, February 17). Comenzó la vacunación contra el covid-19 en Colombia, una enfermera la primera inmunizada. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/02/17/comienza-la-vacunacion-contra-el-covid-19-en-colombia/

————. (2021, April 17). Durante la pandemia, el 30% de los colombianos ha sido víctima de fraudes digitales. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/04/17/durante-la-pandemia-el-30-de-los-colombianos-ha-sido-victima-de-fraudes-digitales/. 

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. (2021, February 20). “Una luz de esperanza en medio de la oscuridad”: Primera vacunada en Santa Marta. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Una-luz-de-esperanza-en-medio-de-la-oscuridad-primera-vacunada-en-Santa-Marta.aspx

————. (2021, March 19). Minsalud will distribute vaccines according to the effectiveness of each department. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Minsalud-distribuira-vacunas-de-acuerdo-con-la-eficacia-de-cada-departamento.aspx

National Public Radio. (2021, March 3). Colombia Offers Legal Status To Migrants Who Fled Venezuela: NPR.  https://www.npr.org/2021/03/03/973198194/colombia-offers-legal-status-to-migrants-who-fled-venezuela

New York Times.  (2020, September 13) Colombia Sees Surge in Mass Killings Despite Historic Peace Deal. www.nytimes.com/2020/09/13/world/americas/colombia-massacres-protests.html

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2021, March 1). Colombia recibe las primeras vacunas que llegan a las Américas a través del Mecanismo COVAX – OPS/OMS. https://www.paho.org/es/noticias/1-3-2021-colombia-recibe-primeras-vacunas-que-llegan-americas-traves-mecanismo-covax

Noriega, Christina. (23 June 2021). Protesters in Colombia turn to town hall meetings for solutions. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/23/protesters-in-colombia-turn-to-town-hall-meetings-for

Our World in Data. (2021, May 4). Number of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/people-fully-vaccinated-covid

El País. (2021, March 17). Colombia llesusgó al millón de vacunados contra el covid-19. https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/llego-al-millon-de-vacunados-contra-el-covid-19.html

Partido Farc. (2020, October 24). Por la vida y la paz, excombatientes de las Farc marchan hacia Bogotá. https://partidofarc.com.co/farc/2020/10/24/por-la-vida-y-la-paz-excombatientes-de-las-farc-marchan-hacia-bogota/

Presidencia de la República-Colombia. (2020, October 2). Especial Televisivo ´Prevención y Acción´. https://youtu.be/By32fA0iPtc

Restrepo, Carlos. (2020, October 4). Corrupción: La Otra Pandemia Que Afecta Al País. El Tiempo. www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/coronavirus-en-colombia-aumento-de-la-corrupcion-en-el-pais-541345.

Riveros, H. (2021, February 20). Políticos ansiosos. La Silla Vacía. https://lasillavacia.com/politicos-ansiosos-80281

Sánchez Garzoli, G., & Moreno, M. (2020, July 31). Congress Should be Alarmed by Colombia’s Crumbling Peace. WOLA. https://www.wola.org/analysis/congress-should-be-alarmed-by-colombias-crumbling-peace/. 

Tiempo. (2021, February 21). Van 39.827 vacunados contra el covid-19 en el país. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/salud/coronavirus-vacunados-contagios-y-muertes-de-covid-en-colombia-21-de-febrero-568497

Turkewitz, Julie & Romero, Simon. (2021, July 11). Murder Mystery: What were Colombian military vets doing in Haiti? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/11/world/americas/haiti-colombian-mercenaries.html?searchResultPosition=1

Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 15). Colombia protest leaders halt demonstrations as Covid-19 cases rage. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/colombia-protest-leaders-halt-demonstrations-as-covid-19-cases-rage-11623792129

Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). (2021, May 3). Colombia Peace—Monitoring Progress in Peace Implementation.https://colombiapeace.org/.

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Cobb, J. S. (2021, May 3). Colombia’s president withdraws tax reform after protests. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombias-president-withdraws-tax-reform-after-protests-2021-05-02/

Corrillos. (2021, March 20). Colombia recibió crédito por USD 161 millones para atender la salud.https://corrillos.com.co/2021/03/colombia-recibio-credito-por-usd-161-millones-para-atender-la-salud/

Mesa, J. D. Q. (2021, January 14). “Mi Vacuna” se suma a por lo menos a 33 aplicaciones del Estado, ¿qué tan necesaria es? www.elcolombiano.com. https://www.elcolombiano.com/tecnologia/mi-vacuna-la-aplicacion-del-gobierno-para-vacunacion-en-colombia-DH14465530

MiVacuna COVID-19. (n.d.). https://www.sispro.gov.co/central-prestadores-de-servicios/Pages/MIVACUNACOVID19.aspx

La Opinión. (2020, October 7) Estaciones De Servicio Plantean Apoyar Con Gasolina a Estados Fronterizos. www.laopinion.com.co/cucuta/estaciones-de-servicio-plantean-apoyar-con-gasolina-estados-fronterizos-203740.

Portafolio, C. E. E. (2021, February 2). Piso de protección: ¿el camino para bajar la informalidad? Portafolio.co. https://www.portafolio.co/economia/piso-de-proteccion-el-camino-para-bajar-la-informalidad-548782

Rueda, Manuel. (2021, June 25). Colombia loosens COVID restrictions to save the economy as deaths soar. The World. https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-06-25/colombia-loosens-covid-restrictions-save-economy-deaths-soar

Stott, Michael. (2020, October 7). Foreign Investment in Colombia Holds Firm, Says Trade Minister. Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/9fa69fba-a4a2-48bc-a928-ef5c1793fe9b.

Tiempo. (2020, December 21). La Tecnología Hace Posible una Mejor Movilidad Durante la Pandemia. Patrocinado. ELTIEMPO.COM. https://www.eltiempo.com/contenido-comercial/la-tecnologia-hace-posible-una-mejor-movilidad-durante-la-pandemia-555782Turkewitz, J., Villamil, S., & Rios, F. (2020, July 11). In Latin America, the Pandemic Threatens Equality Like Never Before. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/world/americas/coronavirus-latin-america-inequality.html?login=email.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

A.S. (2021, March 23). Toque de queda y pico y cédula en Semana Santa: Municipios, fechas y horarios de las medidas—AS Colombia. https://colombia.as.com/colombia/2021/03/24/actualidad/1616545956_865878.html

Así es la vida. (2020, June 9). Branding Humanitario: La propuesta de dos colombianos que ganó reconocimiento del MIT. https://mariorsalcedov.wordpress.com/2020/06/09/branding-humanitario-la-propuesta-de-dos-colombianos-que-gano-reconocimiento-del-mit/

BBC News Mundo. (2021, April 29). 3 factores para entender las protestas en Colombia y la indignación contra la reforma tributaria. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56932013/. 

El Colombiano. (2021, March 25). Bogotá tendrá toque de queda nocturno en Semana Santa. https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/toque-de-queda-y-medidas-en-bogota-en-semana-santa-DI14850021

Ethnic Commission for Peace and Defense of Territorial Rights. (2020, March 30). Ref. Rights of Ethnic Peoples in the Context of the Current Pandemic / Application for assistance from Cuba. https://colombiapeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TRANSLATED-Carta-001-A-Presidente-Ivan-Duque-de-Comision-Etnica-frente-a-Pandemia-30-03-2020.pdf. 

Infobae (2021, March 11). Radican tutela para que los estudiantes regresen a clases presenciales. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/03/11/radican-tutela-para-que-los-estudiantes-regresen-a-clases-presenciales/

Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia. (2021, February). Casanare inició el proceso de alternancia educativa con el acompañamiento del Ministerio de Educación. https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/portal/salaprensa/Noticias/403923:Casanare-inicio-el-proceso-de-alternancia-educativa-con-el-acompanamiento-del-Ministerio-de-Educacion

The New Humanitarian. (2020, September 23). The crisis on the Venezuela-Colombia border. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2020/09/23/Venezuela-Colombia-border-coronavirus-migration-Indigenous

Noticias ONU. (2021, January 7). Colombia: En 2021, la prioridad debe ser la protección de los excombatientes y las comunidades afectadas por el conflicto. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/01/1486282

Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (n.d.). Voces desde el territorio | Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. https://colombia.iom.int/voces-desde-el-territorio

Rein Corporation. (n.d.). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación (ETCR). (n.d.). http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co:80/es/reincorporacion/paginas/los-etcr.aspx

Revista Semana. (2020). Campesinos ‘youtubers’: El secreto de la ‘Nubia e hijos’ para ser un éxito [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEoURnscypQ. 

Robayo, Louis. (2021, June 22). In Pictures: Colombia protests sharpen Cali class war. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/6/22/in-pictures-colombia-protests-sharpen-calis-class-war

Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/colombia.

 Sanchez-Garzoli, G. (2020, May 19). The State of Human Rights in Colombia: Military Espionage, COVID-19, and Ongoing Abuses. https://www.wola.org/2020/05/colombia-human-rights-urgent-action-may-2020/.  

El Tiempo. (2020, October 21). Marchas, movilizaciones, protestas y plantones hoy 21 de octubre en Bogotá. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/paro-nacional-marchas-movilizaciones-protestas-y-plantones-hoy-21-de-octubre-en-bogota-544382 

Vyas, Kejal. (2021, June 9). In Colombian city, gangs thrive amid protests and anarchy. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-colombian-city-gangs-thrive-amid-protests-and-anarchy-11623244716?mod=article_inline

————. (2021, July 4). Latin America’s long school shutdown is leading to crisis. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/latin-americas-long-school-shutdown-is-leading-to-crisis-11625396400?page=1Washington Office on Latin America. (2020, June 26). Colombia Update: Attacks on Social Leaders, Forced Eradication Operations, and Ongoing Abuses Amid the Pandemic. https://www.wola.org/2020/06/colombia-june-2020-urgent-action/.

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2020:

Acosta, L. J. (2020, June 16). Colombia’s beleaguered president gets approval bump during pandemic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-colombia-politics/colombias-beleaguered-president-gets-approval-bump-during-pandemic-idUSKBN23N218. 

Bohórquez, K. (2020, July 13). Alcaldía de Bogotá prohíbe las protestas durante la pandemia. https://www.wradio.com.co/noticias/bogota/alcaldia-de-bogota-prohibe-las-protestas-durante-la-pandemia/20200712/nota/4054362.aspx. 

Carrero, E. O. (2020, July 31). En qué sectores están los empleos que se han recuperado desde abril. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/desempleo-sectores-donde-se-han-recuperado-puestos-de-trabajo-524522. 

Colombia: Armed Groups’ Brutal Covid-19 Measures. (2020, July 15). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/15/colombia-armed-groups-brutal-covid-19-measures.  

Colombia’s ELN rebels call ceasefire over coronavirus. (2020, March 30). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52090169. 

EL CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA BAJO PANDEMIA. Misión de Observación Electoral. (2020, July 19). https://moe.org.co/el-congreso-de-la-republica-bajo-pandemia/. 

Goyeneche, A. N. (2020, July 31). Santos invita a Duque a impulsar un Acuerdo Nacional. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/la-invitacion-del-expresidente-santos-al-presidente-duque-por-la-unidad-524454. 

Guerrero Guevara, L. G. (2020, July 28). Editorial: El Congreso de la República bajo pandemia. Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular, CINEP / Programa por la paz. https://www.cinep.org.co/Home2/component/k2/814-editorial-el-congreso-de-la-republica-bajo-pandemia.html. 

López Hernández, C., Gómez Lodoño, L., & Gómez López, A., Decreto 169 de 2020 (2020). Secretary General Bogotá. https://secretariageneral.gov.co/sites/default/files/archivos-adjuntos/decreto-169-unificado-aislamiento-y-medidas-adicionales.pdf. 

Más de 100 detenidos dejó jornada de manifestaciones en Bogotá. (2020, June 16). Semana. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bogota-hoy-manifestaciones-dejan-mas-de-100-personas-detenidas/679805.

Sánchez Garzoli, G., & Moreno, M. (2020, July 31). Congress Should be Alarmed by Colombia’s Crumbling Peace. WOLA. https://www.wola.org/analysis/congress-should-be-alarmed-by-colombias-crumbling-peace/. 

Turkewitz, J. (2020, August 7). Álvaro Uribe’s Detention Deepens Colombia’s Divisions. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/world/americas/uribe-colombia-house-arrest.html. 

Uco, C., & Auken, B. V. (2020, April 21). Protests and looting break out in Colombia over failure to distribute aid amid COVID-19 quarantine. World Socialist Website. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/04/21/colo-a21.html. 

UN Women. (2020). COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls.  https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2020/issue-brief-covid-19-and-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls-en.pdf?la=en&vs=5006. Wallis, H. (2020, April 28). Indigenous in Colombia take on armed groups – and coronavirus. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/indigenous-colombia-fight-armed-groups-coronavirus-200428175539658.html?utm_source=website.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2020:

Campesinos ‘youtubers’: El secreto de la ‘Nubia e hijos’ para ser un éxito en Youtube. (2020). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEoURnscypQ. 

COVID-19 in Latin America: Tackling Health Care & Other Impacts for Vulnerable Migrant Populations. (2020, July 1). Migration Policy. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/multimedia/covid-19-latin-america-tackling-health-care-other-impacts-vulnerable-migrant-populations.  

Otis, J., & Mazars, N. (2020, May 30). A Mayor Fights Covid-19 With Free Food as Colombia Faces Rising Toll. https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-mayor-fights-covid-19-with-free-food-as-colombia-faces-rising-toll-11590840001. 

Otis, J. (2020, May 27). During Colombia’s Coronavirus Lockdown, Needy Residents Signal SOS With Red Rags. https://www.npr.org/2020/05/27/860886575/during-colombias-coronavirus-lockdown-needy-residents-signal-sos-with-red-rags. 

Turkewitz, J., Villamil, S., & Rios, F. (2020, July 11). In Latin America, the Pandemic Threatens Equality Like Never Before. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/world/americas/coronavirus-latin-america-inequality.html?login=email. 

Valencia, J. L. (2020, June 23). ‘Tarjeta roja’ a quienes no atiendan normas por covid-19 en Palmira. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/tarjeta-roja-a-quienes-no-atiendan-normas-por-covid-19-en-palmira-509774.  Zorro, A. M. M. (2020, June 22). Qué pierde el centro histórico con el cierre de lugares icónicos. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/coronavirus-que-pierde-el-centro-historico-de-bogota-con-los-cierres-509568.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020:

Cepeda, L. S. V. (2020, July 29). Radio y TV, aliados de la educación en el Atlántico. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/contenido-comercial/radio-y-tv-aliados-de-la-educacion-en-el-atlantico-523330.   

Columna / Covid-19: retos, oportunidades y avances para el sector Educación. Ministerio de Educación. (2020, July 31). https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/portal/salaprensa/Noticias/400105:Columna-Covid-19-retos-oportunidades-y-avances-para-el-sector-Educacion. 

Ethnic Commission for Peace and Defense of Territorial Rights. (2020, March 30). Ref. Rights of Ethnic Peoples in the Context of the Current Pandemic / Application for assistance from Cuba. https://colombiapeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TRANSLATED-Carta-001-A-Presidente-Ivan-Duque-de-Comision-Etnica-frente-a-Pandemia-30-03-2020.pdf. 

Gobernación del Atlántico. [@gobatlantico]. (2020, August 3). ¡Escuela en Casa TV llega a todos los hogares del Atlántico!  [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CDcBBK8BOKT/ 

Guerrero Guevara, L. G. (2020, June 17). Editorial: Campesinos en Coca y Covid-19. https://www.cinep.org.co/Home2/component/k2/804-editorial-campesinos-en-coca-y-covid-19.html. 

Gutierrez Rodriguez, J. (2020, June 24). El virus no pide pasaporte: Migrantes venezolanos en crisis. https://www.cinep.org.co/Home2/component/k2/805-el-virus-no-pide-pasaporte-migrantes-venezolanos-en-crisis.html.  

López, J. D. (2020, June 23). Reclusos han recibido más de 85 mil visitas virtuales. https://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/servicios/coronavirus-mas-de-85-mil-visitas-virtuales-a-presos-en-colombia-510182.  

Maldonado, J. C., & Murcia, M. P. (2020, May 3). Burlas, discriminación y puñaladas: la violencia que revela el Pico y Género. https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/nacional/burlas-discriminacion-y-punaladas-la-violencia-que-revela-el-pico-y-genero-articulo-917657/.  

Moloney, A. (2020, April 23). Bogota’s supermarkets become safe spaces for women to report abuse. https://news.trust.org/item/20200423012221-ci2sy/. 

Otis, J. (2020, June 12). The Coronavirus Is Spreading Through Indigenous Communities In The Amazon. https://www.npr.org/2020/06/12/873091962/coronavirus-hits-indigenous-groups-in-colombian-amazon-on-brazilian-border.

PAHO, COICA and other indigenous groups seek to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on Amazonian peoples. PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. (2020, July 28). https://www.paho.org/en/news/28-7-2020-paho-coica-and-other-indigenous-groups-seek-reduce-impact-covid-19-amazonian-peoples. 

Sanchez-Garzoli, G. (2020, June 26). Colombia Update: Attacks on Social Leaders, Forced Eradication Operations, and Ongoing Abuses Amid the Pandemic. https://www.wola.org/2020/06/colombia-june-2020-urgent-action/. Sanchez-Garzoli, G. (2020, May 19). The State of Human Rights in Colombia: Military Espionage, COVID-19, and Ongoing Abuses. https://www.wola.org/2020/05/colombia-human-rights-urgent-action-may-2020/.