SUMMER 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

A primary challenge to governance in Mexico during the pandemic has been in fostering coordination and collaboration at the state and federal levels in promoting effective prevention measures. The weakening of the ruling Morena political coalition and President López Obrador’s declining approval ratings combine to further challenge effective governance during the pandemic. 

• The issue of promoting widespread cooperation on the state and federal levels is prominent due to varying responses between public officials, civil organizations, and communities around the country.
• President Andres Manuel López Obrador challenged the credibility and legitimacy of journalists and news outlets when they criticized the response of the federal government to the crisis.
• The Secretary of Health has made increased efforts in strengthening prevention measures and increasing access critical resources for virus prevention such as ventilators. 
• Currently, Mexico ranks 8th out of 15 Latin American countries in its capacity to combat corruption through legal and democratic means. 
• President López Obrador visited President Trump in July during the pandemic, producing mixed reactions of approval, disapproval, and indifference from the Mexican public.   
• Governors have implemented stricter preventative measures than those of the federal government, creating a wider rift in the states’ relationships with Lopez Obrador’s coalition, Morena, before the 2021 midterm elections.  
• An effort for a more concrete economic stimulus plan was brought forth by various state governors in a direct letter to the President that raised concerns of rising inequality and unemployment. 
• The President’s overall approval rating has dropped from 85% approval in February of 2019 to 58% approval as of May of 2020.     
• The Morena coalition has fractured at times throughout the pandemic, a prominent example beingwhen the coalition denounced its own secretary general on the basis of corruption charges. 
• Local authorities in Cancun, Cozumel, and Tulum have implemented stricter limitations on mobility, tourism, and leisure despite the central government’s reluctance to impose rigid measures nationwide. 
• The Minister of Education announced on August 3 that the 2020-21 school year would take place virtually. TV Azteca and other prominent television and radio stations are collaborating with the federal government to broadcast classes and educational programs. 

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Growth and Innovation

Mitigating the economic impacts of unemployment through the provision of financial support has varied state-by-state, as the federal government has implemented less expansive programs with minimal support. Despite rising poverty levels and a projected economic contraction of up to 17%, remittances to Mexico increased in the first six months of 2020 according to the Mexican Central Bank.

• Remittances to Mexico topped $19 billion between January and June of 2020, compared to $17.3 billion in 2019, despite experts predicting a major decline due to COVID-19. 
• The informal labor sector experienced an increase in June, rising to 25.6 million participants, while the overall unemployment rate increased by 5.5% in the same month.
• The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) opened temporary medical units to mitigate the stresses on resources and influxes of patients in hospitals. Each provides 38 beds and over 200 medical staff to care for coronavirus patients. 
• More than 10,000 Mexican firms have shut down during the pandemic. As of May, Crédito Solidario, the microloan program introduced by the government, has only reached 20% of the 645,000 small businesses within the formal sector.  
• The Government of the State of Mexico established a program to support unemployed individuals by providing $3,000 financial support payments during the pandemic.
• Over 1,000 cases originated from the Central de Abasto market in Mexico City between June 16 and July 9, where vendors continue to work in order to generate income despite the greater risk of contracting COVID-19. 
• The Central Bank of Mexico previously expected the economy to contract by 9% in 2020, however a contraction of 17.7% (GDP) in the second quarter is now predicted according to a recent poll by Reuters.   
• Inflation has increased to 0.6% from the previous rate of 0.1% according to Citibanamex. 
• Income-based poverty could increase between 7.2% and 7.9%, placing between 6.1 and 10.7 million people in situations of extreme poverty in 2020. 
• INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) reported unprecedented drops in consumption and spending. Private spending fell by almost 20% as of July due to the quarantine measures. 

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Social and Cultural Inclusion

Civil organizations and local governments have reached out to indigenous populations in various states such as Oaxaca and Jalisco to disseminate critical information about the virus in indigenous languages. Still, issues of femicide and gender-based violence still constitute challenges to social inclusion and safety for marginalized populations in society. 

• Indigenous communities in states such as Oaxaca have received crucial information on the pandemic through radio broadcasts, videos, and infographics in various indigenous languages, including Maya and Mixteco. 
• Homelessness has become a prevalent issue in Mexico City in recent years, as 7,000 people were estimated to be homeless prior to the pandemic. The Secretary of Welfare has not produced information on these numbers during the pandemic. 
• The government made efforts to strengthen educational continuity during the pandemic by implementing free, online access to various videos, lessons, and resources for students of all grade levels.    
• The Mexican government’s Contigo en la distancia program provides access to the arts from home and includes an online repository of artwork, books, podcasts, videos, movies, and other resources. 
• Artists and creatives have the chance to receive funding from the central government for the continued production of artistic projects. The government has also issued a call for artists to submit works surrounding the current social and cultural climate.   
• Centers for indigenous and Afro-Mexican women (CAMIs) risk closing permanently due to the pandemic, which would prevent many women from receiving vital healthcare and support services. 
• The central government has created a webpage of resources for indigenous communities containing infographics, radio broadcasts, and videos with vital information about prevention measures in indigenous languages. 
• The No estás sola initiative was launched to fight the 60% increase in domestic and gender-based violence since the implementation of stay-at-home orders in March.
• Even amid the pandemic, feminists and human rights defenders are experiencing increased levels of harassment, threats of violence, and arrests for protesting issues such as femicide and general human rights violations. 
• Violence has increased since the beginning of the pandemic despite widespread stay-at-home orders. Over 3,000 homicides occurred in March alone.
• Justicia Covid is a collective of lawyers located throughout the country’s 32 states providing pro bono legal services to various marginalized communities and high-risk individuals.

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FALL 2020

Governance and Rule of Law

A primary challenge to governance in Mexico during the pandemic has been in fostering coordination and collaboration at the state and federal levels in promoting effective prevention measures. The weakening of the ruling Morena political coalition and President López Obrador’s declining approval ratings combine to further challenge effective governance during the pandemic. 

• The issue of promoting widespread cooperation on the state and federal levels is prominent due to varying responses between public officials, civil organizations, and communities around the country.
• Governors have implemented stricter preventative measures than those of the federal government, creating a wider rift in the states’ relationships with Lopez Obrador’s coalition, Morena, before the 2021 midterm elections.  
• An effort for a more concrete economic stimulus plan was brought forth by various state governors in a direct letter to the President that raised concerns of rising inequality and unemployment. 
• The Federalist Alliance, which initially began as a group of 10 governors who worked to coordinate an effective COVID-19 response within their states, has evolved into a group of political opposition. They have officially abandoned the National Conference of Governors (CONAGO) and seek fiscal reform to ensure their states have access to more resources. 
• The Morena coalition has fractured at times throughout the pandemic, a prominent example being when the coalition denounced its own secretary general on the basis of corruption charges. 
• President Andres Manuel López Obrador, often referred to by his initials AMLO, challenged the credibility and legitimacy of journalists and news outlets when they criticized the response of the federal government to the crisis.
• The President’s overall approval rating has dropped from 67% approval in February of 2019 to 57% approval as of October of 2020.    
• Concerns over the separation of the executive and judiciary branches of government have risen after the Supreme Court approved President AMLO’s project of creating a country- wide referendum on whether former presidents should be tried for alleged crimes. This decision has generated public outrage, as it is still perceived as unconstitutional and because of its expected cost of $372 million in the midst of a world pandemic.
• Tensions between President AMLO and senators from opposition parties have continued to rise, as the latter demanded the resignation of Health Sub-Secretary and pandemic manager Hugo López-Gattel. The Sub-Secretary and AMLO continue to defend each other and the country’s delayed response to the pandemic.
• The Secretary of Health has made increased efforts in strengthening prevention measures and increasing access critical resources for virus prevention such as ventilators.  
• The offer of a virtual state-sponsored school year has led to the potential closing of 40% of private schools around the country, causing a migration of nearly 2 million students from the private educational sector to the public one. 
• After a short period of relaxation of social distancing measures, Mexico City has seen a quick rise in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, prompting a new wave of shutdowns 14in mid-November. This trend is also visible in major states like Nuevo León, Guanajuato and Querétaro.

Growth and Innovation

Microcredits offered to the informal sector and small businesses in combination with a national policy of republican austerity used to finance various social and infrastructure projects have not mitigated the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. After an 18.7% economic contraction in the second trimester of 2020, the economic outlook for 2021 continues to be bleak.  

• Remittances grew steadily over the first nine months of 2020, showing a 9.35% increase from the same period in 2019, despite experts predicting a major decline due to COVID-19. 
• The informal labor sector experienced an increase in June, rising to 25.6 million participants, while the overall unemployment rate increased by 5.5% in the same month.
• By August, social distancing measures and the effect of the pandemic-driven economic crisis caused a loss of over a million formal jobs, as well as 12 million informal jobs. A slow recovery is taking place, with 10,000 new formal jobs created by early August. 
• The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) opened temporary medical units to mitigate the stresses on resources and influxes of patients in hospitals. Each provides 38 beds and over 200 medical staff to care for coronavirus patients. 
• Crédito Solidario, the microloan program introduced by the government, has faced low demand due both to the complexity of the application process and to the small size of the sums offered. 
• Different economic relief packages have been directed at people who were already receiving government pensions, informal workers—especially in the domestic sector—and companies that hire no more than 10 employees. 
• Fiscal stimulus packages have varied by state, as there has not been a national program for tax waiving and support for the private sector has been limited. State economic policies have varied from no support in states like Baja California to the waiving of 30%-100% of payroll taxes in states like Zacatecas.   
• Inflation has increased to 0.6% from the previous rate of 0.1% according to Citibanamex. 
• Income-based poverty could increase between 7.2% and 7.9%, placing between 6.1 and 10.7 million people in situations of extreme poverty in 2020. 
• INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) reported unprecedented drops in consumption and spending. Private spending fell by almost 20% as of July due to the quarantine measures. 
• It has been estimated that 90% of the Budgetary Income Stabilization Fund (FEIP) will have been spent by the end of AMLO’s presidency. This fund has been used mostly for compensating the losses in the oil sector over the past two years, but has become especially important to make up for the economic slowdown brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. 
• Clinical trials including 15,000 volunteers for the COVID-19 vaccine produced by CanSino Biologics have begun in 13 states across the country, especially in the southwest.
• Regardless of the success of said trials, vaccine options might be limited, as the national healthcare system lacks the cooling and storing technology necessary to distribute certain vaccines that are still being developed.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The effects of the pandemic have exacerbated pre-existing issues of gender-based violence, which has increased by 60% during the pandemic. Femicide, social inequality, the vulnerability of marginalized populations, and the dissolution of 109 funds for science, research, culture, and human rights have sparked protests and critiques led by feminist collectives, students, and academics across the country.

• Indigenous communities in states such as Oaxaca have received crucial information on the pandemic through radio broadcasts, videos, and infographics in various indigenous languages, including Maya and Mixteco. 
• The government made efforts to strengthen educational continuity during the pandemic by implementing free, online access to various videos, lessons, and resources for students of all grade levels.    
• The Mexican government’s Contigo en la distancia program provides access to the arts from home and includes an online repository of artwork, books, podcasts, videos, movies, and other resources. 
• Centers for indigenous and Afro-Mexican women (CAMIs) risk closing permanently due to the pandemic, which would prevent many women from receiving vital healthcare and support services. 

• The No estás sola initiative was launched to fight the 60% increase in domestic and gender-based violence since the implementation of stay-at-home orders in March.
• Different feminist collectives accross the country have occupied the different headquarters of the National Comission for Human Rights (CNDH) demanding justice for victims of femicide, violence and sexual assault, whose numbers have further risen throughout the pandemic. These protests, as well as those demanding reproductive rights for women have been met with repression. 
• Even amid the pandemic, feminists and human rights defenders are experiencing increased levels of harassment, threats of violence, and arrests for protesting issues such as femicide and general human rights violations. Such was the case in Cancún, where the municipal police fired into the sky to break up a feminist protest,  and hit protesters. 

• Justicia Covid is a collective of lawyers located throughout the country’s 32 states providing pro bono legal services to various marginalized communities and high-risk individuals.
• Due to lack of access to PPE and other resources, health workers have become a particularly vulnerable group, having faced more COVID-19 related deaths than health workers in any other country. 
• 667 intellectuals, politicians, academics, and activists signed an open letter to President AMLO, condemning his attacks on freedom of speech, calling out his lack of work on addressing gender-based violence, and criticizing his non-scientifically based pandemic response.
• Seeking to centralize resources for art, culture, crisis management, human rights, science, and research, the Chamber of Deputies has dissolved 109 different trust funds which will now be at the disposal of the federal government. This has sparked outrage from different NGOs, victims of violence, and the scientific community, who will no longer have access to these funds through a transparent application process. 
• Throughout the pandemic, AMLO’s administration has continued to focus on different social projects, like pensions for the elderly and scholarships for young people in search for employment.

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SPRING 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

A primary challenge to governance in Mexico during the pandemic has been fostering coordination and collaboration at the state and federal levels and promoting effective prevention measures. This challenge currently impairs the government’s ability to distribute vaccine doses throughout the country. Governors from opposing parties continue to pursue autonomy in vaccine purchase and application while the federal government attempts to carry out immunization campaigns single-handedly. 

• The issue of promoting widespread cooperation on the state and federal levels is prominent due to varying responses between public officials, civil organizations, and communities around the country.While collaboration between the state and federal levels has not characterized the pandemic response, it has exponentially increased the amount of daily vaccine doses distributed in the states in which it has materialized, in some cases increasing from 9,325 to 139,158 daily doses.  
• Governors have implemented stricter preventative measures than those of the federal government, creating a wider rift in the states’ relationships with Lopez Obrador’s coalition, Morena, before the 2021 midterm elections.  
• The Federalist Alliance, which initially began as a group of 10 governors who worked to coordinate an effective COVID-19 response within their states, has evolved into a group of political opposition. They have officially abandoned the National Conference of Governors (CONAGO) and seek fiscal reform to ensure their states have access to more resources. Members of this alliance, as well as those belonging to the opposition National Action Party (PAN), have made failed attempts to purchase vaccine doses outside of the federal government’s inoculation plan. 
• After consistently ranking as the worst place to live during the pandemic according to Bloomberg’s Covid Resilience Ranking, Mexico has reached the 48th place out of 53 due to its increased testing. This evaluation also considers the growth of case numbers, vaccine availability, and mortality rates. As of May 2021, Mexico has the 4th highest mortality rate in the world. 
• President Andres Manuel López Obrador, often referred to by his initials AMLO, challenged the credibility and legitimacy of journalists and news outlets when they criticized the response of the federal government to the crisis.
• The President’s overall approval rating has fluctuated over the course of the pandemic, and has significantly decreased since the start of his term. Starting at an 67% approval rate in February 2019, it decreased to 55.2% in February of 2020, finally stabilizing at 60.9% in April of 2021. 
• The offer of a virtual state-sponsored school year has led to the potential closing of 40% of private schools around the country, causing a migration of nearly 2 million students from the private educational sector to the public one. In an effort to halt the closing of more schools, the National Association of Private Schools has announced that in-person classes have restarted in 300 schools around the country. 
• After an initial denial by the US government to “share” vaccine doses with Mexico in early March, both governments have reached an agreement through which Mexico will receive 2.5 million AstraZeneca vaccine doses from the United States in an act of vaccine diplomacy, as the Biden administration increases pressure on President AMLO to decrease the influx of undocumented immigrants into the US border. Additionally, Mexico is increasing its military presence on its southern border with Guatemala to halt immigrants from Central America. 
• According to López-Gatell, 18,471,669 vaccine doses have been distributed among medical staff, healthcare workers, military and defense personnel, Mexican Petroleum workers, teachers, and elderly citizens. As of early May, 2021, registration for the 3rd stage of the inoculation campaign, which covers people aged 50 or older, has started.  Jesús Ramirez, a spokesperson for the administration has stated that contracts have been signed to receive 197.9 million vaccine doses through 2021, supplied by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Cansino and the COVAX initiative. However, large discrepancies between the vaccine doses that have been received versus the ones that have been distributed have been reported, with more than 5 million received doses unaccounted for,  raising concerns about the federal government’s ability to carry out the campaign, and whether there are ulterior electoral motives for withholding doses ahead of the June 6th midterm elections. 
• At least 1,000 people in the southern state of Campeche received counterfeit Sputnik V vaccines in late March, a week after 5,000 similar doses were confiscated by the Mexican Army on their way from Campeche to Honduras in a private plane. Similarly, at least 5 scandals relating to nurses simulating vaccination while keeping the dose inside the syringe have broken out throughout the country. López-Gatell has denied that any of the fake doses were distributed or purchased by the federal government, or that any of the vaccine simulations were planned or intentional. 
• On June 6th, 2021, the largest elections in Mexican history, with 21,383 public positions up for dispute, will take place. The upcoming elections have intensified pre-existing tensions between President AMLO and the National Electoral Institute (INE) due to their revocation of the candidacy of controversial candidates from his party, like Féliz Salgado Macedonio, former candidate to the governorship of Guerrero accused by 6 different women of sexual assault and harassment. The cancellation of his candidacy due to not reporting his pre-campaign expenses has caused AMLO to declare INE an enemy of democracy, and propose its dissolution, and that of other autonomous agencies like the National Institute for Transparency, Access to Information and Personal Data Protection (INAI). 
• Concerns about the division of powers have been raised over the first months of 2021, as the senate, where the President’s coalition holds majority, has passed a reform that extends the tenure of the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court, Arturo Zaldívar,  for two more years than originally established by the Constitution. Both the president and his party have defended this unconstitutional measure, by saying that the political transformation that they spearhead will not be possible if “neoliberal institutions” of the past remain. 

Growth and Innovation

Microcredits offered to the informal sector and small businesses in combination with a national policy of republican austerity used to finance various social and infrastructure projects have not mitigated the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. With an estimated economic contraction of 8.5-8.9% in 2020, and the growing lack of transparency and certainty of the government’s policies driving private and foreign investment away, the economic outlook for 2021 continues to be bleak.

• Remittances grew steadily over 2020, showing an 11.44% increase from 2019 despite experts predicting a major decline due to COVID-19. There has been a 20.9% percent growth in remittances over the first months of 2021 in comparison to this period in 2020. This growth has prompted the current administration to become more directly involved with the sending of remittances through the Welfare Bank in order to ensure senders can receive a better exchange rate. However, these efforts have been criticized for encroaching upon the autonomy of the Central Bank, and for potentially facilitating money laundering. 
• The informal labor sector experienced an increase in June, rising to 25.6 million participants, and unemployment reached 5.3%, the highest level since 2014. It has since decreased to 3.89% in March, 2021. 
• By August 2020, social distancing measures and the effect of the pandemic-driven economic crisis caused 12 million people to exit the active working force. However, by February 2021, 9.9 million people have reintegrated into the workforce. Out of the remaining 2.1 million jobs still lost, only 647,000 are formal, as 94% of created jobs since May 2020 have been informal.  Additionally, there has been a 1,000,000 job creation loss for recent university graduates 
• Mexico’s projected growth for 2021 has been increased from a previous 4.3% growth to 5%. This places the country above 4.6% average growth projected for Latin America as a region. 
• Crédito Solidario, the microloan program introduced by the government, has faced low demand due both to the complexity of the application process and to the small size of the sums offered. 
• Fiscal stimulus packages have varied by state, as there has not been a national program for tax waiving and support for the private sector has been limited. State economic policies have varied from no support in states like Baja California to the waiving of 30%-100% of payroll taxes in states like Zacatecas.   
• The inflation rate increased from just below 4% in March 2021 to 6.05% in the first half of April, 2021. Most worrisome of all is the increasing inflation rate of different types of fuel, which is currently around 28.22%. 
• Income-based poverty could increase between 7.2% and 7.9%, placing between 6.1 and 10.7 million people in situations of extreme poverty in 2020. 
• The National Council for Science and Technology has announced that research for the development and production of a Mexican vaccine against COVID-19 will take place throughout 2021. This will be the product of public and private investment. 
• Due to Mexico’s lack of travel restrictions, it has become a “tourist oasis” during the pandemic, thus allowing the tourism sector to see only a 45% decrease, which is relatively low compared to the 74% decrease that took place worldwide. 
• In contrast to the lack of air travel restrictions, the US-Mexico border has been shut down for all non-essential travel since March 2020. While these restrictions are scheduled to be lifted on May 21, 2021, previously set dates have been continuously pushed back on a monthly basis. 
• The current administration has chosen to make the contracts signed with AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech and CanSino Biologics for vaccine purchases classified for the next 5 years, prompting questions about transparency and the true cost and volume of acquired doses. 
• International banks and financial institutions like JP Morgan, the Bank of Montreal, and Mizrahi Tefahot Bank have ceased operations in Mexico amidst concerns of government transparency and certainty for foreign and private investments, after the cancellation of major investment projects like the Texcoco Airport and the Constellations Brand Brewery by the current administration. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The 60% increase in gender-based violence during the pandemic, femicide, social inequality, and the vulnerability of marginalized populations have sparked protests and critiques led by feminist collectives, students, and academics across the country. Similar protests have also occurred surrounding vaccine distribution, which is meant to prioritize healthcare workers, the elderly and the poorest sectors of the country, but has developed slowly in a disorganized way.

• Even though Mexico had an exemplary vaccine distribution system over the last 30 years, the present administration has decreased the purchase of measles, tetanus, tuberculosis and HPV vaccines over the last two years in the name of republican austerity. This has weakened the national inoculation system, presently making the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines harder due to a lack of pre-established systems. 
• The inoculation campaign to distribute the COVID-19 vaccine will prioritize the poorest and most isolated communities that do not have the necessary health infrastructure to deal with the pandemic.
• The second phase of vaccine distribution, which includes people 60 years of age or older began in late February, after the launch of a registration website weeks prior. While there has also been outreach through the phone, many people without access to a digital device or knowledge of internet usage have been excluded from registration, and have been turned down at vaccination hubs, contrasting the president’s policy of “putting poor people first.”
• Olympic athletes that will represent Mexico in the Tokyo Olympics will be considered among the priority groups to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
• Doctors who work in private hospitals and outside of the government-run health system have had to protest in order to gain access to the vaccine, since the President himself has declared that doctors who are not “frontline” according to his standards will have to wait to get vaccinated with their age group, creating further antagonism between what the president has deemed the “fifís,” upper and upper-middle class individuals, and “the people.” The president has since denied he made those claims, even though he did so on camera, and there have been no administrative efforts to include them in the inoculation scheme. 
• Due to the slow nature of the vaccine rollout, wealthy citizens, especially from northern states like Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, have traveled to Texas and Florida to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, practicing what is now called “vaccine tourism.”
• Convicted felons across the country have petitioned for legal protection to become considered a priority group during the vaccination campaign as prison conditions have not allowed for a COVID-safe environment throughout the pandemic, and their rights have not been fully protected. 
• Indigenous communities in states such as Oaxaca have received crucial information on the pandemic through radio broadcasts, videos, and infographics in various indigenous languages, including Maya and Mixteco. 
• Centers for indigenous and Afro-Mexican women (CAMIs) risk closing permanently due to the pandemic, which would prevent many women from receiving vital healthcare and support services. 

• The No estás sola initiative was launched to fight the 60% increase in domestic and gender-based violence since the implementation of stay-at-home orders in March.
• Women and feminist collectives protested en masse on March 8 against gender violence, the increase of femicide, legal impunity, and the candidacy of Félix Salgado Macedonio. Macedonio, a contender for the governorship of the state of Guerrero, has been accused of rape and sexual assault by 6 different women. The president continues to publicly support him, further exhibiting his disdain for feminist causes, even as he has been removed from the political race due to issues of campaign transparency. 
• Even amid the pandemic, feminists and human rights defenders are experiencing increased levels of harassment, threats of violence, and arrests for protesting issues such as femicide and general human rights violations. Such was the case in Cancún, where the municipal police fired into the sky to break up a feminist protest and hit protesters. 

• Due to lack of access to PPE and other resources, health workers have become a particularly vulnerable group, having faced more COVID-19 related deaths than health workers in any other country. 
• Seeking to centralize resources for art, culture, crisis management, human rights, science, and research, the Chamber of Deputies has dissolved 109 different trust funds which will now be at the disposal of the federal government. This has sparked outrage from different NGOs, victims of violence, and the scientific community, who will no longer have access to these funds through a transparent application process. 
• Throughout the pandemic, AMLO’s administration has continued to focus on different social projects, like pensions for the elderly and scholarships for young people in search for employment. 
• President AMLO has deployed more military personnel than the two previous presidents, which has resulted in an excessive use of force, illegitimate homicides, violation of women’s rights, enforced disappearances  and total impunity. 

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SUMMER 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

A primary challenge to governance in Mexico during the pandemic has been fostering coordination and collaboration at the state and federal levels, and promoting effective prevention measures. This challenge currently impairs the government’s ability to distribute vaccine doses throughout the country. Additionally, the management of the COVID-19 pandemic played an important role in the intermediate elections held on June 6th, 2021, which acted as a referendum for President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s Fourth Transformation. 

• The issue of promoting widespread cooperation on the state and federal levels is prominent due to varying responses between public officials, civil organizations, and communities around the country.While collaboration between the state and federal levels has not characterized the pandemic response, it has exponentially increased the amount of daily vaccine doses distributed in the states in which it has materialized, in some cases increasing from 9,325 to 372,031 daily doses.  
• The Federalist Alliance, which initially began as a group of 10 governors who worked to coordinate an effective COVID-19 response within their states, has evolved into a group of political opposition. They have officially abandoned the National Conference of Governors (CONAGO) and seek fiscal reform to ensure their states have access to more resources. Members of this alliance, as well as those belonging to the opposition National Action Party (PAN), have made failed attempts to purchase vaccine doses outside of the federal government’s inoculation plan. 
• After consistently ranking as the worst place to live during the pandemic according to Bloomberg’s Covid Resilience Ranking, Mexico has reached the 34th place out of 53 due to its increased testing and the progress of its national immunization campaign. This evaluation also considers the growth of case numbers and mortality rates. Mexico is currently leading, alongside the United States, in the “race to reopen” category of this publication because of the low lockdown severity and high flight capacity. This, however, does not necessarily reflect an efficient handling of the pandemic, since as of June 2021, Mexico has the 4th highest COVID-19 mortality rate in the world. 
• President Andres Manuel López Obrador, often referred to by his initials AMLO, challenged the credibility and legitimacy of journalists and news outlets when they criticized the response of the federal government to the crisis.
• The President’s overall approval rating has fluctuated over the course of the pandemic, and has significantly decreased since the start of his term. Starting at a 62.8% approval rate in June of 2019, it decreased to 46.2 % in June of 2020, finally stabilizing at 57.8% in June of 2021. His high approval rating points to the personalism that has characterized his presidency, as his party, Morena, only had a 39-43% approval rating before the June 6th election. 
• The offer of a virtual state-sponsored school year has led to the potential closing of 40% of private schools around the country, causing a migration of nearly 2 million students from the private educational sector to the public one. In an effort to halt the closing of more schools, the National Association of Private Schools has announced that in-person classes have restarted in 300 schools around the country. 
• After an initial denial by the US government to “share” vaccine doses with Mexico in early March, both governments have reached an agreement through which Mexico will receive 2.5 million AstraZeneca vaccine doses from the United States in an act of vaccine diplomacy, as the Biden administration increases pressure on President AMLO to decrease the influx of undocumented immigrants into the US border. Additionally, Mexico is increasing its military presence on its southern border with Guatemala to halt immigrants from Central America. 
• On her visit to Mexico City on June 8th, US Vicepresident Kamala Harris confirmed the Biden administration’s commitment to attacking the root causes of migration from the Northern Triangle, like corruption and a lack of economic opportunities. The visit strengthened the position of Mexico as a US ally in the migration crisis, as well as in commerce and health, as it was announced during the visit that the US will send Mexico an additional million doses of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. While the visit represented a positive development in the bilateral relationship between Mexico and the US, it came only a week after President AMLO accused the US Department of State of meddling in Mexican affairs by commenting on the state of freedom of speech in the country, and of financing Artículo 19, a civil society organization that defends freedom of speech. 
• According to López-Gatell, 49,994,722 vaccine doses have been distributed among people over the age of 18.  Jesús Ramirez, a spokesperson for the administration has stated that contracts have been signed to receive 197.9 million vaccine doses through 2021, supplied by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Cansino and the COVAX initiative. However, large discrepancies between the vaccine doses that have been received versus the ones that have been distributed have been reported, with more than 5 million received doses unaccounted for, raising concerns about the federal government’s ability to carry out the campaign.
• Out of the 74,284,175 vaccine doses that the country has received, there are no records of  19,741,624 doses being administered, raising concerns about the efficacy of the distribution network and the possibility of corruption within it. 
• After months of holding daily press conferences to inform Mexicans about the progress of the pandemic, López-Gatell announced in mid-June that those conferences would come to an end because of the decrease in daily cases and increase in vaccinations. This announcement came a day after journalist Peniley Ramírez questioned López-Gatell on the efficacy of Cansino vaccines, prompting him to discredit her and her work, and causing outrage in social media where López-Gatell was accused of displaying sexist behavior and of acting as a polarizing politician instead of a healthcare professional. 
•  Concerns about the division of powers have been raised over the first months of 2021, as the senate, where the President’s coalition holds majority, has passed a reform that extends the tenure of the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court, Arturo Zaldívar,  for two more years than originally established by the Constitution. Both the president and his party have defended this unconstitutional measure, by saying that the political transformation that they spearhead will not be possible if “neoliberal institutions” of the past remain. 
• On June 6th, 2021, the largest elections in Mexican history, with 21,383 public positions up for dispute, took place. Morena, president AMLO’s party, won 11 out of 15 governorships and 203 seats in the 500 member Chamber of deputies. Alongside PT, PVEM, PES parties, the Morena Coalition will hold 298 seats, meaning that they will loose their “qualified majority” which is necessary to make constitutional changes regarding the National Electoral Institute (INE), the Supreme Court, and the Energy Reform. Thus, the election was widely seen as a referendum for President AMLO’s Forth Transformation, and the results indicate the strenghtening of Mexican checks and balances. 
• Contrary to its overall national success, Morena lost 6 of the 11 mayoralties in Mexico City, which had historically been a bastion of the Mexican left. This has been interpreted by experts as a rejection of the policies and administration of the city’s head of government, Claudia Sheimbaum, who was widely seen as a political heir to AMLO before the tragic collapse of line 12 of the Mexico City Metro. 
• COVID-19 became a highly politicized issue in the days leading up to the June 6th election, as several states, including Mexico City, shifted their epidimiological traffic lights to green, indicating that non-essential activities were safe to perform regardless of the real number of cases. Additionally, vaccinations were ramped up previous to the election, even achieving 1,064,561 doses on June 3rd. This trend has since decreased, as by late June there are about 385,000 doses distributed daily.  

Growth and Innovation

Microcredits offered to the informal sector and small businesses in combination with a national policy of republican austerity used to finance various social and infrastructure projects have not mitigated the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. With an estimated economic contraction of 8.5-8.9% in 2020, and the growing lack of transparency and certainty of the government’s policies driving private and foreign investment away, the economic outlook for 2021 continues to be bleak.

• Remittances grew steadily over 2020, showing an 11.44% increase from 2019 despite experts predicting a major decline due to COVID-19. There has been a 31% percent growth in remittances over the first months of 2021 in comparison to this period in 2020. This growth has prompted the current administration to become more directly involved with the sending of remittances through the Welfare Bank in order to ensure senders can receive a better exchange rate. However, these efforts have been criticized for encroaching upon the autonomy of the Central Bank, and for potentially facilitating money laundering. 
• The informal labor sector experienced an increase in June 2020, rising to 25.6 million participants, and unemployment reached 5.3%, the highest level since 2014. It has since decreased to 4.1% in May, 2021, as 86% of formal enterprises and businesses have reopened as a result of an easing of restrictions. However, the underemployment rate is currently at 12.9%. Women have been the most affected by underemployment and unemployment, since they represent 84% of the population who has lost their jobs due to the pandemic. 
• By August 2020, social distancing measures and the effect of the pandemic-driven economic crisis caused 12 million people to exit the active working force. However, by February 2021, 9.9 million people have reintegrated into the workforce. Out of the remaining 2.1 million jobs still lost, only 647,000 are formal, as 94% of created jobs since May 2020 have been informal.  Additionally, there has been a 1,000,000 job creation loss for recent university graduates 
• Mexico’s projected growth for 2021 has been increased from a previous 4.3% growth to 5.8%. This places the country above the 4.6% average growth projected for Latin America as a region. 
• Crédito Solidario, the microloan program introduced by the government, has faced low demand due both to the complexity of the application process and to the small size of the sums offered. 
• Fiscal stimulus packages have varied by state, as there has not been a national program for tax waiving and support for the private sector has been limited. State economic policies have varied from no support in states like Baja California to the waiving of 30%-100% of payroll taxes in states like Zacatecas.   
• The inflation rate increased from just below 4% in March 2021 to 6.02% by early July 2021. Most worrisome of all is the increasing inflation rate of different types of fuel, which is currently around 28.22%. 
• Income-based poverty could increase between 7.2% and 7.9%, placing between 6.1 and 10.7 million people in situations of extreme poverty in 2020. 
• The National Council for Science and Technology has announced that research for the development and production of a Mexican vaccine against COVID-19 will take place throughout 2021. This will be the product of public and private investment. 
• Due to Mexico’s lack of travel restrictions, it has become a “tourist oasis” during the pandemic, thus allowing the tourism sector to see only a 45% decrease, which is relatively low compared to the 74% decrease that took place worldwide. 
• In contrast to the lack of air travel restrictions, the US-Mexico border has been shut down for all non-essential travel since March 2020. While these restrictions are scheduled to be lifted on July 21, 2021, previously set dates have been continuously pushed back on a monthly basis. 
• The current administration has chosen to make the contracts signed with AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech and CanSino Biologics for vaccine purchases classified for the next 5 years, prompting questions about transparency and the true cost and volume of acquired doses. 
• International banks and financial institutions like JP Morgan, the Bank of Montreal, and Mizrahi Tefahot Bank have ceased operations in Mexico amidst concerns of government transparency and certainty for foreign and private investments, after the cancellation of major investment projects like the Texcoco Airport and the Constellations Brand Brewery by the current administration. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion

The 60% increase in gender-based violence during the pandemic, femicide, social inequality, and the vulnerability of marginalized populations have sparked protests and critiques led by feminist collectives, students, and academics across the country. Similar protests have also occurred surrounding vaccine distribution, which is meant to prioritize healthcare workers, the elderly and the poorest sectors of the country, but has developed slowly in a disorganized way.

• Even though Mexico had an exemplary vaccine distribution system over the last 30 years, the present administration has decreased the purchase of measles, tetanus, tuberculosis and HPV vaccines over the last two years in the name of republican austerity. This has weakened the national inoculation system, presently making the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines harder due to a lack of pre-established systems. 
• The inoculation campaign to distribute the COVID-19 vaccine will prioritize the poorest and most isolated communities that do not have the necessary health infrastructure to deal with the pandemic.
• The second phase of vaccine distribution, which includes people 60 years of age or older began in late February, after the launch of a registration website weeks prior. While there has also been outreach through the phone, many people without access to a digital device or knowledge of internet usage have been excluded from registration, and have been turned down at vaccination hubs, contrasting the president’s policy of “putting poor people first.”
• Olympic athletes that will represent Mexico in the Tokyo Olympics will be considered among the priority groups to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
• Doctors who work in private hospitals and outside of the government-run health system have had to protest in order to gain access to the vaccine, since the President himself has declared that doctors who are not “frontline” according to his standards will have to wait to get vaccinated with their age group, creating further antagonism between what the president has deemed the “fifís,” upper and upper-middle class individuals, and “the people.” The president has since denied he made those claims, even though he did so on camera, and there have been no administrative efforts to include them in the inoculation scheme. 
• Due to the slow nature of the vaccine rollout, wealthy citizens, especially from northern states like Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, have traveled to Texas and Florida to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, practicing what is now called “vaccine tourism.”
• Convicted felons across the country have petitioned for legal protection to become considered a priority group during the vaccination campaign as prison conditions have not allowed for a COVID-safe environment throughout the pandemic, and their rights have not been fully protected. 
• Indigenous communities in states such as Oaxaca have received crucial information on the pandemic through radio broadcasts, videos, and infographics in various indigenous languages, including Maya and Mixteco. 

• Centers for indigenous and Afro-Mexican women (CAMIs) risk closing permanently due to the pandemic, which would prevent many women from receiving vital healthcare and support services. 
• The No estás sola initiative was launched to fight the 60% increase in domestic and gender-based violence since the implementation of stay-at-home orders in March.
• Women and feminist collectives protested en masse on March 8 against gender violence, the increase of femicide, legal impunity, and the candidacy of Félix Salgado Macedonio. Macedonio, a contender for the governorship of the state of Guerrero, has been accused of rape and sexual assault by 6 different women. The president continues to publicly support him, further exhibiting his disdain for feminist causes, even as he has been removed from the political race due to issues of campaign transparency. 
• Even amid the pandemic, feminists and human rights defenders are experiencing increased levels of harassment, threats of violence, and arrests for protesting issues such as femicide and general human rights violations. Such was the case in Cancún, where the municipal police fired into the sky to break up a feminist protest and hit protesters. 

• Due to lack of access to PPE and other resources, health workers have become a particularly vulnerable group, having faced more COVID-19 related deaths than health workers in any other country. 
• Seeking to centralize resources for art, culture, crisis management, human rights, science, and research, the Chamber of Deputies has dissolved 109 different trust funds which will now be at the disposal of the federal government. This has sparked outrage from different NGOs, victims of violence, and the scientific community, who will no longer have access to these funds through a transparent application process. 
• Throughout the pandemic, AMLO’s administration has continued to focus on different social projects, like pensions for the elderly and scholarships for young people in search for employment. 
• President AMLO has deployed more military personnel than the two previous presidents, which has resulted in an excessive use of force, illegitimate homicides, violation of women’s rights, enforced disappearances, and total impunity. 

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FALL 2021

Governance and Rule of Law

Mexico has been a leading figure in the regional fight against COVID-19, exporting millions of vaccines to other Latin American countries. It has succeeded in becoming one of the highest-vaccinated states in the region, with just over one-third of the population. Hurricane Grace, which made landfall in August, has required government officials to reallocate resources towards reconstruction in several states.

• The pandemia has been worsening in the final months of 2021 in Mexico. The northern states of Baja California and Sonora are experiencing the worst of the surge. However, according to the Department of Health, hospitalizations are down, which can be attributed to the effectiveness of the vaccines. 
• As of December 2021, Mexico has vaccinated almost 81 million people, and 82% of them have received both doses.. According to Health Minister Hugo Lopez-Gatall, all Mexican adults have been offered at least one shot. 
• The country has suffered the worst death toll from the pandemic among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Mexico’s toll was triple the average. 
•  The government has just completed a three-month vaccination program for residents living in six states near the U.S. border, administering approximately 3.8 million doses. Cross-border trade is key for the northern Mexico economy.
• The U.S.-Mexico border was recently reopened after 20 months of pandemic restrictions. Tourists from Mexico may enter provided they have a visa and proof of vaccination. 
• The Mexican government announced they will be sending vaccines to several other Central American states, including Nicaragua. This has come as a bit of a surprise as relations between the countries have been tense; Mexico recalled its ambassador in June over concerns regarding President Ortega’s treatment of political dissidents and journalists. Mexico has sent over one million doses to nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. 
• Children with disabilities and illnesses are eligible for vaccination, and the Pfizer vaccine has been approved for ages 12 and up by health regulator Cofepris. 
• Hurricane Grace, which made landfall on August 19, killed 8 individuals and caused hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage. 
• President Lopez Obrador has committed more than 2 billion pesos in direct aid to families in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo for reconstruction.
• The IMF recently approved Mexico for a share of reserves worth approximately $12 billion. While these funds are usually intended to add to central bank reserves, President Lopez Obrador has indicated that they may be used to pay down some country debt. According to senior finance ministers in Mexico, it is against the law to use central reserves to pay debt. 
• The Mexican government just concluded its largest purchase of international reserves from the central bank at $7.021 million. It is expected that the government will use the funds to pay off debt accrued by Pemex, the nationalized oil company. 

Growth and Innovation

Mexico has achieved remarkable success in the economic recovery from the pandemic, seeing a return to high employment levels. The government continues to generate national wealth and reinvest in the oil industry as a key export. 

• According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, tourism fell 25.4% last year because of the pandemic.
• The National Institute also reported a GDP contraction of 0.4% in the third quarter of 2021. This is the first contraction in four consecutive quarters of growth due to reopening the economy. 
• Mexico reached a new record of remittances received in one month, totalling $743,400 in the month of August.
• The country has seen a return to pre-pandemic levels of employment. This has been the fastest economic recovery the country has managed compared to the three most recent crises experienced by the country. 
• Progress on the Dos Bocas oil refinery, projected to be the largest in the country and capable of producing 340,000 barrels per day, has reached 25%. It is scheduled to commence production in 2022 and will be owned by Mexico’s state owned oil company, Pemex.
•  President Lopez Obrador has proposed a reform bill to increase state control of the electricity market. The bill would give the national electricity commission control of over half the market and allow it to set terms for private generators. 
• In a speech at the United Nations Security Council, President Lopez Obrador proposed a global anti-poverty program targeting people who live on less than $2 a day through voluntary contributions from wealthy individuals and corporations. Lopez also condemned inequitable vaccine distribution during the speech. 
• The Mexican economy experienced a growth in inflation in October, rising to a new high in almost four years of 6.24% 
• Budget airline Volaris has reported strong sales in recent months, signalling a subtle resurgence of tourism. 
• Supply chain issues have affected the Mexican economy both in final products and intermediate goods for the country’s manufacturing sector. The country recorded a trade deficit of $2.4 billion in September.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Mexico continues to struggle with issues that, while not related to public health, were augmented by the pandemic. It continues to take the brunt of stricter immigration policy as migrants from the Northern Triangle and Haiti pass through on their way to the US’s southern border. While some women’s rights victories have been won recently, gender-based violence and femicide remain at high levels.

• In conjunction with US authorities, Mexico has been forcibly removing thousands of Haitian migrants and asylum seekers, who have been exiting the country due to political instability and an earthquake in August.
• To avoid being deported by the United States, Haitin migrants have been entering Mexico, where they are granted a temporary status of “complementary protection.” However, it is difficult to secure permanent asylum status in Mexico as many Haitian refugees have spent time in neighboring countries before entering Mexico on the way to the U.S. 
• Mexican indigenous groups, especially the Yaquis, have suffered a dual assault of COVID cases and race-based homicides throughout the year.
•  The Mexican Supreme Court decriminalized abortion in a recent case. While the ruling is restricted to the state of Coahuila, it sets a powerful precedent for future cases on the matter.
•  Gender-based violence still remains uncontrolled in the country, and the judicial system continues to neglect thorough investigation into reported cases. 
• Misinformation has debilitated vaccination efforts in more rural and remote areas of Mexico. Despite having doses to give, some vaccination sites have not seen demand. 
• The Mexican school system has encountered difficulties in adapting to the necessities of pandemic education. Over 3 million children may not attend school because of COVID-19. 
• Women have disproportionately suffered the economic fallout from the pandemic in Mexico. Job loss was almost doubly concentrated on women instead of men. 

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Select resources for Mexico:

Governance and the Rule of Law Summer 2020:

Arista, L. (2020, April 22). En el inicio de la fase más crítica del COVID-19, AMLO se lanza contra la prensa. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/presidencia/2020/04/22/en-el-inicio-de-la-fase-mas-critica-del-covid-19-amlo-se-lanza-contra-la-prensa

Asociación de Gobernadores de Acción Nacional [@goan_mx]. (2020, April 15). Enviaremos hoy un escrito al presidente @lopezobrador_ Le urgimos implementar un Programa de Emergencia Económica con acciones concretas para apoyar [Images Attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/GOAN_MX/status/1250381243981725696?s=20 

Esposito, A. (2020, August 3). Mexican TV Networks to provide home learning for students as schools stay shut. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-education/mexican-tv-networks-to-provide-home-learning-for-students-as-schools-stay-shut-idUSKBN24Z1LZ

Gottesdiener, L. (2020, July 16). Mexico tightens coronavirus curbs in tourist spots, other pockets. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-restriction/mexico-tightens-coronavirus-curbs-in-tourist-spots-other-pockets-idUSKCN24H3E6 

Hinojosa, G., & Meyer, M. (2020, May 13). Protecting journalists and human rights defenders in Mexico. The Washington Office on Latin America. https://www.wola.org/analysis/journalists-human-rights-defenders-mexico/

Investiga Función Pública compra de ventiladores pulmonares a hijo de Bartlett. (2020, May 4). Mexicanos Contra La Corrupción y La Impunidad. https://contralacorrupcion.mx/funcion-publica-hijo-bartlett/

Moreno, A. (2020, July 2). El 64% de los mexicanos confía en que el T-MEC mejore la economía. El Financiero. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/en-mexico-para-el-64-el-t-mec-ayudara-a-la-economia

Naishadham, S. (2020, May 20). Coronavirus brings Mexico’s governors to the fore. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/20/coronavirus-pandemic-response-mexico-governors-clashing-amlo-federal-government/

Russell, B. (2020, June 19). Morena infighting is familiar. Is it fatal? Americas Quarterly. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/morena-infighting-is-familiar-is-it-fatal/

Sarukhan, A. (2020, July 10). López Obrador’s Washington visit played straight into Trump’s hands. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/10/lopez-obradors-washington-visit-played-straight-into-trumps-hands/

Secretaría de Educación Pública. (2020, August 3). Boletín No. 205 Iniciará el Ciclo Escolar 2020-21 con el modelo de aprendizaje a distancia Aprende en Casa II: Esteban Moctezuma. Gobierno de México. https://www.gob.mx/sep/articulos/boletin-no-205-iniciara-el-ciclo-escolar-2020-21-con-el-modelo-de-aprendizaje-a-distancia-aprende-en-casa-ii-esteban-moctezuma?idiom=es 

Secretaría de Salud. (2020, July 10). 145. El control de la pandemia del COVID-19 se logrará de manera colectiva y solidaria: Alcocer Varela. Gobierno de México. https://coronavirus.gob.mx/2020/07/10/el-control-de-la-pandemia-del-covid-19-se-lograra-de-manera-colectiva-y-solidaria-alcocer-varela/

Simon, R., & Aalbers, G. (2020). The Capacity to Combat Corruption (CCC) Index (p. 41) [Index]. AS/COA/Anti-Corruption Working Group . https://www.as-coa.org/sites/default/files/archive/2020_CCC_Report.pdf 

Simon, R., & Aalbers, G. (2020, June 8). Latin America is losing capacity to fight corruption at a critical time. Americas Quarterly. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/latin-america-is-losing-capacity-to-fight-corruption-at-a-critical-time/

Zissis, C. (2020, July 9). Approval tracker: Mexico’s president AMLO. AS/COA. https://www.as-coa.org/articles/approval-tracker-mexicos-president-amlo

Growth and Innovation Summer 2020:

Carbajal, B. (2020, May 14). Microcréditos del IMSS van al fracaso. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/05/14/microcreditos-del-imss-van-al-fracaso-5356.html 

Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social. (2020). La crisis sanitaria generada por la Covid-19 y sus consecuencias económicas ponen en riesgo avances en desarrollo social y puede afectar en mayor medida a grupos vulnerables (Comunicado No. 6; p. 24). https://www.coneval.org.mx/SalaPrensa/Comunicadosprensa/Documents/2020/Comunicado_06_POLIITICA_SOCIAL_EN_CONTEXTO_COVID_19.pdf?platform=hootsuite 

El Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. (2020, July). Apertura de Unidades Médicas Temporales permiten al IMSS evitar saturación de servicios y crecer en número de camas. Gobierno de México. http://www.imss.gob.mx/prensa/archivo/202007/476 

El Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. (2020, July). Llama IMSS a realizar pagos de aseguramiento voluntario vía SPEI para evitar salir de casa y prevenir contagios por COVID-19. Gobierno de México. http://www.imss.gob.mx/prensa/archivo/202007/446 

El Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. (2020, July). Puestos de trabajo afiliados al instituto mexicano del seguro social. http://www.imss.gob.mx/prensa/archivo/202007/471 

Gallón, N. (2020, July 14). The world runs on remittances. Covid-19 could end that for many. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/14/americas/mexico-remittances-covid-19-intl/index.html 

García, C. (2020, July 11). En Central de Abasto hubo mil 064 casos en un mes. Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/coronavirus-cdmx-central-abasto-mil-064-casos-mes

Gobierno del Estado de México. (2020) Periódico Oficial [Gaceta del Gobierno]. http://legislacion.edomex.gob.mx/sites/legislacion.edomex.gob.mx/files/files/pdf/gct/2020/jul092.pdf

Gutierrez, M. A. (2020, July 27). Mexico’s GDP expected to contract 17.7% in second quarter: poll. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-economy-gdp-poll/mexicos-gdp-expected-to-contract-17-7-in-second-quarter-poll-idUSKCN24S2AO

Lamadrid, A., & Valdez Villalba, L. (2020). México: Reporte económico diario (pp. 1–4). Citibanamex. https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/Economia/ReporteEconomicoDiarioNo678140720.pdf 

Luna, S., de la Garza, A., & Arias, I. (2020). Nota oportuna (p. 3). Citibanamex. https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/Economia/ActividadProductiva/PIB/NOPIB300420.pdf 

Rodríguez, S., et. al. (2020, August 3). Remesas crecen 10.55% en primer semestre, pese a coronavirus: Banxico. Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/negocios/remesas-crecen-semestre-2020-pese-coronavirus-banxico. 

Sheridan, M. B. (2020, June 21). Mexico’s Central de Abasto: How coronavirus tore through Latin America’s largest market. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/06/21/coronavirus-mexico-city-centro-abasto-market/ 

Sieff, K. (2020, August 6). Coronavirus surprise: Remittances to Mexico rise during pandemic. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronavirus-remittance-mexico-guatemala-salvador-honduras/2020/08/05/5a1bcdbe-d5be-11ea-930e-d88518c57dcc_story.html. 

Torres, N. (2020, May 18). In Mexico, one of world’s biggest food markets stirs unease about infections. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-market-idUSKBN22T0FL 

Villanueva, D. (2020, July 7). Consumo e inversión sufren desplomes sin precedente: Inegi. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/07/consumo-e-inversion-sufren-desplomes-sin-precedente-inegi-7564.html 

Villanueva, D. (2020, July 7). Desempleo en México superará al de crisis de 2009: OCDE. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/07/desempleo-en-mexico-superara-crisis-de-2009-ocde-5167.html 

Xantomila, J. (2020, July 16). Se dispara tasa de empleo en México en 20. trimestre, reportan. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/16/en-el-2deg-trimestre-13-millones-800-mil-perdieron-su-empleo-en-mexico-1348.html. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2020:

Aprende en casa. (2020). Gobierno de Mexico . https://aprendeencasa.sep.gob.mx 

Conoce PruébaT. (2020). PruébaT – Fundación Carlos Slim. https://pruebat.org 

Contigo en la distancia. (2020). Gobierno de México. http://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/ 

International Rescue Committee (IRC). (2020, May 22). COVID-19 has reached IRC shelter along the US-Mexico border in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, compounding vulnerabilities on asylum seekers fleeing violence [Press Release]. https://www.rescue.org/press-release/covid-19-has-reached-irc-shelter-along-us-mexico-border-ciudad-juarez-mexico  

Lastiri, D. (2020, July 28). Amparos. Van 777 sentencias en temas relacionados con COVID-19. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/epidemia-de-amparos-por-falta-de-apoyos-del-gobierno-ante-covid 

Murray, C., & Lopez, O. (2020, June 9). Cutbacks in Mexico put centers for indigenous, Afro-Mexican women at risk. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-indigenous-trfn-idUSKBN23G2OT 

Infobae. (2020, April 16). Paso a Paso: Cómo denunciar por WhatsApp si sufres violencia doméstica en la cuarentena. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/16/paso-a-paso-como-denunciar-por-whatsapp-si-sufres-violencia-domestica-en-la-cuarentena/ 

Justicia Covid. (2020). Estructura de abogados. https://justiciacovid.com/estructura-de-abogados/

Kitroeff, N., & Villegas, P. (2020, July 2). 26 killed at drug rehab center in Mexico’s most violent state. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/world/americas/mexico-shooting-drug-rehab.html 

Matz, M. (2020, June 30). Mexican feminists and workers’ rights defenders faced wave of arrests in June . Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/30/mexican-feminists-and-workers-rights-defenders-faced-wave-of-arrests-in-june/ 

Rapalo, M. (2020, June 13). Mexico COVID-19: Getting the message to Indigenous communities. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/mexico-covid-19-message-indigenous-communities-200613160502400.html 

Diversity of Cultural Expressions. (2020, April 14). Mexico’s COVID-19 response for artists and local creators. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/creativity/covid-19/mexicos-covid-19-response-artists-local-creators 

Alzaga, I. (2020, May 12). Por violencia de género, jueces de CdMx otorgarán protección a mujeres. Milenio. https://www.milenio.com/policia/violencia-genero-jueces-cdmx-otorgaran-proteccion-mujeres 
Vázquez, M. C. O. (2020, April 21). Mexico’s COVID-19 distance education program compels a re-think of the country’s future of education. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2020/04/21/mexicos-covid-19-distance-education-program-compels-a-re-think-of-the-countrys-future-of-education/

Governance and Rule of Law Fall 2020:

Anza, P. (2020, October 12). La comparecencia de López-Gatell se suspende por reclamos en el Senado. Expansión Política . https://politica.expansion.mx/congreso/2020/10/12/la-comparencia-de-lopez-gatell-se-suspende-por-reclamos-en-el-senado.

Arista, L. (2020, April 22). En el inicio de la fase más crítica del COVID-19, AMLO se lanza contra la prensa. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/presidencia/2020/04/22/en-el-inicio-de-la-fase-mas-critica-del-covid-19-amlo-se-lanza-contra-la-prensa

Asociación de Gobernadores de Acción Nacional [@goan_mx]. (2020, April 15). Enviaremos hoy un escrito al presidente @lopezobrador_ Le urgimos implementar un Programa de Emergencia Económica con acciones concretas para apoyar [Images Attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/GOAN_MX/status/1250381243981725696?s=20 

Beauregard, L. P. (2020, September 21). La elección interna en Morena se calienta con el cruce de ataques entre los candidatos. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2020-09-21/la-eleccion-interna-en-morena-se-calienta-con-el-cruce-de-ataques.html.

Campos, R. (2020, November 2). Octubre, un mes positivo para la aprobación presidencial. Consulta Mitofsky. http://consulta.mx/index.php/encuestas-e-investigaciones/evaluacion-de-gobierno/item/1391-aprobacion-amlo-promoctubre. 

El Financiero. (2020, September 24). Paso a paso: así ha sido el proyecto de consulta ciudadana para enjuiciar a expresidentes. https://elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/paso-a-paso-asi-ha-sido-el-proyecto-de-consulta-ciudadana-para-enjuiciar-a-expresidentes

Forbes. (2020, October 7). INE desmiente millonario costo de la consulta sobre expresidentes. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/noticias-ine-desmiente-alto-costo-de-consulta-sobre-expresidentes/.

García, S. (2020, September 8). Bloque de 10 gobernadores rompe con la Conago. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/abandonan-la-conago-los-10-gobernadores-de-alianza-federalista.

Hinojosa, G., & Meyer, M. (2020, May 13). Protecting journalists and human rights defenders in Mexico. The Washington Office on Latin America. https://www.wola.org/analysis/journalists-human-rights-defenders-mexico/

Infobae. (2020, November 14). Semáforo Epidemiológico COVID-19: la CDMX en naranja con alerta y dos estados en rojo. infobae.  https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/11/14/semaforo-epidemiologico-covid-19-la-cdmx-en-naranja-con-alerta-y-dos-estados-en-rojo/. 

Naishadham, S. (2020, May 20). Coronavirus brings Mexico’s governors to the fore. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/20/coronavirus-pandemic-response-mexico-governors-clashing-amlo-federal-government/

Russell, B. (2020, June 19). Morena infighting is familiar. Is it fatal? Americas Quarterly. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/morena-infighting-is-familiar-is-it-fatal/

Sánchez, A. (2020, August 10). Advierten que 4 de cada 10 escuelas privadas cerrarán por educación a distancia. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/advierten-que-4-de-cada-10-de-escuelas-privadas-cerraran-por-educacion-a-distancia.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2020:

Alavez , M., & Ramos, J. L. (2020, April 4). Acaba la 4T fondo para emergencias. El Sol de México. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/finanzas/cuarta-transformacion-acaba-fondo-emergencias-feip-compensacion-gastos-recaudacion-contingencia-coronavirus-5053727.html

Carbajal, B. (2020, May 14). Microcréditos del IMSS van al fracaso. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/05/14/microcreditos-del-imss-van-al-fracaso-5356.html 

————. (2020, October 2). Remesas en México logran nuevo récord. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/10/02/remesas-en-mexico-logran-nuevo-record-2087.html. 

El Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. (2020, July). Apertura de Unidades Médicas Temporales permiten al IMSS evitar saturación de servicios y crecer en número de camas. Gobierno de México. http://www.imss.gob.mx/prensa/archivo/202007/476 

Forbes México. (2020, March 23). AMLO ofrece ayuda económica sólo a pobres y pequeñas empresas ante coronavirus. https://www.forbes.com.mx/politica-amlo-ofrece-ayuda-economica-a-pobres-y-pequenas-empresas-por-coronavirus/

Gobierno de México. (2020, June 1). Apoyos financieros a microempresas y trabajadores independientes. https://www.gob.mx/covid19medidaseconomicas/acciones-y-programas/apoyos-financieros-a-microempresas-y-trabajadores-independientes

González, E., Juvera, J., & Boni, F. (2020, September 24). El mercado laboral a agosto: El incremento en los asegurados en el IMSS México. HR Ratings . https://www.hrratings.com/pdf/mercado%20laboral%20julio-agosto.pdf

Infobae. (2020, August 7). “Ya tocamos fondo y vamos saliendo”: López Obrador aseguró que se crearon 10,000 empleos en lo que va de agosto. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/08/07/ya-tocamos-fondo-y-vamos-saliendo-lopez-obrador-aseguro-que-se-crearon-10000-empleos-en-lo-que-va-de-agosto/.

Jimenez, C., & Miranda, F. (2020, November 6). Inician pruebas en México de vacuna contra el Covid-19. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/inician-pruebas-en-mexico-de-vacuna-contra-el-covid-19.

Lamadrid, A., & Valdez Villalba, L. (2020). México: Reporte económico diario (pp. 1–4). Citibanamex. https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/Economia/ReporteEconomicoDiarioNo678140720.pdf 

Luna, S., de la Garza, A., & Arias, I. (2020). Nota oportuna (p. 3). Citibanamex. https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/Economia/ActividadProductiva/PIB/NOPIB300420.pdf 

Morales, Y. (2020, August 26). Confirma Inegi derrumbe del PIB de 18.7%, el mayor en la historia. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Confirma-Inegi-derrumbe-de-la-economia-mexicana-de-18.7-en-el-segundo-trimestre-20200826-0014.html

Reporte Indigo. (2020, August 30). Arturo Herrera pronostica escenario desalentador para México; no habrá ‘más guardaditos’. https://www.reporteindigo.com/reporte/mexico-vivira-la-crisis-mas-fuerte-desde-1932-arturo-herrera/

Revilla, E. (2020, March 27). Apoyos y estímulos fiscales otorgados en respuesta al COVID-19. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/mx/Documents/tax/flashes-2020/Apoyos-estimulos-fiscales-otorgados-por-Estados-COVID19.pdf

Salinas Maldonado, C. (2020, November 13). México no comprará la vacuna de Pfizer porque no tiene infraestructura para mantenerla congelada.México no comprará la vacuna de Pfizer porque no tiene infraestructura para mantenerla congelada. El PaisPaís. https://elpais.com/mexico/2020-11-13/mexico-no-comprara-la-vacuna-de-pfizer-porque-no-tiene-infraestructura-para-mantenerla-congelada.html. 

Villanueva, D. (2020, July 7). Consumo e inversión sufren desplomes sin precedente: Inegi. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/07/consumo-e-inversion-sufren-desplomes-sin-precedente-inegi-7564.html 

Xantomila, J. (2020, July 16). Se dispara tasa de empleo en México en 20. trimestre, reportan. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/16/en-el-2deg-trimestre-13-millones-800-mil-perdieron-su-empleo-en-mexico-1348.html. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2020:

Alcántara, M. (2020, July 17). Violencia doméstica contra la mujer aumenta 60% en México durante la pandemia. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/women-violencia-mujer-hogar-aumenta-60-pandemia/

Baranda, A. (2020, October 6). Extinción de fideicomisos, abuso sin precedentes.- ONG. El Norte. https://www.elnorte.com/extincion-de-fideicomisos-abuso-sin-precedentes-ong/gr/ar2044420?md5=d24a146c72d1fbab126e285471ba3128

Forbes. (2020, September 18). 667 intelectuales se pronuncian contra AMLO por amenazar la libertad de expresión. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/politica-intelectuales-amlo-amenaza-libertad-expresion/

García, A. K. (2020, September 11). ¿Por qué está tomada la CNDH por colectivos feministas y familiares de víctimas de violencia? El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Por-que-esta-tomada-la-CNDH-por-colectivos-feministas-y-familiares-de-victimas-de-violencia-20200911-0039.htm

Gobierno de México. (2020). Aprende en casa.  https://aprendeencasa.sep.gob.mx 

————. (2020). Contigo en la distancia. http://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/ 

Justicia Covid. (2020). Estructura de abogados. https://justiciacovid.com/estructura-de-abogados/

Lastiri, D. (2020, July 28). Amparos. Van 777 sentencias en temas relacionados con COVID-19. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/epidemia-de-amparos-por-falta-de-apoyos-del-gobierno-ante-covid 

Matz, M. (2020, June 30). Mexican feminists and workers’ rights defenders faced wave of arrests in June . Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/30/mexican-feminists-and-workers-rights-defenders-faced-wave-of-arrests-in-june/ 

Miranda, F. (2020, September 18). México, primer lugar en muertes de médicos por covid-19: informe. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/coronavirus-mexico-muertes-medicos-the-lancet. 

Murray, C., & Lopez, O. (2020, June 9). Cutbacks in Mexico put centers for indigenous, Afro-Mexican women at risk. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-indigenous-trfn-idUSKBN23G2OT 

Rapalo, M. (2020, June 13). Mexico COVID-19: Getting the message to Indigenous communities. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/mexico-covid-19-message-indigenous-communities-200613160502400.html 

El Universal. (2020, November 10). Cancún. Una estupidez disparar al aire para dispersar manifestación: SSP de Q. Roo. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/cancun-una-estupidez-disparar-al-aire-para-dispersar-manifestacion-ssp-de-q-roo. 
Vázquez, M. C. O. (2020, April 21). Mexico’s COVID-19 distance education program compels a re-think of the country’s future of education. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2020/04/21/mexicos-covid-19-distance-education-program-compels-a-re-think-of-the-countrys-future-of-educatio

Governance and Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Abi-Habib, M., Kitroeff, N., Kanno-Youngs, Z., & Tankersley, J. (2021, March 19). Estados Unidos enviará a México y Canadá millones de dosis de la vacuna AstraZeneca. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/03/18/espanol/vacuna-mexico-biden-amlo.html. 

Arista, L. (2020, April 22). En el inicio de la fase más crítica del COVID-19, AMLO se lanza contra la prensa. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/presidencia/2020/04/22/en-el-inicio-de-la-fase-mas-critica-del-covid-19-amlo-se-lanza-contra-la-prensa

Crespo, J. A. (2021, April 26). Suprema Corte: ¿disparo a la sien? El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/jose-antonio-crespo/suprema-corte-disparo-la-sien. 

Dresser, Denise [@DeniseDresserG]. (2021, April 17). Preguntas urgentes para el gobierno:¿Por qué si hay vacunas, han aplicado tan pocas?¿Qué están esperando? ¿El retraso es por incompetencia o imperativos electorales?Mientras más se tarden, más mexicanos seguirán muriendo y pueden surgir variantes más contagiosas/letales. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DeniseDresserG/status/1383469168842842119.

El Economista. (2021, May 3). #AMLOTrackingPoll Aprobación de AMLO, 3 de mayo. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/AMLOTrackingPoll-Aprobacion-de-AMLO-3-de-mayo-20210503-0011.html. 

Expansión Política. (2021, January 23). Gobernadores de oposición buscarán comprar vacunas COVID-19 tras anuncio de AMLO. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2021/01/22/gobernadores-de-oposicion-buscaran-comprar-vacunas-covid-19-tras-anuncio-de-amlo. 

————. (2021, March 24). Lote de vacunas falsas en Campeche pone en alerta a Salud y Cofepris. Expansión Política. https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2021/03/24/lote-de-vacunas-falsas-en-campeche-pone-en-alerta-a-salud-y-cofepris. 

El Financiero. (2020, December 27). ¿Cuántas y cuáles vacunas contra COVID recibirá México en 2021? Aquí te decimos. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/cuantas-vacunas-contra-covid-recibira-mexico-en-2021-aqui-te-decimos. 

Forbes. (2021, April 30). AMLO plantea desaparición del INE y que Poder Judicial absorba temas electorales. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/amlo-plantea-desaparicion-del-ine-y-que-poder-judicial-absorba-temas-electorales/. 

García, S. (2020, September 8). Bloque de 10 gobernadores rompe con la Conago. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/abandonan-la-conago-los-10-gobernadores-de-alianza-federalista.

Hinojosa, G., & Meyer, M. (2020, May 13). Protecting journalists and human rights defenders in Mexico. The Washington Office on Latin America. https://www.wola.org/analysis/journalists-human-rights-defenders-mexico/

Hong, J., Chang, R., & Varley, K. (2020). COVID Resilience Ranking. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-resilience-ranking/. 

Infobae. (2020, December 23). Elecciones 2021: todos los cargos en disputa estado por estado. infobae. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/12/23/elecciones-2021-todos-los-cargos-en-disputa-estado-por-estado/. 

————. (2021, April 4). Quitan cédula a enfermera tras inyectar aire a adulto mayor en CDMX. infobae. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/04/04/quitan-cedula-a-enfermera-tras-inyectar-aire-a-adulto-mayor-en-cdmx/. 

La Jornada. (2021, January 25). Gobernadores del PAN podrán comprar vacunas hasta diciembre o en 2022. https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/01/25/politica/gobernadores-del-pan-podran-comprar-vacunas-hasta-diciembre-o-en-2022/. 

López-Gatell Ramirez, Hugo [@HLGatell]. (2021, March 24). Ninguna de las supuestas vacunas rusas incautadas la semana pasada son de las adquiridas por el Gobierno de México; se trata de productos falsificados. Las Fuerzas Armadas resguardan las dosis que llegan al país para evitar la sustracción ilegal.Twitter. https://twitter.com/HLGatell/status/1374922738016550916

————. (2021, May 3). El 02 de mayo se registraron 139,158 dosis aplicadas de vacunas contra #COVID19; en México se han aplicado 18,471,669 dosis. Ya comenzó la vacunación a personas de 50 a 59 años de edad y quienes tienen más de 60 años todavía pueden acudir con las brigadas para recibirla. Twitter. https://twitter.com/HLGatell/status/1389271580782387203.

Milenio. (2021, March 3). Pese a covid, 300 escuelas privadas reanudaron clases presenciales. https://www.milenio.com/politica/pese-covid-300-escuelas-privadas-reanudaron-clases-presenciales. 

Moy, Valeria [@ValeriaMoy]. (2021, March 31). Primera imagen, las vacunas que recibiría el país en estos meses. Nótese marzo. Segunda imagen: las dosis recibidas desde diciembre hasta ayer. Los dichos frente a los hechos. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ValeriaMoy/status/1377324157331980292.

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Carbajal, B. (2020, May 14). Microcréditos del IMSS van al fracaso. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/05/14/microcreditos-del-imss-van-al-fracaso-5356.html 

Cota, I. (2021, February 26). La salida de JP Morgan y otros bancos de México hace saltar las alarmas sobre el clima de negocios. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-26/la-salida-de-jp-morgan-y-otros-bancos-de-mexico-hace-saltar-las-alarmas-sobre-el-clima-de-negocios.html

————. (2021, April 5). Las remesas a México aumentan un 21% en los dos primeros meses del año. EL PAÍS. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-04-05/las-remesas-a-mexico-aumentan-un-21-en-los-dos-primeros-meses-del-ano.html. 

Dallas News. (2021, April 28). Extienden cierre de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México hasta el 21 de mayo de 2021. Dallas News. https://www.dallasnews.com/espanol/al-dia/inmigracion/2021/04/19/extienden-cierre-de-la-frontera-entre-estados-unidos-y-mexico-hasta-el-21-de-mayo-de-2021/. 

Expansión Política. (2021, January 8). El gobierno reserva por 5 años los contratos para las vacunas COVID-19. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/01/08/el-gobierno-reserva-por-5-anos-los-contratos-para-las-vacunas-covid-19. 

El Financiero. (2020, December 16). ¡Viene la vacuna mexicana contra COVID! Conacyt anuncia su desarrollo y producción para 2021. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/viene-la-vacuna-mexicana-contra-covid-conacyt-anuncia-su-desarrollo-y-produccion-para-2021. 

Forbes México. (2020, March 23). AMLO ofrece ayuda económica sólo a pobres y pequeñas empresas ante coronavirus. https://www.forbes.com.mx/politica-amlo-ofrece-ayuda-economica-a-pobres-y-pequenas-empresas-por-coronavirus/

Gobierno de México. (2020, June 1). Apoyos financieros a microempresas y trabajadores independientes. https://www.gob.mx/covid19medidaseconomicas/acciones-y-programas/apoyos-financieros-a-microempresas-y-trabajadores-independientes

González Díaz, M. (2021, February 12). Coronavirus en México: cómo el país se convirtió en un oasis para turistas internacionales en medio de la pandemia (hasta para los que tienen que pasar cuarentenas). BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56035746. 

Hernández, E. (2021, January 14). No podemos dejarle todo el peso de la crisis al gobierno de AMLO: José Medina Mora. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/negocios-no-podemos-dejarle-todo-el-peso-de-la-crisis-al-gobierno-de-amlo-jose-medina-mora/.

IMCO [@imcomx]. (2021, April 6). El @FMInoticias espera una recuperación económica más fuerte en 2021. En su reporte Perspectivas de la economía mundial, la organización estima que la economía mundial crezca un 6% en 2021, después de la contracción histórica estimada en (-3.3%) en 2020.Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1379451593813336065

————. (2021, April 22). En el primer trimestre del año, se han agregado a la población ocupada 956,096 personas. Aún así, faltan 1,960,265 personas ocupadas para encontrarnos en los niveles pre-pandemia (marzo 2020): @ValeriaMoy @CarlosLoret #AsíLasCosasconLoret Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1385415652769361920

————. (2021, April 30). La crisis de empleo afectó más a grupos que ya eran vulnerables. 8 de cada 10 personas que perdieron su empleo en abril del 2020 eran informales. Sin embargo, este grupo se ha reintegrado de forma progresiva y representa el 94% del empleo generado desde mayo del 2020.Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1388203488669208579

INEGI INFORMA [@INEGI_INFORMA]. (2021, April 22). La Estimación Oportuna del #PIB con series desestacionalizadas muestra, en su comparación anual, un retroceso en términos reales de 2.9% en el primer trimestre de 2021 y un incremento de 0.4% real frente al trimestre previo. https://bit.ly/3dXxH2x #INEGI #ComunicadoINEGI Twitter. https://twitter.com/INEGI_INFORMA/status/1388086214511796224

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). (2021). Empleo y ocupación. https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/empleo/.

Marcos Méndez , L. E. (2021, February 11). El Banco del Bienestar entra al negocio de las remesas hacia México. Expansión. https://expansion.mx/economia/2021/02/08/banco-del-bienestar-entra-al-negocio-remesas-mexico. 

Maritza Pérez, & Amador, O. (2021, January 5). Covid-19 dejó 647,000 bajas en el empleo formal en 2020. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Covid-19-dejo-647000-bajas-en-el-empleo-formal-en-2020-20210103-0064.html. 

Morales, Y. (2020, November 26). Banxico prevé una contracción de 8.9% para el PIB de México en 2020. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Banxico-tiene-como-escenario-central-que-el-PIB-se-contraiga-8.9-en-2020-20201125-0059.html. 

Moy, Valeria [@ValeriaMoy]. (2021, April 22). La inflación de la 1ra quincena de abril fue 6.05% anual. Es un efecto relacionado con la base de comparación,  pero eso no quita que las familias sientan ya el incremento en los precios de su canasta de consumo. En particular los energéticos subieron 28.22% anual. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ValeriaMoy/status/1385221628427046914.

Reuters Staff, & Reuters. (2020, December 24). México recupera 9.9 millones de empleos perdidos en la pandemia. Expansión. https://expansion.mx/economia/2020/12/24/mexico-recupera-9-9-millones-de-empleos-perdidos-en-la-pandemia. 

Revilla, E. (2020, March 27). Apoyos y estímulos fiscales otorgados en respuesta al COVID-19. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/mx/Documents/tax/flashes-2020/Apoyos-estimulos-fiscales-otorgados-por-Estados-COVID19.pdf

Téllez, C. (2021, April 22). Tasa de desempleo en México retrocede a 3.89% en marzo, su nivel más bajo de 2021: Inegi. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2021/04/22/tasa-de-desempleo-en-mexico-retrocede-a-389-en-marzo-su-nivel-mas-bajo-de-2021-inegi/. 

Villanueva, D. (2020, July 7). Consumo e inversión sufren desplomes sin precedente: Inegi. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/07/consumo-e-inversion-sufren-desplomes-sin-precedente-inegi-7564.html 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Abi-habib, M., & Kitroeff, N. (2021, March 2). Rape Allegations Divide Mexico’s Governing Party. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/world/americas/felix-salgado-macedonio-basilia-castaeda.html. 

Alcántara, M. (2020, July 17). Violencia doméstica contra la mujer aumenta 60% en México durante la pandemia. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/women-violencia-mujer-hogar-aumenta-60-pandemia/

Arista, L. (2021, February 16). Atletas, presos y diputados piden estar entre los primeros en ser vacunados. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/02/16/atletas-presos-y-diputados-piden-estar-entre-los-primeros-en-ser-vacunados. 

Baranda, A. (2020, October 6). Extinción de fideicomisos, abuso sin precedentes.- ONG. El Norte. https://www.elnorte.com/extincion-de-fideicomisos-abuso-sin-precedentes-ong/gr/ar2044420?md5=d24a146c72d1fbab126e285471ba3128

Cota, I. (2021, February 6). Los mexicanos más ricos se están vacunando en Estados Unidos. EL País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-06/los-mexicanos-mas-ricos-se-estan-vacunando-en-estados-unidos.html. 

El Financiero. (2021, February 2). Paso a paso: te enseñamos a registrar a un adulto mayor para que sea vacunado contra COVID. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/paso-a-paso-te-ensenamos-a-registrar-a-un-adulto-mayor-para-que-sea-vacunado-contra-covid.

García, A. K. (2020, September 11). ¿Por qué está tomada la CNDH por colectivos feministas y familiares de víctimas de violencia? El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Por-que-esta-tomada-la-CNDH-por-colectivos-feministas-y-familiares-de-victimas-de-violencia-20200911-0039.htm

Gobierno de México. (2020). Aprende en casa.  https://aprendeencasa.sep.gob.mx 

Ibarra, M. (2021, January 28). “¿Le interesa la vacuna COVID?”: el ofrecimiento del gobierno a adultos mayores. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/01/28/le-interesa-la-vacuna-covid-el-ofrecimiento-del-gobierno-a-adultos-mayores. 

Lastiri, D. (2020, July 28). Amparos. Van 777 sentencias en temas relacionados con COVID-19. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/epidemia-de-amparos-por-falta-de-apoyos-del-gobierno-ante-covid 

Latinus_us. (2021, February 24). Desorden, desinformación y largas filas en campaña de vacunación contra Covid en Ecatepec [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEVqJjL8Vms

Matz, M. (2020, June 30). Mexican feminists and workers’ rights defenders faced wave of arrests in June . Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/30/mexican-feminists-and-workers-rights-defenders-faced-wave-of-arrests-in-june/ 

Miranda, F. (2020, September 18). México, primer lugar en muertes de médicos por covid-19: informe. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/coronavirus-mexico-muertes-medicos-the-lancet. 

Monroy, J. (2021, February 23). Médicos de hospitales privados piden al gobierno federal acceso a vacuna contra Covid-19. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Medicos-de-hospitales-privados-piden-al-gobierno-federal-acceso-a-vacuna-contra-Covid-19-20210222-0069.html. 

Moreno, A. (2021, January 23). ¿Por qué no hay vacunas en México? El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/alejandro-moreno/por-que-no-hay-vacunas-en-mexico. 

Murray, C., & Lopez, O. (2020, June 9). Cutbacks in Mexico put centers for indigenous, Afro-Mexican women at risk. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-indigenous-trfn-idUSKBN23G2OT 

Navarro, A., & Averbuch, M. (2021, April 13). Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-13/mexican-health-workers-say-amlo-is-denying-them-covid-vaccines. 

Rapalo, M. (2020, June 13). Mexico COVID-19: Getting the message to Indigenous communities. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/mexico-covid-19-message-indigenous-communities-200613160502400.html 

Ricardo, J., & Vitela, N. (2021, February 14). ‘Inicia vacunación en zonas donde no hay atención de Covid’. REFORMA. https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/preacceso/articulo/default.aspx?urlredirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reforma.com%2Finicia-vacunacion-en-zonas-donde-no-hay-atencion-de-covid%2Far2124993%3Freferer. 

El Universal. (2021, January 16). Diputada desata polémica por opinión sobre vacunación a médicos privados. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/diputada-desata-polemica-por-opinion-sobre-vacunacion-medicos-privados. 

————.  (2021, April 7). AMLO ha desplegado más militares que Peña Nieto y Calderón, advierte Amnistía Internacional. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/amlo-ha-desplegado-mas-militares-que-pena-nieto-y-calderon-advierte-amnistia-internacional. 

Governance and Rule of Law Summer 2021:

Abi-Habib, M., Kitroeff, N., Kanno-Youngs, Z., & Tankersley, J. (2021, March 19). Estados Unidos enviará a México y Canadá millones de dosis de la vacuna AstraZeneca. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/es/2021/03/18/espanol/vacuna-mexico-biden-amlo.html. 

Animal Político. (2021, April 1). AMLO acusa que Artículo 19 pertenece al ‘movimiento conservador’. Animal Político. https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/03/amlo-acusa-articulo-19-financiada-empresas-extrajeras-movimiento-conservador. 

Arista, L. (2020, April 22). En el inicio de la fase más crítica del COVID-19, AMLO se lanza contra la prensa. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/presidencia/2020/04/22/en-el-inicio-de-la-fase-mas-critica-del-covid-19-amlo-se-lanza-contra-la-prensa

Crespo, J. A. (2021, April 26). Suprema Corte: ¿disparo a la sien? El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/jose-antonio-crespo/suprema-corte-disparo-la-sien. 

Dresser, Denise [@DeniseDresserG]. (2021, April 17). Preguntas urgentes para el gobierno:¿Por qué si hay vacunas, han aplicado tan pocas?¿Qué están esperando? ¿El retraso es por incompetencia o imperativos electorales?Mientras más se tarden, más mexicanos seguirán muriendo y pueden surgir variantes más contagiosas/letales. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DeniseDresserG/status/1383469168842842119.

El Economista. (2021, June 9). Kamala Harris regresa a EU tras su visita a México y Guatemala. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/internacionales/Kamala-Harris-regresa-a-Estados-Unidos-tras-su-visita-a-Mexico-y-Guatemala-20210608-0119.html. 

————.(2021, June 28). #AMLOTrackingPoll Aprobación de AMLO, 28 de junio. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/AMLOTrackingPoll-Aprobacion-de-AMLO-28-de-junio-20210628-0010.html.

Expansión Política. (2021, January 23). Gobernadores de oposición buscarán comprar vacunas COVID-19 tras anuncio de AMLO. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/estados/2021/01/22/gobernadores-de-oposicion-buscaran-comprar-vacunas-covid-19-tras-anuncio-de-amlo. 

El Financiero. (2020, December 27). ¿Cuántas y cuáles vacunas contra COVID recibirá México en 2021? Aquí te decimos. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/cuantas-vacunas-contra-covid-recibira-mexico-en-2021-aqui-te-decimos. 

————.(2021, July 20). López-Gatell explica el ‘misterio’ de las casi 20 millones de vacunas COVID guardadas. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/2021/07/20/lopez-gatell-explica-el-misterio-de-las-casi-20-millones-de-vacunas-covid-guardadas/. 

Forbes. (2021, April 30). AMLO plantea desaparición del INE y que Poder Judicial absorba temas electorales. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/amlo-plantea-desaparicion-del-ine-y-que-poder-judicial-absorba-temas-electorales/. 

García, S. (2020, September 8). Bloque de 10 gobernadores rompe con la Conago. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/abandonan-la-conago-los-10-gobernadores-de-alianza-federalista.

Hernández, E. (2021, June 8). Morena pega un jonrón y se queda con 11 gubernaturas. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/morena-jonron-se-queda-al-menos-10-gubernaturas/. 

Hong, J., Chang, R., & Varley, K. (2021). COVID Resilience Ranking. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-resilience-ranking/. 

Infobae. (2020, December 23). Elecciones 2021: todos los cargos en disputa estado por estado. infobae. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/12/23/elecciones-2021-todos-los-cargos-en-disputa-estado-por-estado/. 

————. (2021, June 10). López-Gatell anunció el final de las conferencias sobre COVID-19. infobae. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/06/10/lopez-gatell-anuncio-el-final-de-las-conferencias-sobre-covid-19/. 

La Jornada. (2021, January 25). Gobernadores del PAN podrán comprar vacunas hasta diciembre o en 2022. https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/01/25/politica/gobernadores-del-pan-podran-comprar-vacunas-hasta-diciembre-o-en-2022/. 

López-Gatell Ramirez, Hugo [@HLGatell]. (2021, August 6). Al 05 de agosto, en el país se han vacunado contra #COVID19 49 millones 994 mil 722 personas, que representan el 56 por ciento de la población mayor de 18 años.Twitter. https://twitter.com/HLGatell/status/1423796026368954369

Lugo, L. (2021, May 28). Covid CdMx. Semáforo epidemiológico es electoral: diputados PAN. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/covid-cdmx-semaforo-epidemiologico-electoral-diputados-pan. 

Milenio. (2021, March 3). Pese a covid, 300 escuelas privadas reanudaron clases presenciales. https://www.milenio.com/politica/pese-covid-300-escuelas-privadas-reanudaron-clases-presenciales. 

————. (2021, June 7). Cámara de Diputados. Así quedó tras las elecciones de 2021. https://www.milenio.com/politica/elecciones-2021/camara-de-diputados-asi-quedo-tras-las-elecciones-de-2021. 

Moy, Valeria [@ValeriaMoy]. (2021, March 31). Primera imagen, las vacunas que recibiría el país en estos meses. Nótese marzo. Segunda imagen: las dosis recibidas desde diciembre hasta ayer. Los dichos frente a los hechos. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ValeriaMoy/status/1377324157331980292.

Ojendi, A. (2021, June 18). Se aceleró vacunación previo a elecciones… y ahora hay un ‘bajón’. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/2021/06/17/se-acelero-vacunacion-previo-a-elecciones-y-ahora-hay-un-bajon/. 

Sarabia, D. (2021, June 7). Morena pierde la mitad de la CDMX, se queda con 7 alcaldías. Animal Político. https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/06/alcaldias-cdmx-oposicion-arrebata-eleccion-morena-sheinbaum/. 

Zissis, C. (2021, June 2). Approval Tracker: Mexico’s President AMLO. AS/COA. https://www.as-coa.org/articles/approval-tracker-mexicos-president-amlo. 

Growth and Innovation Summer 2021:

Al Día Dallas. (2021, June 22). Extienden cierre de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México hasta el 21 de julio. Dallas News. https://www.dallasnews.com/espanol/al-dia/estados-unidos/2021/06/20/extienden-cierre-de-la-frontera-entre-estados-unidos-y-mexico-y-no-hay-aun-fecha-especifica-de-reapertura/. 

AFP. (2021, June 24). Tasa de desempleo baja a 4% en mayo; subocupación disminuyó 0.6%. Animal Político. https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/06/desempleo-tasa-mexico-baja-mayo/. 

Animal Político. (2021, May 17). 84% de quienes perdieron su empleo por la pandemia fueron mujeres: Inegi. Animal Político. https://www.animalpolitico.com/2021/05/mujeres-perdieron-empleo-pandemia-2021-inegi/. 

Carbajal, B. (2020, May 14). Microcréditos del IMSS van al fracaso. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/05/14/microcreditos-del-imss-van-al-fracaso-5356.html 

Castañares, G. (2021, July 1). Remesas ‘lo hacen de nuevo’: imponen máximo histórico en mayo. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2021/07/01/remesas-lo-hacen-de-nuevo-imponen-maximo-historico-en-mayo/. 

Cota, I. (2021, February 26). La salida de JP Morgan y otros bancos de México hace saltar las alarmas sobre el clima de negocios. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-26/la-salida-de-jp-morgan-y-otros-bancos-de-mexico-hace-saltar-las-alarmas-sobre-el-clima-de-negocios.html

Expansión Política. (2021, January 8). El gobierno reserva por 5 años los contratos para las vacunas COVID-19. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/01/08/el-gobierno-reserva-por-5-anos-los-contratos-para-las-vacunas-covid-19. 

El Financiero. (2020, December 16). ¡Viene la vacuna mexicana contra COVID! Conacyt anuncia su desarrollo y producción para 2021. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/viene-la-vacuna-mexicana-contra-covid-conacyt-anuncia-su-desarrollo-y-produccion-para-2021. 

Forbes México. (2020, March 23). AMLO ofrece ayuda económica sólo a pobres y pequeñas empresas ante coronavirus. https://www.forbes.com.mx/politica-amlo-ofrece-ayuda-economica-a-pobres-y-pequenas-empresas-por-coronavirus/

Gobierno de México. (2020, June 1). Apoyos financieros a microempresas y trabajadores independientes. https://www.gob.mx/covid19medidaseconomicas/acciones-y-programas/apoyos-financieros-a-microempresas-y-trabajadores-independientes

González Díaz, M. (2021, February 12). Coronavirus en México: cómo el país se convirtió en un oasis para turistas internacionales en medio de la pandemia (hasta para los que tienen que pasar cuarentenas). BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56035746. 

Hernández, E. (2021, January 14). No podemos dejarle todo el peso de la crisis al gobierno de AMLO: José Medina Mora. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/negocios-no-podemos-dejarle-todo-el-peso-de-la-crisis-al-gobierno-de-amlo-jose-medina-mora/.

IMCO [@imcomx]. (2021, April 6). El @FMInoticias espera una recuperación económica más fuerte en 2021. En su reporte Perspectivas de la economía mundial, la organización estima que la economía mundial crezca un 6% en 2021, después de la contracción histórica estimada en (-3.3%) en 2020.Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1379451593813336065

————. (2021, April 22). En el primer trimestre del año, se han agregado a la población ocupada 956,096 personas. Aún así, faltan 1,960,265 personas ocupadas para encontrarnos en los niveles pre-pandemia (marzo 2020): @ValeriaMoy @CarlosLoret #AsíLasCosasconLoret Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1385415652769361920

————. (2021, April 30). La crisis de empleo afectó más a grupos que ya eran vulnerables. 8 de cada 10 personas que perdieron su empleo en abril del 2020 eran informales. Sin embargo, este grupo se ha reintegrado de forma progresiva y representa el 94% del empleo generado desde mayo del 2020.Twitter. https://twitter.com/imcomx/status/1388203488669208579

INEGI INFORMA [@INEGI_INFORMA]. (2021, April 22). La Estimación Oportuna del #PIB con series desestacionalizadas muestra, en su comparación anual, un retroceso en términos reales de 2.9% en el primer trimestre de 2021 y un incremento de 0.4% real frente al trimestre previo. https://bit.ly/3dXxH2x #INEGI #ComunicadoINEGI Twitter. https://twitter.com/INEGI_INFORMA/status/1388086214511796224

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). (2021). Empleo y ocupación. https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/empleo/.

Marcos Méndez , L. E. (2021, February 11). El Banco del Bienestar entra al negocio de las remesas hacia México. Expansión. https://expansion.mx/economia/2021/02/08/banco-del-bienestar-entra-al-negocio-remesas-mexico. 

Maritza Pérez, & Amador, O. (2021, January 5). Covid-19 dejó 647,000 bajas en el empleo formal en 2020. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Covid-19-dejo-647000-bajas-en-el-empleo-formal-en-2020-20210103-0064.html. 

Morales, Y. (2020, November 26). Banxico prevé una contracción de 8.9% para el PIB de México en 2020. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Banxico-tiene-como-escenario-central-que-el-PIB-se-contraiga-8.9-en-2020-20201125-0059.html. 

Moy, Valeria [@ValeriaMoy]. (2021, April 22). La inflación de la 1ra quincena de abril fue 6.05% anual. Es un efecto relacionado con la base de comparación,  pero eso no quita que las familias sientan ya el incremento en los precios de su canasta de consumo. En particular los energéticos subieron 28.22% anual. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ValeriaMoy/status/1385221628427046914.

————. (2021, June 29). Inflación y tasas: las sorpresas de la semana. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/valeria-moy/inflacion-y-tasas-las-sorpresas-de-la-semana. 

Reuters Staff, & Reuters. (2020, December 24). México recupera 9.9 millones de empleos perdidos en la pandemia. Expansión. https://expansion.mx/economia/2020/12/24/mexico-recupera-9-9-millones-de-empleos-perdidos-en-la-pandemia. 

Revilla, E. (2020, March 27). Apoyos y estímulos fiscales otorgados en respuesta al COVID-19. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/mx/Documents/tax/flashes-2020/Apoyos-estimulos-fiscales-otorgados-por-Estados-COVID19.pdf

————. (2021, June 24). Tasa de desocupación retrocede a 4.1%, su nivel más bajo desde inicio de crisis por COVID. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2021/06/24/tasa-de-desocupacion-retrocede-a-41-su-nivel-mas-bajo-desde-inicio-de-crisis-por-covid/. 

Téllez, C. (2021, June 29). Reabre 86% de las empresas que cerraron durante la pandemia. El Financiero. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2021/06/29/reabre-86-de-las-empresas-cerradas-durante-la-pandemia/. 

Villanueva, D. (2020, July 7). Consumo e inversión sufren desplomes sin precedente: Inegi. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/economia/2020/07/07/consumo-e-inversion-sufren-desplomes-sin-precedente-inegi-7564.html 

Social and Cultural Inclusion Summer 2021:

Abi-habib, M., & Kitroeff, N. (2021, March 2). Rape Allegations Divide Mexico’s Governing Party. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/world/americas/felix-salgado-macedonio-basilia-castaeda.html. 

Alcántara, M. (2020, July 17). Violencia doméstica contra la mujer aumenta 60% en México durante la pandemia. Forbes México. https://www.forbes.com.mx/women-violencia-mujer-hogar-aumenta-60-pandemia/

Arista, L. (2021, February 16). Atletas, presos y diputados piden estar entre los primeros en ser vacunados. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/02/16/atletas-presos-y-diputados-piden-estar-entre-los-primeros-en-ser-vacunados. 

Baranda, A. (2020, October 6). Extinción de fideicomisos, abuso sin precedentes.- ONG. El Norte. https://www.elnorte.com/extincion-de-fideicomisos-abuso-sin-precedentes-ong/gr/ar2044420?md5=d24a146c72d1fbab126e285471ba3128

Cota, I. (2021, February 6). Los mexicanos más ricos se están vacunando en Estados Unidos. EL País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-06/los-mexicanos-mas-ricos-se-estan-vacunando-en-estados-unidos.html. 

El Financiero. (2021, February 2). Paso a paso: te enseñamos a registrar a un adulto mayor para que sea vacunado contra COVID. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/salud/paso-a-paso-te-ensenamos-a-registrar-a-un-adulto-mayor-para-que-sea-vacunado-contra-covid.

García, A. K. (2020, September 11). ¿Por qué está tomada la CNDH por colectivos feministas y familiares de víctimas de violencia? El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Por-que-esta-tomada-la-CNDH-por-colectivos-feministas-y-familiares-de-victimas-de-violencia-20200911-0039.htm

Gobierno de México. (2020). Aprende en casa.  https://aprendeencasa.sep.gob.mx 

Ibarra, M. (2021, January 28). “¿Le interesa la vacuna COVID?”: el ofrecimiento del gobierno a adultos mayores. ADNPolítico. https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2021/01/28/le-interesa-la-vacuna-covid-el-ofrecimiento-del-gobierno-a-adultos-mayores. 

Lastiri, D. (2020, July 28). Amparos. Van 777 sentencias en temas relacionados con COVID-19. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/epidemia-de-amparos-por-falta-de-apoyos-del-gobierno-ante-covid 

Latinus_us. (2021, February 24). Desorden, desinformación y largas filas en campaña de vacunación contra Covid en Ecatepec [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEVqJjL8Vms

Matz, M. (2020, June 30). Mexican feminists and workers’ rights defenders faced wave of arrests in June . Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/30/mexican-feminists-and-workers-rights-defenders-faced-wave-of-arrests-in-june/ 

Miranda, F. (2020, September 18). México, primer lugar en muertes de médicos por covid-19: informe. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/coronavirus-mexico-muertes-medicos-the-lancet. 

Monroy, J. (2021, February 23). Médicos de hospitales privados piden al gobierno federal acceso a vacuna contra Covid-19. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Medicos-de-hospitales-privados-piden-al-gobierno-federal-acceso-a-vacuna-contra-Covid-19-20210222-0069.html. 

Moreno, A. (2021, January 23). ¿Por qué no hay vacunas en México? El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/alejandro-moreno/por-que-no-hay-vacunas-en-mexico. 

Murray, C., & Lopez, O. (2020, June 9). Cutbacks in Mexico put centers for indigenous, Afro-Mexican women at risk. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-indigenous-trfn-idUSKBN23G2OT 

https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/04/16/paso-a-paso-como-denunciar-por-whatsapp-si-sufres-violencia-domestica-en-la-cuarentena/

Navarro, A., & Averbuch, M. (2021, April 13). Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-13/mexican-health-workers-say-amlo-is-denying-them-covid-vaccines. 

Rapalo, M. (2020, June 13). Mexico COVID-19: Getting the message to Indigenous communities. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/mexico-covid-19-message-indigenous-communities-200613160502400.html 

Ricardo, J., & Vitela, N. (2021, February 14). ‘Inicia vacunación en zonas donde no hay atención de Covid’. REFORMA. https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/preacceso/articulo/default.aspx?urlredirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reforma.com%2Finicia-vacunacion-en-zonas-donde-no-hay-atencion-de-covid%2Far2124993%3Freferer. 

El Universal. (2021, January 16). Diputada desata polémica por opinión sobre vacunación a médicos privados. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/diputada-desata-polemica-por-opinion-sobre-vacunacion-medicos-privados. 

————.  (2021, April 7). AMLO ha desplegado más militares que Peña Nieto y Calderón, advierte Amnistía Internacional. El Universal. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/amlo-ha-desplegado-mas-militares-que-pena-nieto-y-calderon-advierte-amnistia-internacional. 

Governance and Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Alonso, E. (2021, October 6). México envía 150 mil vacunas AstraZeneca contra el Covid a Paraguay. La Jornada. https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/10/06/politica/mexico-envia-150-mil-vacunas-astrazeneca-contra-el-covid-a-paraguay/. 

————. (2021, September 15). Mexico finishes 3-month push to vaccinate border residents. Chicago Sun Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/9/15/22675528/mexico-covid-vaccinate-border-residents-coronavirus-vaccinations-push.  

De Haldevang, M. (2021, August 11). Mexico Considers Using $12 Billion IMF Windfall to Pay Debt. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-11/mexico-considers-using-12-billion-imf-windfall-to-pay-back-debt. 

El Financiero TV [@ElFinancieroTv]. (2021, August 11). En la ‘mañanera’, [Tweet] Twitter. https://twitter.com/ElFinancieroTv/status/1425474371771002885. 

————. (2021, November 09). México tiene las peores cifras de mortandad derivadas de la pandemia: OCDE. El Sol de Mexico. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/mexico/sociedad/mexico-tiene-las-peores-cifras-de-mortandad-derivadas-de-la-pandemia-ocde-7454806.html. 

Maldonado, C. (2021, September 9). El Gobierno promete más de 2.000 millones de pesos en ayudas directas a los damnificados por el huracán ‘Grace’. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-09-09/el-gobierno-destinara-mas-de-2000-millones-de-pesos-en-ayudas-directas-a-los-damnificados-por-el-huracan-grace.html.

————. (2021, October 29). COVID roundup: All adults have been offered at least one shot, health minister says. Mexico News Daily. https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/coronavirus/covid-roundup-all-adults-have-been-offered-at-least-one-shot-health-minister-says/. 

————. (2021, September 22). Government will offer COVID vaccines to children with certain health conditions. Mexico News Daily. https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/coronavirus/government-will-offer-covid-vaccines-to-children-with-certain-health-conditions/. 

————. (2021, September 15). Mexico to send COVID-19 vaccines to Nicaragua. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-send-covid-19-vaccines-nicaragua-2021-09-14/. 

Santos Cid, A. (2021, December 14). La tendencia de contagios por coronavirus aumenta en el norte de México. El Pais. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-12-14/la-tendencia-de-contagios-por-coronavirus-aumenta-en-el-norte-de-mexico.html. 

Súarez, K. (2021, September 15). El Gobierno de López Obrador hace la mayor compra de reservas internacionales al Banco de México en 13 años: 7.021 millones. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/economia/2021-09-15/el-gobierno-de-lopez-obrador-hace-la-mayor-compra-de-reservas-internacionales-al-banco-de-mexico-en-13-anos.html. 

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Barrera, A. (2021, October 1). Mexico launches reform to put state in charge of power market. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-president-says-electricity-reform-has-been-sent-congress-2021-10-01/. 

Brelsford, R. (2020, October 19). Mexico’s grassroots Dos Bocas refinery nears 25% completion. Oil&Gas Journal. https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/refining/construction/article/14185681/mexicos-grassroots-dos-bocas-refinery-nears-25-completion. 

————. (2021, November 09). Inflación en México se acelera más de lo esperado en octubre, en 6.24%. Reuters. https://www.forbes.com.mx/economia-inflacion-en-mexico-se-acelera-mas-de-lo-esperado-en-octubre-en-6-24/. 

Harrup, A. (2021, October 27). Mexico Registers $2.4 Billion September Trade Deficit. MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/mexico-registers-2-4-billion-september-trade-deficit-271635334415. 

Heath, J. [@JonathanHeath54]. (2021, October 25). Este si que es mala noticia. Disminuye la actividad económica en agosto 1.6%… [Tweet] Twitter. https://twitter.com/JonathanHeath54/status/1452645744897245184.

Levine-Weinberg, A. (2021, October 27). Volaris’ Momentum Continued Last Quarter. Nasdaq News. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/volaris-momentum-continued-last-quarter-2021-10-27. 

Lopez Obrador, A. [@lopezobrador] (2021, October 1). P.D. Y una más: hay nuevo récord histórico… [Tweet] Twitter. https://twitter.com/lopezobrador_/status/1444041409879703552. 

Lopez Obrador, A. [@lopezobrador] (2021, October 1). Les comparto la siguiente información… 

[Tweet] Twitter. https://twitter.com/lopezobrador_/status/1444041405240729603. 

Luis Ramos, J. (2021, December 16). El turismo retrocede 25% por pandemia. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/finanzas/el-turismo-retrocede-25-por-pandemia-7616454.html. 

Martin Cullell, J. (2021, November 25). La economía mexicana se contrae un 0,4% en el tercer trimestre, la primera caída desde la reapertura. El Pais. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-11-25/la-economia-mexicana-se-contrae-un-04-en-el-tercer-trimestre-la-primera-caida-desde-la-reapertura.html. 

Rodríguez, D. (2021, November 05). Estados Unidos reabre la frontera con México: estas son las condiciones para poder entrar. El País. https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-11-05/estados-unidos-reabre-la-frontera-con-mexico-estas-son-las-condiciones-para-poder-entrar.html. 

Stillman, A., Maya Averbuch, and Max De Haldevang. (2021, October 1). AMLO Seeks More Market for Mexico’s Utility with New Reform. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-01/mexico-s-amlo-seeks-constitutional-change-to-electricity-laws. 

————. (2021, October 1). Gobierno mexicano fortalece el sector energético público. teleSURtv. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/gobierno-mexicano-fortalece-sector-energetico-publico-20211001-0013.html. 
————. (2021, November 09). Presidente mexicano lanza plan global contra la pobreza ante la ONU. Voz de América. https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/amlo-nueva-york-participar-foro-de-la-onu-consejo-de-seguridad/6305790.html.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Adams, D. (2021, October 7). Miles de haitianos se encuentran atrapados en un limbo legal en México. Univision Noticias. https://www.univision.com/noticias/inmigracion/miles-de-haitianos-se-encuentran-en-limbo-legal-en-mexico. 

————. (2021, September 20). México: Deficientes investigaciones de feminicidios en el Estado de México violan los derechos de las mujeres a la vida, integridad personal y al acceso a la justicia. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/news/2021/09/mexico-deficientes-investigaciones-de-feminicidios-en-el-estado-de-mexico-violan-los-derechos-de-las-mujeres-a-la-vida-integridad-personal-y-al-acceso-a-la-justicia/. 

————.  (2021, September 7). Aborto en México: la Suprema Corte despenaliza la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en un fallo histórico para el país. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58482259. 

Herrera, K. (2021, October 21). Chiapas, el estado con más rezago en vacunación covid; indígenas no creen en el virus. Televisa.news. https://noticieros.televisa.com/ultimas-noticias/chiapas-estado-rezago-vacunacion-covid-indigenas-no-creen-virus/. 

————. (2021, October 13). 3.1 millones de niñas y niños podrían abandonar la escuela debido a la COVID-19. United Nations Mexico. https://www.onu.org.mx/3-1-millones-de-ninas-y-ninos-podrian-abandonar-la-escuela-debido-a-la-covid-19/. 

Stevenson, M. (2021, September 28). México: Entre homicidios y COVID, yaquis reciben promesas. The San Diego Union-Tribune En Español. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2021-09-28/mexico-entre-homicidios-y-covid-yaquis-reciben-promesas. 

Vivanco, J. (2021, October 6). How “voluntary” are Mexico’s ‘humanitarian return flights’?. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/06/how-voluntary-are-mexicos-humanitarian-return-flights.