Venezuela

FALL 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

The National Assembly of Venezuela.

“IMG_1162” by Potjeh is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
As the elections on November 21 approach, many Venezuelans and other nations wonder about the fate of the government given the past turmoil. While the participation in the elections has been high, COVID is predicted to make this process more difficult. Also, with increasing pressure on the government, Venezuela has been working to reform relations with Colombia and other Latin American and European countries.
  • The government has procured single- dose jabs of Johnson & Johnson and Sputnik Light in order to accelerate the vaccination rate. However, resources used for this procurement have been highly questioned by the opposition.
  • The vaccination process lags behind regional neighbors, with the Venezuelan government denouncing that US-led sanctions have hindered the nation’s response to the pandemic.
  • Due to constant blackouts, Venezuela has seen a loss of medical personnel and decay of local clinics, which hurts its vaccination campaign. 
  • Given the gaps in Venezuela’s health infrastructure, reaching remote corners of the economically devastated country will prove difficult. This could leave isolated areas in Venezuela  that undermine the global mitigation effort and could boost the risk for the creation of new variants. 
  • Cold storage facilities for vaccines are operational in Caracas, but regional distribution centers in state capitals have seen extensive decay of refrigeration units.
  • In that regard, Venezuela has received 50 freezer containers, out of 100 pledged by UNICEF, to support the country’s efforts to plan the introduction and deployment of vaccines.
  • Venezuela has received 1.4 million vaccines, between Sputnik V and China’s Sinopharm donations, reported Health Minister Carlos Alvarado. Health workers, teachers, security forces, people with high-risk diseases and the elderly have been prioritized.
  • There is a concern about the unequal distribution of the vaccines. The announcement that this first batch of Russian Sputnik-V vaccines would also be used to immunize the deputies of the National Assembly sparked a new controversy in the country. 
  • There is concern among the medical and scientific community because the strategy to be used by government authorities to undertake the complex mass vaccination campaign is still unknown.
  • The government continues to implement the flexibilization method 7+7 plus. It aims to reduce the spread of COVID-19 within the communities, improve treatments, and lower death rates. The initiative represents an equilibrium between economic and social activity and COVID-19 prevention, and has provided good results in the past.
  • The collapse of public services such as electricity, gas, and water has sharpened the humanitarian crisis during COVID-19 and now presents more challenges for the vaccination plan.  
  • The already collapsed health system faces an additional challenge of limited resources due to the impact the economic sanctions have on health services and lack of humanitarian aid.
  • The Venezuelan government and opposition leader Juan Guaidó signed an agreement to coordinate efforts to obtain international funding to strengthen Venezuela’s response to the pandemic. 
  • The international community is concerned about the Venezuelan Government’s lack of transparency regarding the actual numbers of cases and deaths from the pandemic.
  • The border with Brazil is presenting a challenge in terms of the trafficking of humanitarian aid in the black market in Venezuela and the contagiousness of new variants of the virus.

See Select Resources for Governance and the Rule of Law


Growth and Innovation

Caracas, the Venezuelan capital.

“Vista de Caracas” by Cristóbal Alvarado Minic is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
As Venezuela continues to deal with the effects of an economic crisis exacerbated by COVID-19, the country is working to regain control in the petroleum sector while diversifying their economy. Extreme poverty continues to be a pressing issue as there has not been much growth in many key sectors.
  • The impact of Venezuela’s hyperinflationary economic crisis is evident in the country’s vaccination rates.
  • Venezuela has made enormous efforts to acquire the vaccines in view of the difficulties that have arisen due to the retention of its assets in international entities.
  • The government has launched the Centro de Inversion Productiva. an initiative that aims for economic growth through a plan that looks up for national and international investment to boost and develop their economy.
  • Due to food security concerns, the Venezuelan government has implemented four strategies to strengthen the productive sector and limit food imports through the program Vivienda Productiva.
  • The Venezuelan population that received remittances has been severely impacted by the economic constraints of COVID-19, challenging the consumption capacity of the dependent families.
  • With six consecutive years of gross domestic product (GDP) contraction and recent oil prices hitting their lowest point, Venezuela is in urgent need of funds. The government has turned to China for financial assistance.
  • Due to economic blockades, Venezuela has had difficulty accessing medical supplies, food, gasoline, and other necessities. Rusia, Iran, China, Turkey and Cuba have provided humanitarian aid to overcome the crisis.
  • COVID-19 recovery poses an opportunity for the restructuring of the state-owned oil company PDVSA, focusing on heavy investment from the state or the private sector.
  • A shipment from Iran has brought equipment and technical experts from the Iranian petroleum industry to address the major problems experienced by Venezuelan oil facilities, deepening the relationship with Iran. 
  • The Productive Workers’ Army (EPO) is a grassroots movement composed of Venezuelan workers who have volunteered to rescue various companies that have been paralyzed because of the economic situation. This organization presents an opportunity to develop other productive sectors.
  • Due to years of underinvestment and lack of maintenance, the state oil company has not been able to keep up with the national demand of gasoline. Gasoline shortages have deeply affected the agricultural and productive sectors as they can not distribute their produce.

See Select Resources for Growth and Innovation


Social and Cultural Inclusion

The Museo de Bellas Artes.

“Pateo Bellas Artes” by gpoppino is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
The continued emigration of the Venezuelan population to other countries such as Colombia has resulted in a multitude of human rights violations, especially amongst minority populations in Venezuela.
  • On the international women’s day in Venezuela feminists organizations call for greater government response to the increased cases of women’ violence during the pandemi. this presents a challenge to the government to implement more strict laws in favor of women rights. 
  • NGOs and civil society organizations concerned about the passage of a law that would significantly restrict the access to foreign funding. This would present a challenge for the NGOs that are providing  humanitarian support to vulnerable populations during the pandemic. 
  • Alongside the graduation of around 3400 new Doctors from the Hugo Chávez Venezuelan University of Health Sciences, the Venezuelan government announced a national plan for medical education and asked for joint forces between communication companies and the state to strengthen the connectivity and online learning. 
  • Cultivando la Esperanza en Casa is an initiative created by different civil society organizations, the Catholic church, and the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello to promote well-being and provide practical advice about the pandemic through social media and radio. 
  • Venezuela’s National System of Youth and Children’s Orchestras and Choirs, El Sistema, is an entity that uses music education as a mechanism for a social transformation. Launched during the pandemic,  Salas Virtuales  on YouTube, provides Venezuelans the opportunity to attend classical music concerts.
  • The non-governmental organization, Code for Venezuela, has created a platform that delivers helpful information about COVID-19, providing vulnerable Venezuelans a tool for early diagnosis. 
  • Migrants returning to Venezuela due to COVID-19 lockdowns have forced the authorities to establish controls in the border regions, increasing concerns of unsafe quarantine conditions.
  • The lack of bilateral cooperation between Colombia and Venezuela has caused increases in the infection rate along the border and a lack of humanitarian migration options.
  • Overcrowded prisons present a challenge for the government due to the lack of effective health care in the country. However, in some areas, such as in the municipality of Guacara, the police are providing health assistance to prisoners. 
  • The government has implemented different grants (bonos de protection social) to address the economic needs of vulnerable populations. 
  • The Plan de Alimentación Indígena is an initiative that provides free food to the indigenous community that had been intensely affected by the virus. 
  • Due to a lack of access to the internet and computers for virtual learning, the government has created the initiative Cada Familia una Escuela that aims to guarantee access to education through television and radio programs during the health crisis.
  • Teachers and international organizations have created four educational initiatives that aim to tackle education deficiencies through innovative methodologies for virtual learning. 
  • Acts of violence against women during the pandemic have taken more lives than COVID-19. 
  • To support Venezuelans who have moved abroad and wish to return home, the government created the initiative Returning to the Homeland, presenting an opportunity for stabilization and recovery of the Venezuelan economy.
  • Under the “Plan Vuelta a la Patria,” the government is expecting the return of more Venezuelans that are in vulnerable conditions in neighboring countries.
  • Civil Society Associations are calling out the lack of access to COVID-19 information  and public services for  Indigenous communities which has led to an increase of infectious rate in those communities. 
  • The government has granted many inmates supervised parole to help reduce overcrowding in the country’s prisons and to avoid a possible increase in infection rates.

See Select Resources for Social and Cultural Inclusion


SPRING 2021

Governance and the Rule of Law

The impact of the sanctions on Venezuela has affected governance. Moreover, the escalating political crisis has created a power struggle between the government and the opposition. However, the government is open to work on an agenda that will begin a dialogue requested by politician Juan Guaidó. Additionally, the government aims to inoculate 70 percent of the population by June with a mass vaccination campaign. Thus, access to blocked funds presents a challenge to the government to buy more vaccines through COVAX in the middle of increasingly high infection rates.
  • The government has procured single- dose jabs of Johnson & Johnson and Sputnik Light in order to accelerate the vaccination rate. However, resources used for this procurement have been highly questioned by the opposition.
  • The vaccination process lags behind regional neighbors, with the Venezuelan government denouncing that US-led sanctions have hindered the nation’s response to the pandemic.
  • Due to constant blackouts, Venezuela has seen a loss of medical personnel and decay of local clinics, which hurts its vaccination campaign. 
  • Given the gaps in Venezuela’s health infrastructure, reaching remote corners of the economically devastated country will prove difficult. This could leave isolated areas in Venezuela  that undermine the global mitigation effort and could boost the risk for the creation of new variants. 
  • Cold storage facilities for vaccines are operational in Caracas, but regional distribution centers in state capitals have seen extensive decay of refrigeration units.
  • In that regard, Venezuela has received 50 freezer containers, out of 100 pledged by UNICEF, to support the country’s efforts to plan the introduction and deployment of vaccines.
  • Venezuela has received 1.4 million vaccines, between Sputnik V and China’s Sinopharm donations, reported Health Minister Carlos Alvarado. Health workers, teachers, security forces, people with high-risk diseases and the elderly have been prioritized.
  • There is a concern about the unequal distribution of the vaccines. The announcement that this first batch of Russian Sputnik-V vaccines would also be used to immunize the deputies of the National Assembly sparked a new controversy in the country. 
  • There is concern among the medical and scientific community because the strategy to be used by government authorities to undertake the complex mass vaccination campaign is still unknown.
  • The government continues to implement the flexibilization method 7+7 plus. It aims to reduce the spread of COVID-19 within the communities, improve treatments, and lower death rates. The initiative represents an equilibrium between economic and social activity and COVID-19 prevention, and has provided good results in the past.
  • The collapse of public services such as electricity, gas, and water has sharpened the humanitarian crisis during COVID-19 and now presents more challenges for the vaccination plan.  
  • The already collapsed health system faces an additional challenge of limited resources due to the impact the economic sanctions have on health services and lack of humanitarian aid.
  • The Venezuelan government and opposition leader Juan Guaidó signed an agreement to coordinate efforts to obtain international funding to strengthen Venezuela’s response to the pandemic. 
  • The international community is concerned about the Venezuelan Government’s lack of transparency regarding the actual numbers of cases and deaths from the pandemic.
  • The border with Brazil is presenting a challenge in terms of the trafficking of humanitarian aid in the black market in Venezuela and the contagiousness of new variants of the virus.

Growth and Innovation

COVID-19 and the vaccination campaign have represented an economic challenge for Venezuela. The drop in remittances, fall in oil prices, international sanctions that have limited the procurement of vaccines, hyperinflation, lack of external financing, and inexistant internal capital markets have left the country short in funds needed to address the economic and health impact of the pandemic.
  • The impact of Venezuela’s hyperinflationary economic crisis is evident in the country’s vaccination rates.
  • Venezuela has made enormous efforts to acquire the vaccines in view of the difficulties that have arisen due to the retention of its assets in international entities.
  • The government has launched the Centro de Inversion Productiva. an initiative that aims for economic growth through a plan that looks up for national and international investment to boost and develop their economy.
  • Due to food security concerns, the Venezuelan government has implemented four strategies to strengthen the productive sector and limit food imports through the program Vivienda Productiva.
  • The Venezuelan population that received remittances has been severely impacted by the economic constraints of COVID-19, challenging the consumption capacity of the dependent families.
  • With six consecutive years of gross domestic product (GDP) contraction and recent oil prices hitting their lowest point, Venezuela is in urgent need of funds. The government has turned to China for financial assistance.
  • Due to economic blockades, Venezuela has had difficulty accessing medical supplies, food, gasoline, and other necessities. Rusia, Iran, China, Turkey and Cuba have provided humanitarian aid to overcome the crisis.
  • COVID-19 recovery poses an opportunity for the restructuring of the state-owned oil company PDVSA, focusing on heavy investment from the state or the private sector.
  • A shipment from Iran has brought equipment and technical experts from the Iranian petroleum industry to address the major problems experienced by Venezuelan oil facilities, deepening the relationship with Iran. 
  • The Productive Workers’ Army (EPO) is a grassroots movement composed of Venezuelan workers who have volunteered to rescue various companies that have been paralyzed because of the economic situation. This organization presents an opportunity to develop other productive sectors.
  • Due to years of underinvestment and lack of maintenance, the state oil company has not been able to keep up with the national demand of gasoline. Gasoline shortages have deeply affected the agricultural and productive sectors as they can not distribute their produce.

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Venezuela’s deteriorated health system and collapsed economy is challenging the country’s vaccination campaign. With 64.8% of the population living in poverty, the government is dealing with a population experiencing considerable losses of income and jobs, stressed health services, poor sanitation, and scarce public services. This has left the government facing an aggravated humanitarian crisis that challenges the vaccination rollout.
  • On the international women’s day in Venezuela feminists organizations call for greater government response to the increased cases of women’ violence during the pandemi. this presents a challenge to the government to implement more strict laws in favor of women rights. 
  • NGOs and civil society organizations concerned about the passage of a law that would significantly restrict the access to foreign funding. This would present a challenge for the NGOs that are providing  humanitarian support to vulnerable populations during the pandemic. 
  • Alongside the graduation of around 3400 new Doctors from the Hugo Chávez Venezuelan University of Health Sciences, the Venezuelan government announced a national plan for medical education and asked for joint forces between communication companies and the state to strengthen the connectivity and online learning. 
  • Cultivando la Esperanza en Casa is an initiative created by different civil society organizations, the Catholic church, and the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello to promote well-being and provide practical advice about the pandemic through social media and radio. 
  • Venezuela’s National System of Youth and Children’s Orchestras and Choirs, El Sistema, is an entity that uses music education as a mechanism for a social transformation. Launched during the pandemic,  Salas Virtuales  on YouTube, provides Venezuelans the opportunity to attend classical music concerts.
  • The non-governmental organization, Code for Venezuela, has created a platform that delivers helpful information about COVID-19, providing vulnerable Venezuelans a tool for early diagnosis. 
  • Migrants returning to Venezuela due to COVID-19 lockdowns have forced the authorities to establish controls in the border regions, increasing concerns of unsafe quarantine conditions.
  • The lack of bilateral cooperation between Colombia and Venezuela has caused increases in the infection rate along the border and a lack of humanitarian migration options.
  • Overcrowded prisons present a challenge for the government due to the lack of effective health care in the country. However, in some areas, such as in the municipality of Guacara, the police are providing health assistance to prisoners. 
  • The government has implemented different grants (bonos de protection social) to address the economic needs of vulnerable populations. 
  • The Plan de Alimentación Indígena is an initiative that provides free food to the indigenous community that had been intensely affected by the virus. 
  • Due to a lack of access to the internet and computers for virtual learning, the government has created the initiative Cada Familia una Escuela that aims to guarantee access to education through television and radio programs during the health crisis.
  • Teachers and international organizations have created four educational initiatives that aim to tackle education deficiencies through innovative methodologies for virtual learning. 
  • Acts of violence against women during the pandemic have taken more lives than COVID-19. 
  • To support Venezuelans who have moved abroad and wish to return home, the government created the initiative Returning to the Homeland, presenting an opportunity for stabilization and recovery of the Venezuelan economy.
  • Under the “Plan Vuelta a la Patria,” the government is expecting the return of more Venezuelans that are in vulnerable conditions in neighboring countries.
  • Civil Society Associations are calling out the lack of access to COVID-19 information  and public services for  Indigenous communities which has led to an increase of infectious rate in those communities. 
  • The government has granted many inmates supervised parole to help reduce overcrowding in the country’s prisons and to avoid a possible increase in infection rates.

FALL 2020

Governance and the Rule of Law

Venezuela faces COVID-19 in the midst of escalating political tensions between the government and a disjointed opposition and accusations from the United States of narco-terrorism. In this politically tense atmosphere, the most needed dialogue between the government and its opposition regarding the health and economic crisis facing the nation has been absent.
  • The collapse of public services such as electricity, gas, and water has sharpened the humanitarian crisis during COVID-19 and presents an opportunity to rebuild a strong public service infrastructure.
  • An already collapsed health system presents a severe challenge due to limited resources and lack of humanitarian aid.
  • The Venezuelan government and opposition leader Juan Guaidó signed an agreement to coordinate efforts to obtain international funding to strengthen Venezuela’s response to the pandemic. 
  • According to a poll made by Datanálisis, Venezuelans are disappointed that the opposition’s promises of a transitional government and transparent and free elections have not been met, presenting an opportunity for the deepening of the current regime’s political power. 
  • The government has mandated the use of protective equipment to stop the virus from spreading. However, the lack of access to this equipment makes lowering the inflection rate challenging.
  • The government has increased border controls along the Colombian border as it considers returning immigrants that it believes are responsible for the rise in cases. 
  • The Venezuelan government is broadcasting daily conferences through television and radio with updated information about the pandemic.This allows for official information to reach more of the population, preventing the spread of misinformation.
  • The international community is concerned about the Venezuelan Government’s lack of transparency regarding the actual numbers of cases and deaths from the pandemic.
  • The border with Brazil is presenting a challenge in terms of the trafficking of humanitarian aid in the black market in Venezuela.
  • The government has granted many inmates supervised parole to help reduce overcrowding in the country’s prisons and to avoid a possible increase in infection rates.

Growth and Innovation

COVID-19 has represented an economic challenge for Venezuela. The drop in remittances, fall in oil prices, international sanctions, hyperinflation, lack of external financing, and inexistant internal capital markets have left the country short in funds needed to address the economic and health impact of the pandemic.
  • Due to food security concerns, the Venezuelan government has implemented four strategies to strengthen the productive sector and limit food imports through the program Vivienda Productiva.
  • The Venezuelan population that received remittances has been severely impacted by the economic constraints of COVID-19, challenging the consumption capacity of the dependent families.
  • With six consecutive years of gross domestic product (GDP) contraction and recent oil prices hitting their lowest point, Venezuela is in urgent need of funds. The government has turned to China for financial assistance.
  • Due to economic blockades, Venezuela has had difficulty accessing medical supplies, food, gasoline, and other necessities. Rusia, Iran, China, Turkey and Cuba have provided humanitarian aid to overcome the crisis.
  • COVID-19 recovery poses an opportunity for the restructuring of the state-owned oil company PDVSA, focusing on heavy investment from the state or the private sector.
  • A shipment from Iran has brought equipment and technical experts from the Iranian petroleum industry to address the major problems experienced by Venezuelan oil facilities, deepening the relationship with Iran. 
  • The Productive Workers’ Army (EPO) is a grassroots movement composed of Venezuelan workers who have volunteered to rescue various companies that have been paralyzed because of the economic situation. This organization presents an opportunity to develop other productive sectors.
  • Due to years of underinvestment and lack of maintenance, the state oil company has not been able to keep up with the national demand of gasoline. Gasoline shortages have deeply affected the agricultural and productive sectors as they can not distribute their produce. 

Social and Cultural Inclusion

Venezuela entered the COVID-19 crisis with 64.8% of the population living in poverty. Since the pandemic began, the government has dealt with its population experiencing considerable losses of income and jobs due to the lockdowns, the return of Venezuelans from neighboring countries, and stressed health services and poor sanitation. This has left the government facing an aggravated humanitarian crisis.
  • The non-governmental organization, Code for Venezuela, has created a platform that delivers helpful information about COVID-19, providing vulnerable Venezuelans a tool for early diagnosis. 
  • Migrants returning to Venezuela due to COVID-19 lockdowns have forced the authorities to establish controls in the border regions, increasing concerns of unsafe quarantine conditions.
  • The lack of bilateral cooperation between Colombia and Venezuela has caused increases in the infection rate along the border and a lack of humanitarian migration options.
  • Overcrowded prisons present a challenge for the government due to the lack of effective health care in the country. However, in some areas, such as in the municipality of Guacara, the police are providing health assistance to prisoners. 
  • The government has implemented different grants (bonos de protection social) to address the economic needs of vulnerable populations. 
  • The Plan de Alimentación Indígena is an initiative that provides free food to the indigenous community that had been intensely affected by the virus. 
  • Due to a lack of access to the internet and computers for virtual learning, the government has created the initiative Cada Familia una Escuela that aims to guarantee access to education through television and radio programs during the health crisis.
  • Teachers and international organizations have created four educational initiatives that aim to tackle education deficiencies through innovative methodologies for virtual learning. 
  • Acts of violence against women during the pandemic have taken more lives than COVID-19. 
  • To support Venezuelans who have moved abroad and wish to return home, the government created the initiative Returning to the Homeland, presenting an opportunity for stabilization and recovery of the Venezuelan economy.
  • Civil Society Associations are calling out the lack of access to COVID-19 information  and public services for  Indigenous communities which has led to an increase of infectious rate in those communities.

Select resources for Venezuela:

Governance and the Rule of Law Fall 2021:

Center for Strategic and International Studies. (2020, June 22). Can Sanctions on Venezuela Be Improved?. https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-sanctions-venezuela-be-improved?utm_source=CSIS+All&utm_campaign=d976a1e22c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_07_06_51_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f326fc46b6-d976a1e22c-222504577.

Gibelli-Sputnik, M. (2020,July 30). Fear and Joy as Venezuelan Inmates Are Released amid the Pandemic. Venezuela Analysis. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14956.

Hernandez, O. (2021, January 26). ¿Cómo el plan de vacunación en Venezuela beneficia a los partidarios de Maduro?. CCN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/coronavirus-vacunas-venezuela-nicolas-madura-pkg-cafe-osmary-hernandez-orix/.

Ministerio del Poder Popular del Despacho de la Presidencia y Seguimiento de la Gestión del Gobierno. (2020, October, 9). El Gobierno Bolivariano crea El Centro de Inversión Productiva de Venezuela. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=16700.

Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. (2020, June 18). Gobierno venezolano ampliará cordón sanitario en frontera con Colombia y Brasil ante aumento de casos de COVID-19. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuelahttp://mppre.gob.ve/2020/06/18/ampliacion-cordon-sanitario-frontera-colombia-brasil-aumento-covid19/.

Quédate a Ver. (2020, November 1). Presidente Maduro: Puedo decirlo al mundo, Fórmula venezolana 7+7 Plus ha resultado ser un método confiable y efectivo contra el coronavirus. VTV canal. https://www.vtv.gob.ve/presidente-maduro-formula-venezolana-77-metodo-confiable-efectivo-coronavirus/.

Singer, F. (2021, February 15). 100.000 vacunas sin plan de inmunización: el incierto camino de Venezuela para gestionar las dosis. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2021-02-16/100000-vacunas-sin-plan-de-inmunizacion-el-incierto-camino-de-venezuela-para-gestionar-las-dosis.html.

Vaz, R. and Koerner, L. (2020, June 18). Venezuelan Oil Output Continues Decline as Refinery Resumes Operations. Venezuela Analysis. https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14912.

Venezuelan Investigative Unit. (2020, August 4). Brazil Humanitarian Law Feeds Active Black Market in Venezuela. Insight Crime. https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/brazil-humanitarian-decree-venezuela/.

Wilson Center. (2020, July 16). Maduro’s Authoritarian Gambit and Economic Crisis: Whither Venezuela? https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/maduros-authoritarian-gambit-and-economic-crisis-whither-venezuela.

Growth and Innovation Fall 2021:

Code for Venezuela. (n.d.). Chequeo virtual y orientación sobre el COVID-19 en Venezuela. https://codeforvenezuela.squarespace.com/covid19bot.

Dos Santos, J. (2020, July 15). Venezuela: Paralysed Companies Rescued by an ‘Army’ of Volunteer Workers. Venezuela Analysis. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14945.

Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comunas y los Movimientos Sociales. (2020, June 18). Cuatro programas de siembra urbana y producción familiar activados en todo el país. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. https://www.mpcomunas.gob.ve/2020/06/18/cuatro-programas-de-siembra-urbana-y-produccion-familiar-activados-en-todo-el-pais/.

Oliveros A. (2020.May 28). How Venezuela Should Think About Reopening Its Economy. Americas Quarterly. https://americasquarterly.org/article/how-venezuelas-economy-is-handling-covid-19/.

Rendon, M. (n.d.). Voices of Venezuela: Lights Off in Venezuela [Audio Podcast]. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/podcasts/35-west/voices-venezuela-lights-venezuela?utm_source=CSIS+All&utm_campaign=d976a1e22c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_07_06_51_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f326fc46b6-d976a1e22c-222504577.

Social and Cultural Inclusion Fall 2021:

Arnson, C., & Van Praag, O. (2020, March 30). Venezuela and the Coronavirus: Another Path Is Possible. Americas Quarterly. https://americasquarterly.org/article/venezuela-and-the-coronavirus-another-path-is-possible/.

Bolívar, R. (n.d.). Arabobo: jornada médico asistencial para privados de libertad en Poliguacara. Una Ventana a la Libertad. https://unaventanaalalibertad.org/alertas/carabobo-jornada-medico-asistencial-para-privados-de-libertad-en-poliguacara/.

Dobson, P. (2021, March 10). Protests Mark International Women’s Day in Venezuela. Venezuelaanalysis.com. https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/15142.

Elucabista. (n.d.). Cultivando la Esperanza en Casa: Un Espacio para Conectarse con la Vida en Tiempos de COVID-19. https://elucabista.com/2020/10/06/cultivando-la-esperanza-en-casa-un-espacio-para-conectarse-con-la-vida-en-tiempos-de-covid-19/.

ENCOVI. (n.d.). Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2019 – 2020. https://www.proyectoencovi.com/informe-interactivo-2019.

Gómez, S. (2020, June 16). Femicidios en Venezuela: la otra pandemia silenciosa. El Diario. https://eldiario.com/2020/06/17/femicidios-en-venezuela-la-otra-pandemia-silenciosa/.

Hugueney, V. & Irnaldo, F. (2020, May 19) El coronavirus amenaza a la población indígena venezolana que busca seguridad en Brasil. ACNUR. https://www.acnur.org/noticias/historia/2020/5/5ec3f4e34/el-coronavirus-amenaza-a-la-poblacion-indigena-venezolana-que-busca-seguridad.html.

Kapé-Kapé Asociación Civil. (2020, May). Boletín 16: La amenaza del COVID-19 para los pueblos indígenas. https://dl.inwebxdesigns.com/storage/Kape-Kape/boletin.16.kape.kape.FINAL.pdf.

Labrador, Y. (2020, July 18). Educación a distancia: cuatro iniciativas que hicieron frente a las deficiencias. El Diario. https://eldiario.com/2020/07/18/educacion-a-distancia-cuatro-iniciativas-que-hicieron-frente-a-las-deficiencias/.

Migrantes y Refugiados de Venezuela. (n.d). Inicio. https://migrantesyrefugiadosven.org/.

Observatorio Venezolano de Migración. (n.d). Informe sobre la situación de migrantes  venezolanos recientes en el contexto del COVID-19. https://www.observatoriovenezolanodemigracion.org/.

Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2021, February 18). Venezuela debe poner fin a la criminalización de la sociedad civil, afirman expertos en derechos humanos. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/02/1488292.

PATRIA. (n.d.). Carnet de la Patria. https://www.patria.org.ve/login.

Payanotatos, D. & Schmidtke, R. (2020, May 26) Searching for home: how COVID-19 threatens progress for Venezuelan integration in Colombian. Refugees International. https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2020/5/21/searching-for-home-how-covid-19-threatens-progress-for-venezuelan-integration-in-colombia.

Prensa Fundamusical Bolívar. (2020, August 24).  Instituciones musicales latinoamericanas presentan métodos educativos ante distanciamiento  por pandemia del COVID-19. El Sistema. https://fundamusical.org.ve/noticias/instituciones-musicales-latinoamericanas-presentan-metodos-educativos-ante-distanciamiento-por-pandemia-del-covid-19/.

Programa Venezolano de Educación. (PROVEA). (n.d.). Inicio. https://www.derechos.org.ve/.

Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. (2020, July). El drama de los retornados: de la revictimización a la criminalización. Centro de Derechos Humanos. http://w2.ucab.edu.ve/tl_files/CDH/Lineastematicas/El%20drama%20de%20los%20retornados%20fin.pdf.

UTOPIX. (2020, May). Monitor de feminicidios registrados en medios digitales en Venezuela. https://utopix.cc/pix/mayo-del-2020-los-femicidios-siguen-aumentando-en-todo-el-mundo/.

Washington Office on Latin America. (n.d) Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights. https://www.venezuelablog.org/venezuela-weekly-independence-day-civil-society-calls-national-accord/.

Governance and the Rule of Law Spring 2021:

Center for Strategic and International Studies. (2020, June 22). Can Sanctions on Venezuela Be Improved?. 

https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-sanctions-venezuela-be-improved?utm_source=CSIS+All&utm_campaign=d976a1e22c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_07_06_51_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f326fc46b6-d976a1e22c-222504577

Gibelli-Sputnik, M. (2020,July 30). Fear and Joy as Venezuelan Inmates Are Released amid the Pandemic. Venezuela Analysis. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14956

Hernandez, O. (2021, January 26). ¿Cómo el plan de vacunación en Venezuela beneficia a los partidarios de Maduro?. CCN. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/coronavirus-vacunas-venezuela-nicolas-madura-pkg-cafe-osmary-hernandez-orix/

Ministerio del Poder Popular del Despacho de la Presidencia y Seguimiento de la Gestión del Gobierno. (2020, October, 9). El Gobierno Bolivariano crea El Centro de Inversión Productiva de Venezuela. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=16700

Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. (2020, June 18). Gobierno venezolano ampliará cordón sanitario en frontera con Colombia y Brasil ante aumento de casos de COVID-19. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela

http://mppre.gob.ve/2020/06/18/ampliacion-cordon-sanitario-frontera-colombia-brasil-aumento-covid19/ 

Quédate a Ver. (2020, November 1). Presidente Maduro: Puedo decirlo al mundo, Fórmula venezolana 7+7 Plus ha resultado ser un método confiable y efectivo contra el coronavirus. VTV canal. https://www.vtv.gob.ve/presidente-maduro-formula-venezolana-77-metodo-confiable-efectivo-coronavirus/

Singer, F. (2021, February 15). 100.000 vacunas sin plan de inmunización: el incierto camino de Venezuela para gestionar las dosis. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2021-02-16/100000-vacunas-sin-plan-de-inmunizacion-el-incierto-camino-de-venezuela-para-gestionar-las-dosis.html

Vaz, R. and Koerner, L. (2020, June 18). Venezuelan Oil Output Continues Decline as Refinery Resumes Operations. Venezuela Analysis.

https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/14912

Venezuelan Investigative Unit. (2020, August 4). Brazil Humanitarian Law Feeds Active Black Market in Venezuela. Insight Crime.https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/brazil-humanitarian-decree-venezuela/

Wilson Center. (2020, July 16). Maduro’s Authoritarian Gambit and Economic Crisis: Whither Venezuela? 

https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/maduros-authoritarian-gambit-and-economic-crisis-whither-venezuela

Growth and Innovation Spring 2021:

Code for Venezuela. (n.d.). Chequeo virtual y orientación sobre el COVID-19 en Venezuela. https://codeforvenezuela.squarespace.com/covid19bot

Dos Santos, J. (2020, July 15). Venezuela: Paralysed Companies Rescued by an ‘Army’ of Volunteer Workers. Venezuela Analysis. https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14945

Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comunas y los Movimientos Sociales. (2020, June 18). Cuatro programas de siembra urbana y producción familiar activados en todo el país. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. https://www.mpcomunas.gob.ve/2020/06/18/cuatro-programas-de-siembra-urbana-y-produccion-familiar-activados-en-todo-el-pais/

Oliveros A. (2020.May 28). How Venezuela Should Think About Reopening Its Economy. Americas Quarterly. https://americasquarterly.org/article/how-venezuelas-economy-is-handling-covid-19/
Rendon, M. (n.d.). Voices of Venezuela: Lights Off in Venezuela [Audio Podcast]. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/podcasts/35-west/voices-venezuela-lights-venezuela?utm_source=CSIS+All&utm_campaign=d976a1e22c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_07_06_51_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f326fc46b6-d976a1e22c-222504577

Social and Cultural Inclusion Spring 2021:

Arnson, C., & Van Praag, O. (2020, March 30). Venezuela and the Coronavirus: Another Path Is Possible. Americas Quarterly.

https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/14946

Bolívar, R. (n.d). Arabobo: jornada médico asistencial para privados de libertad en Poliguacara. Una Ventana a la Libertad. 

Dobson, P. (2021, March 10). Protests Mark International Women’s Day in Venezuela. Venezuelaanalysis.com. https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/15142.

Elucabista. (n.d.). Cultivando la Esperanza en Casa: Un Espacio para Conectarse con la Vida en Tiempos de COVID-19 https://elucabista.com/2020/10/06/cultivando-la-esperanza-en-casa-un-espacio-para-conectarse-con-la-vida-en-tiempos-de-covid-19/

ENCOVI. (n.d). Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2019 – 2020. https://www.proyectoencovi.com/informe-interactivo-2019

Gómez, S. (2020, June 16). Femicidios en Venezuela: la otra pandemia silenciosa. El Diario. 

http://cadafamiliaunaescuela.me.gob.ve/

Hugueney, V. & Irnaldo, F. (2020, May 19) El coronavirus amenaza a la población indígena venezolana que busca seguridad en Brasil. ACNUR. https://www.acnur.org/noticias/historia/2020/5/5ec3f4e34/el-coronavirus-amenaza-a-la-poblacion-indigena-venezolana-que-busca-seguridad.html

Kapé-Kapé Asociación Civil. (2020, May). Boletín 16: La amenaza del COVID-19 para los pueblos indígenas. https://dl.inwebxdesigns.com/storage/Kape-Kape/boletin.16.kape.kape.FINAL.pdf 

Labrador, Y. (2020, July 18). Educación a distancia: cuatro iniciativas que hicieron frente a las deficiencias. El Diario. 

Migrantes y Refugiados de Venezuela. (n.d). Inicio. https://migrantesyrefugiadosven.org/

Observatorio Venezolano de Migración. (n.d). Informe sobre la situación de migrantes  venezolanos recientes en el contexto del COVID-19.  https://www.observatoriovenezolanodemigracion.org/

Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2021, February 18). Venezuela debe poner fin a la criminalización de la sociedad civil, afirman expertos en derechos humanos. https://news.un.org/es/story/2021/02/1488292

PATRIA. (n.d.). Carnet de la Patria. https://www.patria.org.ve/login

Payanotatos, D. & Schmidtke, R. (2020, May 26) Searching for home: how COVID-19 threatens progress for Venezuelan integration in Colombian. Refugees International. https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2020/5/21/searching-for-home-how-covid-19-threatens-progress-for-venezuelan-integration-in-colombia

Prensa Fundamusical Bolívar. (2020, August 24).  Instituciones musicales latinoamericanas presentan métodos educativos ante distanciamiento  por pandemia del COVID-19. El Sistema.

https://fundamusical.org.ve/noticias/instituciones-musicales-latinoamericanas-presentan-metodos-educativos-ante-distanciamiento-por-pandemia-del-covid-19/

Programa Venezolano de Educación. (PROVEA). (n.d.). Inicio. https://www.derechos.org.ve/

Universidad Católica Andrés Bello. (2020, July). El drama de los retornados: de la revictimización a la criminalización. Centro de Derechos Humanos. http://w2.ucab.edu.ve/tl_files/CDH/Lineastematicas/El%20drama%20de%20los%20retornados%20fin.pdf

UTOPIX. (2020, May). Monitor de feminicidios registrados en medios digitales en Venezuela. https://utopix.cc/pix/mayo-del-2020-los-femicidios-siguen-aumentando-en-todo-el-mundo/
Washington Office on Latin America. (n.d) Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights. https://www.venezuelablog.org/venezuela-weekly-independence-day-civil-society-calls-national-accord/

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